劉濤 王秀華 潘慧斌
[摘要] 目的 了解開腹大手術(shù)術(shù)后在麻醉恢復(fù)期低氧血癥的發(fā)生情況,探討低氧血癥的危險(xiǎn)因素并評(píng)價(jià)模型預(yù)測效能。 方法 回顧本院2015年8月~2019年4月?lián)衿谛虚_腹大手術(shù)的患者676例,其中男284例,女392例,年齡 20~82歲,體重指數(shù)(BMI)15.2~32.6 kg/m2,ASA Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí)。依據(jù)氧合指數(shù)≤300 mmHg與否分為低氧血癥組和非低氧血癥組。對(duì)兩組患者術(shù)前及術(shù)中相關(guān)臨床資料進(jìn)行比較和分析,評(píng)估術(shù)后在麻醉恢復(fù)期低氧血癥發(fā)生情況。采用二元 Logistic 回歸對(duì)相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行分析,并構(gòu)建ROC曲線,檢驗(yàn)?zāi)P皖A(yù)測效能。 結(jié)果 開腹大手術(shù)患者在麻醉恢復(fù)期共187例(27.7%)發(fā)生低氧血癥。低氧血癥的危險(xiǎn)因素有年齡(OR=1.029,95%CI 1.010~1.049)、高血壓(OR=3.388,95%CI 2.214~5.185)及麻醉時(shí)間(OR=1.006,95%CI 1.002~1.011)、血紅蛋白(OR=0.985,95%CI 0.971~0.999)與呼氣末正壓通氣(OR=0.526,95%CI 0.292~0.947)是其保護(hù)因素。ROC曲線下面積0.760(95%CI=0.719~0.801,P<0.001)。 結(jié)論 重視圍術(shù)期血壓控制,合理減少手術(shù)及麻醉時(shí)間,改善貧血情況并增加呼氣末正壓通氣使用,可能對(duì)減少開腹大手術(shù)麻醉恢復(fù)期低氧血癥有指導(dǎo)意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 開腹大手術(shù);低氧血癥;危險(xiǎn)因素;ROC曲線
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)08-0128-05
Risk factors analysis and guiding significance of hypoxemia during the anesthesia recovery period after major laparotomy
LIU Tao? ?WANG Xiuhua? ?PAN Huibin
Department of Anesthesiology, the First Peoples Hospital of Huzhou in Zhejiang, Huzhou? ?313000, China
[Abstract] Objective To understand the occurrence of hypoxemia during the anesthesia recovery period after major laparotomy, to investigate the risk factors of hypoxemia, and to evaluate the predictive efficacy of the model. Methods A review was conducted on 676 patients who underwent elective major laparotomy from August 2015 to April 2019, including 284 males and 392 females, aged from 20 to 82 years, with a body mass index(BMI) of 15.2 to 32.6 kg/m2 and ASA of Grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ. Patients were divided into the hypoxemia group and the non-hypoxemia group according to the oxygenation index of ≤300 mmHg or not.The relevant preoperative and intraoperative clinical data of the two groups of patients were compared and analyzed to evaluate the occurrence of hypoxemia in postoperative recovery from anesthesia. The correlation factors were analyzed by binary Logistic regression, and the ROC curve was constructed to test the predictive efficacy of the model. Results A total of 187 patients(27.7%) developed hypoxemia during the anesthesia recovery period after major laparotomy. The risk factors for hypoxemia were age(OR=1.029, 95%CI=1.010 to 1.049), hypertension(OR=3.388, 95%CI=2.214 to 5.185), and duration of anesthesia(OR=1.006, 95%CI=1.002 to 1.011); hemoglobin(OR=0.985, 95%CI=0.971 to 0.999) and positive end-expiratory pressure(OR=0.526, 95%CI=0.292 to 0.947) were its protective factors. The area under the ROC curve was 0.760(95%CI=0.719 to 0.801, P<0.001). Conclusion Paying attention to the control of perioperative blood pressure, reasonably reducing the duration of operation and anesthesia, improving anemia and increasing the use of positive end-expiratory pressure may have a guiding significance in reducing hypoxemia during the anesthesia recovery period after major laparotomy.
[Key words] Major laparotomy; Hypoxemia; Risk factors; ROC curve
腹部大手術(shù)是指涉及到食管、胃腸、肝臟和胰腺等腹部重要臟器切除的一系列手術(shù)方式,隨著醫(yī)療水平提高和技術(shù)改善,腹部大手術(shù)技術(shù)日趨成熟,患者住院時(shí)間縮短,疼痛減輕,但術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥仍然不能完全避免[1]。相比腹腔鏡手術(shù)而言,開腹手術(shù)由于創(chuàng)傷大等原因?qū)е滦g(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥更易發(fā)生[2-4]。其中,低氧血癥在腹部大手術(shù)后發(fā)生率高,持續(xù)時(shí)間長,并增加了傷口感染、心律失常、術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙和惡心嘔吐等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5-7]。目前國內(nèi)外關(guān)于開腹手術(shù)術(shù)后低氧血癥的研究主要集中于術(shù)后在病房內(nèi)的發(fā)生情況,而關(guān)于發(fā)生在麻醉恢復(fù)期低氧血癥的報(bào)道,國內(nèi)外相同的大樣本研究較少。本研究欲從麻醉醫(yī)生的獨(dú)特視角出發(fā)旨在探討導(dǎo)致開腹大手術(shù)患者在麻醉恢復(fù)期發(fā)生低氧血癥的相關(guān)因素。早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并及時(shí)深入分析,為今后預(yù)防開腹手術(shù)患者術(shù)后低氧血癥的發(fā)生、改善短期臨床預(yù)后并且減輕其術(shù)后并發(fā)癥提供可能的相關(guān)依據(jù)和合理的指導(dǎo)意義。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究經(jīng)湖州市第一人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),納入2015年8月~2019年4月在我院行開腹大手術(shù)[1,5](食管下段切除術(shù)、胃部分切除或全胃切除術(shù)、肝臟部分切除術(shù)、胰腺切除術(shù)、腸部分切除術(shù))的成年患者,且手術(shù)后患者送入恢復(fù)室進(jìn)行麻醉復(fù)蘇。同時(shí)排除手術(shù)后直接送入重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室、腹部大手術(shù)聯(lián)合其他部位手術(shù)及臨床資料不完善的患者。研究共納入676例開腹腹部大手術(shù)患者,其中男284例,女392例,年齡(56.7±11.8)歲,BMI(23.2±7.4)kg/m2,ASA Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí)。氧合指數(shù)(氧分壓/吸入氧濃度)≤300 mmHg診斷為低氧血癥[6],根據(jù)患者入麻醉復(fù)蘇室后所測血?dú)夥治鼋Y(jié)果計(jì)算氧合指數(shù)是否大于、等于或小于300 mmHg,將676例患者分為術(shù)后低氧血癥組187例(27.7%):氧合指數(shù)≤300 mmHg的患者、術(shù)后非低氧血癥組489例(71.6%):氧合指數(shù)>300 mmHg的患者。
1.2 麻醉與復(fù)蘇方法
所有患者均采用靜吸復(fù)合全身麻醉。兩組患者麻醉方法與復(fù)蘇方法都相同,具體方法如下,麻醉方法:經(jīng)咪達(dá)唑侖(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20031071,批號(hào)20190313,廠家:江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,5 mg/mL/支)0.05 mg/kg、舒芬太尼(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20054171,批號(hào)91A05171,宜昌人福藥業(yè),50 μg/mL/支)0.5 μg/kg、丙泊酚(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20040300,批號(hào)11905291,西安力邦制藥有限公司,0.5 g/50 mL/支)2~2.5 mg/kg及順式阿曲庫銨(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20060869,批號(hào)190812AK,江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司,10 mg/支)0.3 mg/kg常規(guī)麻醉誘導(dǎo)后進(jìn)行氣管插管,麻醉維持采用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20030197,批號(hào)90A05171,1 mg/支)及七氟烷(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20070172,批號(hào)19080731,江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司,120 mL/瓶)聯(lián)合維持麻醉,肌松追加使用順式阿曲庫銨3 mg/次。機(jī)械通氣潮氣量6 mL/kg,呼吸頻率12次/min,以維持呼吸末二氧化碳于35~45 cmH2O及氣道壓低于25 cmH2O為宜。術(shù)中吸入氧濃度0.4~0.6,維持脈搏氧飽和度(SPO2)于97%以上。呼吸末氣道正壓(PEEP)是否使用依據(jù)麻醉醫(yī)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與習(xí)慣而定,麻醉深度采用腦電雙頻譜(BIS)監(jiān)測,維持BIS值45~55之間。
采用開腹方式完成手術(shù)。復(fù)蘇方法:術(shù)畢由麻醉醫(yī)生將患者送入麻醉恢復(fù)室進(jìn)行復(fù)蘇,轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途中氣管導(dǎo)管連接呼吸皮囊,采用手控呼吸(“擠皮球”)方式維持氧合?;颊呷霃?fù)蘇室后,機(jī)械通氣設(shè)置與前述無殊。拔除氣管導(dǎo)管前,待患者生命體征穩(wěn)定后抽橈動(dòng)脈或足背動(dòng)脈血做血?dú)夥治觥3浞衷u(píng)估患者自主呼吸、睜眼及肌力,并聯(lián)合使用新斯的明(國藥準(zhǔn)字H31022770,批號(hào)1910303,1 mg/2 mL)1 mg與阿托品0.5 mg(國藥準(zhǔn)字H34021900,批號(hào)19040106,0.5 mg/mL)靜脈推注拮抗肌松后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管,拔管由專業(yè)的麻醉護(hù)士進(jìn)行。拔管后30 min內(nèi)患者采用面罩吸氧,氧流量5~6 L/min。隨后脫氧觀察,若SPO2穩(wěn)定于92%以上,則觀察20 min后由麻醉護(hù)士將患者送回病房;否則患者繼續(xù)面罩吸氧,直至安返病房。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
依據(jù)患者納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),研究所需數(shù)據(jù)從本院電子病歷系統(tǒng)及手術(shù)麻醉系統(tǒng)中提?。海?)患者一般信息:性別、年齡、身高、體重及ASA分級(jí);(2)既往病史、并存疾病及吸煙史;(3)術(shù)前檢查及檢驗(yàn)信息:常規(guī)胸片、肺功能第一秒用力呼氣量占預(yù)計(jì)百分比(FEV1)與第一秒用力呼氣量與用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC)、血常規(guī)及生化檢查:血紅蛋白、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、肌酐;(4)麻醉與手術(shù)相關(guān)信息:手術(shù)類型、麻醉時(shí)間、呼氣末正壓通氣(positive end expiratory pressure, PEEP)使用、術(shù)中輸液量、輸血及動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治觥?/p>
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行處理。經(jīng)正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn)后,計(jì)量資料若滿足正態(tài)分布以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不滿足正態(tài)分布則以中位數(shù)及四分位數(shù)間距(Median,IQR)表示,組間比較采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)(Mann-Whitney U 檢驗(yàn))。計(jì)數(shù)資料以頻數(shù)和百分比[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用Fisher確切概率法或χ2檢驗(yàn)。行單因素分析后,P<0.05的變量納入二元Logistic 回歸,結(jié)果以比值比(OR)和95%置信區(qū)間(95%CI)表示。危險(xiǎn)因素預(yù)測效應(yīng)以ROC曲線和曲線下面積(AUC)描述。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
[2] Kim TH,Lee JS,Lee SW,et al. Pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,2015, 11:2785-2796.
[3] Gallagher SF,Haines KL,Osterlund LG,et al. Postoperative hypoxemia:common,undetected,and unsuspected after bariatric surgery[J]. J Surg Res,2010,159(2):622-626.
[4] Bass JL,Corwin M,Gozal D,et al. The effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood:a review of the evidence[J]. Pediatrics,2004,114(3):805-816.
[5] Orhan-Sungur M,Kranke P,Sessler D,et al. Does supplemental oxygen reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Anesthesia and Analgesia,2008,106(6):1733-1738.
[6] Blum JM,F(xiàn)etterman DM,Park PK,et al. A Description of intraoperative ventilator management and ventilation strategies in hypoxic patients[J]. Anesth Analg,2010,110(6):1616-1622.
[7] Pantel H,Hwang J,Brams D,et al. Effect of incentive spirometry on postoperative hypoxemia and pulmonary complications after bariatric surgery:A randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Surgery,2017,152(5):422-428.
[8] Magnusson L,Spahn DR. New concepts of atelectasis during general anaesthesia[J]. British Journal of Anaesthesia,2003,91(1):61-72.
[9] Lumachi F,Marzano B,F(xiàn)anti G,et al. Relationship between body mass index,age and hypoxemia in patients with extremely severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery[J]. In Vivo,2010,24(5):775-777.
[10] Mark AL VKS. Obesity,Hypoxemia,and hypertension:Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications[J]. Hypertension,2015,68(1):24-26.
[11] Cohen JB,Gadde KM,Kishore M Gadde,et al. Weight loss medications in the treatment of obesity and hypertension[J]. Current Hypertension Reports,2019,21(2):16.
[12] Aizawa K,Sakan Y,Ohki S,et al. Obesity is a risk factor of young onset of acute aortic dissection and postoperative hypoxemia[J]. Kyobu geka. The Japanese Journal of Thoracic Surgery,2013,66(6):437-444.
[13] Campos JH,F(xiàn)eider A. Hypoxia during one-lung ventilation-A review and update[J]. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2018,32(5):2330-2338.
[14] Kwasiborski PJ,Kowalczyk P,Zieliński J,et al. Role of hemoglobin affinity to oxygen in adaptation to hypoxemia[J].Polski merkuriusz lekarski:organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego,2010,28(166):260-264.
[15] Geng X,Dufu K,Hutchaleelaha A,et al. Increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity ameliorates bleomycin-induced hypoxemia and pulmonary fibrosis[J]. Physiological Reports,2015,4(17):e12965.
[16] Yang CK,Teng A,Lee DY,et al. Pulmonary complications after major abdominal surgery:National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis[J]. J Surg Res,2015, 198(2):441-449.
[17] Scholes RL,Browning L,Sztendur EM,et al. Duration of anaesthesia,type of surgery, respiratory co-morbidity,predicted VO2 max and smoking predict postoperative pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery:an observational study[J]. Aust J Physiother,2009,55(3):191-198.
[18] Licker M,Schweizer A,Ellenberger C,et al. Perioperative medical management of patients with COPD[J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2007,2(4):493-515.
[19] Ferreyra G,Long Y,Ranieri VM. Respiratory complications after major surgery[J]. Curr Opin Crit Care,2009,15(4):342-348.
[20] Duggan M,Kavanagh BP. Pulmonary Atelectasis[J]. Anesthesiology,2005,102(4):838-854.
[21] Hans GA,Sottiaux TM,Lamy ML,et al. Ventilatory management during routine general anaesthesia[J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol,2009,26(1):1-8.
[22] Song IK,Kim EH,Lee JH,et al. Effects of an alveolar recruitment manoeuvre guided by lung ultrasound on anaesthesia-induced atelectasis in infants:a randomised,controlled trial[J]. Anaesthesia,2017,72(2):214-222.
[23] Song IK,Kim EH,Lee JH,et al. Utility of Perioperative Lung Ultrasound in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery:A Randomized Controlled Trial[J]. Anesthesiology,2018,128(4):718-727.
[24] 趙崇法.麻醉手術(shù)后低氧血癥的防治[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2009, (5):769-771.
[25] Zhang XY,Yang ZJ,Wang QX,et al. Impact of positive end-expiratory pressure on cerebral injury patients with hypoxemia[J]. Am J Emerg Med,2011,29(7):699-703.
[26] Imberger G,McIlroy D,Pace NL,et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP) during anaesthesia for the prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary complications[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2010.
[27] stberg E,Thorisson A,Enlund M,et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure alone minimizes atelectasis formation in nonabdominal surgery:A randomized controlled trial[J].Anesthesiology. 2018,128(6):1117-1124.
[28] Valeria Tombini,Katia B,Cazzola,et al. Lung ultrasound diagnosis and follow-up in a case of reexpansion pulmonary edema[J]. Chest,2019,155(2):e33-e36.
(收稿日期:2019-11-20)