彭觀景 陳博藝 李稱才 何濤 李榮
【摘要】 目的:探討硬質(zhì)膽道鏡治療肝膽管結(jié)石的臨床療效及應(yīng)用價值。方法:回顧性分析2016年8月-2019年5月本院采用硬質(zhì)膽道鏡手術(shù)治療120例肝膽管結(jié)石患者的臨床資料,其中膽總管切開取石術(shù)80例(包括傳統(tǒng)開腹組40例和腹腔鏡組40例),經(jīng)皮肝膽道造瘺硬質(zhì)膽道鏡取石術(shù)組(percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy,PTCS)40例,比較不同術(shù)式結(jié)石清除時間、結(jié)石清除率及并發(fā)癥等指標(biāo)。結(jié)果:膽總管切開取石術(shù)傳統(tǒng)開腹組和腹腔鏡組在術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后住院時間和結(jié)石清除率方面比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其中傳統(tǒng)開腹組術(shù)中出血量明顯比腹腔鏡組多,術(shù)后住院時間較腹腔鏡組長,結(jié)石清除率較腹腔鏡組低;而手術(shù)時間及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組術(shù)后經(jīng)T管瘺道取石共23例,經(jīng)T管瘺道取石組與PTCS組在手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后住院時間、結(jié)石清除率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率方面比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)比較適合治療復(fù)雜性肝膽管結(jié)石,結(jié)石清除率較腹腔鏡手術(shù)組低,與傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)組結(jié)石分布相對比較復(fù)雜有關(guān),腹腔鏡手術(shù)雖創(chuàng)傷少,但操作難度較大,耗時較長。另外,硬質(zhì)膽道鏡可經(jīng)PTCD瘺道和T管瘺道進入肝內(nèi)多數(shù)膽管或膽總管進行取石,兩者療效無明顯差異,值得推廣用于結(jié)石嵌頓或鑄型、膽管狹窄等纖維膽道鏡無法處理的較復(fù)雜肝膽管結(jié)石治療,對于多次手術(shù)或肝功受限或肝內(nèi)梗阻性重癥膽管炎患者比較適合PTCS治療。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 膽道鏡 腹腔鏡 PTCS 肝膽管結(jié)石
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy and application value of rigid choledochoscopy in the treatment of hepatolithiasis. Method: The clinical data of 120 patients with hepatolithiasis treated by rigid choledochoscopy in the Central Peoples Hospital of Zhanjiang City from August 2016 to May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 80 patients underwent choledochotomy (including 40 cases in the traditional open group and 40 cases in the laparoscopic group) and 40 patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiostomy (PTCS) with rigid choledochoscopy. Calculus clearance time, stone clearance rate and complications of patients were measured. Result: There were significant differences in bleeding volume, hospital stay and stone removal rate between the traditional open group and laparoscopic group (P<0.05). The amount of intraoperative blood loss in the traditional laparotomy group was significantly higher than that in the laparoscopic group, the length of postoperative hospital stay was longer than that in the laparoscopic group, and the calculi clearance rate was lower than that in the laparoscopic group. However, there were no statistical differences in the operative time and the incidence of complications (P>0.05). A total of 23 cases were removed by T-tube fistula after operation in the two groups. There were no significant differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, calculus clearance rate and complication rate between the T-tube fistula extraction group and the PTCS group (P>0.05).Conclusion: Traditional open abdominal surgery is more suitable for the treatment of complicated hepatic bile duct stones. The clearance rate of stones in the traditional open abdominal group is lower than that of laparoscopic surgery group. The reason is that the distribution of stones in traditional open abdominal surgery is relatively complex. Although laparoscopic surgery is less traumatic, it is more difficult to operate and takes longer. In addition, rigid choledochoscope can be used to remove stones through PTCD fistula and T-duct fistula into most bile ducts or bile ducts in the liver. There is no significant difference in the efficacy of the two groups. So we can use the method in the treatment of complex bile duct stones that can not be treated by the fibrous bile duct mirrors such as stone incarceration or casting, bile duct stricture and so on. It is more suitable to be treated for the patients with multiple biliary surgery, hepatic injury, severe intrahepatic obstructive cholangitis by PTCS.
3 討論
對于肝膽管結(jié)石病的外科治療,須遵循“取凈結(jié)石、去除病灶、解除狹窄、通暢引流”的基本原則[1,8]。目前常規(guī)采取的手術(shù)方式是傳統(tǒng)開腹(或腹腔鏡下)膽管切開取石術(shù)和肝部分切除術(shù),據(jù)相關(guān)文獻[9]報道,肝部分切除患者結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率、膽管癌發(fā)生率及死亡率均低于非肝部分切除患者,因此肝部分切除必然為治療肝膽管結(jié)石最有效、徹底的方法[10-12]。另外,不少研究顯示,腹腔鏡肝部分切除也是安全、有效的方法[13-14],與開腹手術(shù)有同樣的效果,能在很大程度上體現(xiàn)微創(chuàng)優(yōu)勢[15-16],特別對復(fù)雜病重、年老體弱者應(yīng)先解除膽道梗阻,不強求一次性取凈,留置T管二期再經(jīng)瘺道取石。
本研究40例傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)肝膽管結(jié)石患者中多數(shù)為高位復(fù)雜性肝膽管結(jié)石,雖結(jié)石清除率僅47.5%,但研究結(jié)果表明:對較復(fù)雜的肝膽管結(jié)石,雖然傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)出血量較多,創(chuàng)傷較大,但結(jié)石清除較徹底,而結(jié)石清除率不高往往與結(jié)石位置較高、數(shù)量較多、嵌塞或巨大、膽道狹窄等因素致結(jié)石難以取凈有關(guān)。然而,對于不能耐受手術(shù)或有多次腹部手術(shù)史、腹腔粘連嚴(yán)重而再次手術(shù)風(fēng)險極大者,傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)已逐漸退出首選方法。
腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石,由于受限于器械、角度等因素,臨床中實際取石成功率一般低于開腹手術(shù),但本研究40例腹腔鏡手術(shù)肝膽管結(jié)石患者結(jié)石清除率80.00%,其中中轉(zhuǎn)開腹(小切口)15例,發(fā)生率37.5%,其結(jié)果表明:腹腔鏡手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷雖少,但操作難度較大,耗時較長,中轉(zhuǎn)開腹率(小切口)亦較高,結(jié)石清除率較傳統(tǒng)開腹組高,應(yīng)與傳統(tǒng)開腹組結(jié)石分布相對比較復(fù)雜、手術(shù)難度較大有關(guān)。有研究表明,內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和成熟讓其在治療效果上不輸于傳統(tǒng)開腹或腹腔鏡手術(shù),并展現(xiàn)出突出的優(yōu)勢,特別對不具備手術(shù)和ERCP條件或適應(yīng)證患者,可首選PTCS[1,17]。本研究中,PTCS組結(jié)石清除率為70%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率5%,并顯示手術(shù)時間較短,手術(shù)出血量較少,較傳統(tǒng)開腹及腹腔鏡組有一定優(yōu)勢,究其原因主要為經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝硬質(zhì)膽道鏡下直接碎石和取石方便快捷,且兼具微創(chuàng)和保留肝實質(zhì)的優(yōu)點,尤其適用于多次手術(shù)、肝功受限或肝內(nèi)梗阻性重癥膽管炎患者[18]。本研究PTCS組并發(fā)膽道出血1例,膈下積液1例,可能為經(jīng)皮肝膽道造瘺硬質(zhì)膽道鏡取石操作不夠謹(jǐn)慎及熟練程度不夠所致,因此,嚴(yán)格掌握手術(shù)適應(yīng)證、科學(xué)選擇術(shù)式及輕柔謹(jǐn)慎操作在治療過程中尤其關(guān)鍵。
雖然硬質(zhì)膽道鏡操作空間較小,有一定局限性,但較之纖維膽道鏡,其主要優(yōu)點為使用硬質(zhì)膽道鏡取石方便快捷,且安全、有效,特別配合鈥激光碎石效果更好。另外,硬質(zhì)膽道鏡可進入大多數(shù)擴張的Ⅲ~Ⅳ級肝內(nèi)膽管,一般情況下,肝外膽管殘石均能取出,肝內(nèi)膽管殘石大多能取凈[7]。不足的是,硬質(zhì)膽道鏡不像纖維膽道鏡能彎曲,對小部分膽管存在一定盲區(qū),可酌情聯(lián)合纖維膽道鏡或配合碎石器械處理不妨為有效的治療方法。
綜上所述,隨著腔鏡器械的不斷發(fā)展及技術(shù)的日益成熟,硬質(zhì)膽道鏡更易解決如嵌頓、鑄型結(jié)石或膽管狹窄等纖維膽道鏡往往無法處理的一些問題,尤其配合鈥激光等碎石器械對治療較復(fù)雜的肝膽管結(jié)石具有其特有的優(yōu)勢和可行性,值得臨床探討和應(yīng)用。
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(收稿日期:2020-04-14) (本文編輯:周亞杰)