陸媛 蔡永廣
[摘要] 目前,非小細(xì)胞肺癌是世界癌癥相關(guān)死亡的重要原因之一,發(fā)病率逐年增加。該現(xiàn)狀促使人們尋求更加有效的治療手段來延長(zhǎng)患者的生存期,改善患者的生存質(zhì)量。本文通過綜述相關(guān)的臨床數(shù)據(jù),總結(jié)貝伐珠單抗在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中的應(yīng)用,探討貝伐珠單抗臨床使用的有效性、可能出現(xiàn)的不良事件、未來發(fā)展方向。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 非小細(xì)胞肺癌;貝伐珠單抗;有效性;不良事件
[中圖分類號(hào)] R734.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)08-0187-06
Research progress of bevacizumab in non-small cell lung cancer
LU Yuan? ?CAI Yongguang
Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang? ?524000, China
[Abstract] At present, non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) is one of the important causes of cancer-related death in the world, and its incidence has been increased year by year. This situation has prompted people to seek more effective therapy to extend the survival of patients and improve their quality of life. This article reviews relevant clinical data, summarizes the application of bevacizumab in NSCLC, and discusses the effectiveness of clinical use of bevacizumab, potential adverse events, and future development directions.
[Key words] Non-small cell lung cancer; Bevacizumab; Effectiveness; Adverse events
目前,肺癌是世界上癌癥相關(guān)死亡的重要原因。其中,非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)約占85%,57%的NSCLC 患者初診時(shí)已為進(jìn)展期,喪失手術(shù)治療的機(jī)會(huì)[1,2]。雖然,臨床治療手段較多,但進(jìn)展期NSCLC患者的生存期僅有4~6個(gè)月,5年生存率低于5.0%[3]。目前臨床上對(duì)于進(jìn)展期 NSCLC 患者,一線治療方案仍為含鉑類藥物化療[4,5],但該治療方案已達(dá)瓶頸,部分患者病情難以控制[6]。近年來,抗血管生成治療肺癌療效顯著,有效改善了NSCLC患者的預(yù)后[7,8]。近年來有多項(xiàng)關(guān)于抗血管生成藥物的臨床研究,以及多種新的藥物進(jìn)入臨床實(shí)踐[9,10]。其中,貝伐珠單抗可抑制血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子,減少腫瘤血管生成,而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,具有一定的臨床優(yōu)勢(shì)[11,12]。本文就貝伐珠單抗在NSCLC患者一線、二線、維持、跨線治療等方面的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1 貝伐珠單抗的作用機(jī)制
1971年,F(xiàn)olkman J等[13]就發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤新生血管在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,因此,如何有效抑制新生血管生成成為癌癥治療新焦點(diǎn)。腫瘤新生血管的生成是腫瘤與微環(huán)境相互作用的結(jié)果,受體內(nèi)多種因素的影響[14]。其中,血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的最主要相關(guān)因子[15,16]。VEGF與其受體(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)的結(jié)合,促進(jìn)腫瘤血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的異常增生和遷移,增加血管的通透性??寡苌蓜┛纱龠M(jìn)腫瘤新生血管的正?;X惙ブ閱慰梗˙evacizumab)是一種重組的人源化的單克隆IgG抗體[17],可與VEGFR的特異性結(jié)合,使其喪失活化的機(jī)會(huì),通過抑制VEGF發(fā)揮生物學(xué)效應(yīng),進(jìn)而發(fā)揮抑制腫瘤新生血管生成的作用[18,19]。
2 貝伐珠單抗在NSCLC治療中的應(yīng)用
2.1 一線治療
雖然鉑類化療是目前治療晚期NSCLC的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)療法,但NSCLC患者的中位生存期僅為8~10個(gè)月。近年來,隨著腫瘤治療方案迅速發(fā)展,NSCLC的預(yù)后也得到了很大的改善。眾所周知,血管生成是腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移的必要條件,VEGF可促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成。研究表明,VEGF在多種惡性腫瘤中高表達(dá)。貝伐珠單抗是一種抗VEGFR的單克隆抗體,可通過抑制腫瘤異常新生血管的生長(zhǎng)而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用[20,21]。
Margolin K等[22]進(jìn)行了貝伐珠單抗的Ib期臨床試驗(yàn),采用貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合化療治療晚期NSCLC患者,結(jié)果顯示患者耐受性良好,且沒有出現(xiàn)明顯的毒性反應(yīng)。隨后進(jìn)行Ⅱ期臨床研究,將未進(jìn)行化療的晚期NSCLC患者分為三組:貝伐珠單抗組、卡鉑/紫杉醇組、貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合卡鉑/紫杉醇組。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),聯(lián)合用藥組患者的客觀緩解率、無進(jìn)展生存期、總生存期均顯著優(yōu)于單獨(dú)用藥組,且高劑量組患者的臨床療效顯著優(yōu)于低劑量組[23]?;颊咦钔怀龅牟涣挤磻?yīng)為出血,主要表現(xiàn)為皮膚黏膜出血與大咯血,在鱗狀NSCLC患者中更常見。因此建議將非鱗狀NSCLC患者作為貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合化療的可接受亞群。
美國(guó)東部腫瘤協(xié)作組隨即進(jìn)行了貝伐珠單抗的Ⅲ期臨床研究[24],將878例非鱗狀NSCLC ⅢB/Ⅳ期患者隨機(jī)分為單獨(dú)化療組和聯(lián)合治療組,結(jié)果顯示,聯(lián)合組患者中位數(shù)無進(jìn)展生存期可達(dá)6個(gè)月,中位總生存期達(dá)12個(gè)月,且毒性可控制?;谶@一令人鼓舞的結(jié)果,美國(guó)FDA于2006年10月批準(zhǔn)了貝伐珠單抗作為一線藥物用于治療晚期NSCLC。為了確定最佳使用劑量,進(jìn)行了另一項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)評(píng)估貝伐珠單抗(7.5 mg/kg和15 mg/kg,3次/周)聯(lián)合吉西他濱/順鉑治療NSCLC的療效和一線管理[25]。
為進(jìn)一步評(píng)估貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合一線化療方案的安全性,又進(jìn)行大型Ⅳ期臨床試驗(yàn)[26],招募了2212例未治療的晚期、轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)的非鱗狀NSCLC患者,接受6個(gè)周期貝伐珠單抗加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療,并使用貝伐珠單抗維持治療。結(jié)果顯示,患者不良事件的發(fā)生率較低,8%患者靜脈血栓栓塞,6%患者高血壓,4%患者出血,3%患者蛋白尿,3%患者死亡。進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合一線化療方案治療晚期非鱗狀NSCLC均有較高的安全性。
Zhou C等[27]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)、雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照的多中心BEYOND實(shí)驗(yàn)。以中國(guó)276例晚期非鱗狀NSCLC患者為研究對(duì)象,隨機(jī)分為紫杉醇/卡鉑加安慰劑組和紫杉醇/卡鉑聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗組,結(jié)果顯示,與安慰劑對(duì)照組相比,聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗組的患者中位無進(jìn)展生存期為9.2個(gè)月,顯著高于安慰劑組的6.5個(gè)月;中位總生存期為24.3個(gè)月顯著高于安慰劑組的17.7個(gè)月,客觀緩解率也明顯改善。該臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)基于貝伐珠單抗的一線治療用于治療NSCLC患者的療效。
2.2 二線治療
Heist RS等[28]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)多中心臨床Ⅱ期實(shí)驗(yàn),采集36例既往接受過化療的晚期NSCLC患者為研究對(duì)象,給予奧沙利鉑/培美曲塞和貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合治療?;颊叩闹形粺o進(jìn)展生存期為5.8個(gè)月,中位總生存期為12.5個(gè)月?;颊咦畛R姷亩靖狈磻?yīng)是高血壓。其中,9例伴腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者在治療過程中未出現(xiàn)腦出血,提示基于貝伐珠單抗二線治療方案對(duì)于晚期NSCLC的療效較好,且患者耐受。Adjei AA等[29]研究了培美曲塞聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗二線治療的48例晚期NSCLC患者的臨床療效。結(jié)果顯示,患者的疾病控制率可達(dá)50%,中位無進(jìn)展生存期為4.1個(gè)月,中位總生存期為8.6個(gè)月。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),該研究方案對(duì)特定GGH、SLC19A1、FPGS基因型的晚期NSCLC患者療效特別顯著。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了培美曲塞和貝伐珠單抗的聯(lián)合對(duì)既往接受過化療的晚期NSCLC患者的療效是確切的,且患者可耐受。
2.3 維持治療
維持治療可延緩腫瘤患者的疾病進(jìn)展,延長(zhǎng)患者的生存期,改善患者的預(yù)后。采用單藥維持治療已廣泛應(yīng)用于晚期非鱗狀NSCLC患者中,而對(duì)于采用貝伐珠單抗和細(xì)胞毒性藥物聯(lián)合的維持治療方案的臨床獲益尚未明確。Barlesi F等[30]進(jìn)行隨機(jī)對(duì)照AVAPERL研究評(píng)估了單獨(dú)使用貝伐珠單抗和培美曲塞聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗用于維持治療未進(jìn)展晚期NSCLC患者的臨床療效。研究結(jié)果顯示,與單獨(dú)使用貝伐珠單抗相比,雙藥聯(lián)合維持治療具有顯著的無進(jìn)展生存期益處(10.2個(gè)月vs. 6.6個(gè)月)以及總體生存率優(yōu)勢(shì)。Karayama M等[31]將晚期非鱗狀NSCLC患者分為培美曲塞維持治療組和培美曲塞聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗維持治療組,結(jié)果顯示,培美曲塞聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗維持治療組患者平均1年無進(jìn)展生存率為43.9%,培美曲塞維持治療組為35.2%,差異顯著(P=0.0433),說明采用培美曲塞聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗維持治療對(duì)于晚期非鱗狀NSCLC患者有效,但是否能進(jìn)一步提高患者的生存率有待進(jìn)一步研究。
2.4 惡性胸腔積液
惡性胸腔積液是NSCLC患者常見的并發(fā)癥之一,患者預(yù)后較差。VEGF在惡性胸腔積液的發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用,而貝伐珠單抗已證實(shí)能有效抑制惡性胸腔積液。Du N等[32]將72例伴有惡性胸腔積液的NSCLC患者隨機(jī)分為單獨(dú)接受順鉑治療組和順鉑聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療組,治療前、后收集患者胸腔積液檢測(cè)腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平。結(jié)果顯示,聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗組患者的臨床有效率為83.33%,顯著高于順鉑組的50.00%(P<0.05),且聯(lián)合治療組患者胸腔積液中VEGF的水平顯著降低。兩組患者3/4級(jí)不良反應(yīng)事件發(fā)生率無明顯差異。另外,兩項(xiàng)臨床研究分別評(píng)估了貝伐珠單抗治療非鱗狀NSCLC患者惡性胸腔積液的療效,結(jié)果顯示,貝伐珠單抗對(duì)伴有惡性胸腔積液的NSCLC患者有效,且毒性在可接受的范圍內(nèi)[33,34]。
2.5 腦轉(zhuǎn)移
NSCLC患者腦轉(zhuǎn)移是指原發(fā)肺部惡性腫瘤,通過血液循環(huán)等途徑,轉(zhuǎn)移到腦部形成腦部的繼發(fā)性腫瘤,是肺癌患者死亡的重要因素。近年來,越來越多的研究證實(shí)了貝伐珠單抗用于治療NSCLC患者腦轉(zhuǎn)移的療效和安全性。在初期的臨床試驗(yàn)中,腦出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)迫使醫(yī)生放棄了對(duì)腦轉(zhuǎn)移NSCLC患者采取貝伐珠單抗為基礎(chǔ)的治療方案。Socinski MA[35]等進(jìn)行的Ⅱ期PASSPORT試驗(yàn)以及Besse B等[36]回顧性研究分析了腦轉(zhuǎn)移NSCLC患者加用抗凝劑進(jìn)行治療,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)患者不良事件的發(fā)生率較低,且發(fā)現(xiàn)貝伐珠單抗不會(huì)增加腦轉(zhuǎn)移NSCLC患者發(fā)生腦出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者服用抗凝劑可增加貝伐珠單抗使用的可能性。Ⅱ期前瞻性BRAIN試驗(yàn)評(píng)估了PCB(紫杉醇/卡鉑+貝伐珠單抗)一線方案和厄洛替尼/貝伐珠單抗二線方案治療伴有腦轉(zhuǎn)移的Ⅳ期NSCLC患者的臨床療效,該研究共納入91例患者,其中只有1例(1.1%)出現(xiàn)非致死性顱內(nèi)出血,且一線PCB方案組患者無進(jìn)展生存期為6.7個(gè)月,中位總生存期為16.0個(gè)月[37]。Tang N等[38]評(píng)估了776例采用不同輔助治療方案治療晚期腦轉(zhuǎn)移NSCLC患者的臨床療效。結(jié)果顯示,貝伐珠單抗聯(lián)合化療方案對(duì)于伴有腦轉(zhuǎn)移的NSCLC患者臨床療效最好;對(duì)于EGFR野生型患者,該聯(lián)合方案可改善患者的進(jìn)展生存期和總生存期。
3 貝伐珠單抗的副反應(yīng)和禁忌證
3.1高血壓
高血壓是臨床采用貝伐珠單抗治療NSCLC最常見的毒副反應(yīng)[39,40]。因VEGF-A可促進(jìn)一氧化氮(NO)的產(chǎn)生,NO具有舒張血管的效應(yīng),故貝伐珠單抗作為VEGF 抑制劑能通過抑制NO 的產(chǎn)生而導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)高血壓[41]。Seto T等[42]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),厄洛替尼聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療NSCLC的患者中有60%(45例)出現(xiàn)高血壓,而單獨(dú)使用厄洛替尼的患者中只有10%(8例)出現(xiàn)高血壓。
3.2 出血
因 VEGF 能對(duì)正常血管和異常腫瘤血管同時(shí)發(fā)生作用,而貝伐珠單抗可抑制VEGF的活性,進(jìn)而也可破壞正常血管結(jié)構(gòu),導(dǎo)致患者出血[43,44]。Laskin J等[45]進(jìn)行的臨床隨機(jī)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)使用貝伐珠單抗進(jìn)行治療的NSCLC 患者中約有38%的患者發(fā)生出血。Brenner A等[46]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)厄洛替尼聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療的非鱗狀 NSCLC組中有2.7%的患者出現(xiàn)3/4級(jí)出血,而僅使用厄洛替尼治療組中無患者出現(xiàn)3/4級(jí)出血,表明貝伐珠單抗可增加患者出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3.3蛋白尿
蛋白尿可能與貝伐珠單抗對(duì)腎小球內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的損害有關(guān)[47,48]。Tassinari D等[49]評(píng)估了1921 例接受貝伐珠單抗治療的晚期 NSCLC 患者的療效和安全性,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)2.1%(40例)的患者出現(xiàn)蛋白尿。
3.4其他毒副反應(yīng)
如疲勞、充血性心力衰竭[50,51]、血栓、感染、中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)減少、胃腸道穿孔、頭痛等,這些毒副作用可能與貝伐珠單抗對(duì)正常血管結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞有關(guān)。
3.5 禁忌證
中央型肺鱗癌患者、咯血(>50 mL/d)的NSCLC 患者以及腫瘤已侵犯重要血管的患者等。
抗血管生成治療將人們治療腫瘤的視角從消除瘤體轉(zhuǎn)移到控制腫瘤微環(huán)境,這正符合“帶瘤生存”的理念。貝伐珠單抗是抗血管生成治療的一大進(jìn)步,雖然存在諸多疑問,如貝伐珠單抗的作用機(jī)制尚未完全明了,但不可否認(rèn)的是,貝伐珠單抗確實(shí)改善了晚期NSCLC患者的生存。我們?nèi)孕柰ㄟ^更多的試驗(yàn),提供更有效的信息,不斷擴(kuò)大和完善貝伐珠單抗的適應(yīng)證,為晚期 NSCLC患者帶來更多希望。
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