郗玲燕 金圭星 喬靜爽
[摘要] 目的 探討基于評(píng)估的優(yōu)化治療模式對(duì)精神分裂癥患者代謝綜合征(MS)的影響。 方法 選取2017年3月~2018年3月衡水市精神病醫(yī)院診治的120例精神分裂癥患者,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為研究組和對(duì)照組,每組各60例。研究組服用利培酮片,療效不佳者換用奧氮平治療。對(duì)照組給予利培酮治療。采用陰性及陽性癥狀量表(PANSS)評(píng)定精神病理學(xué)癥狀,不良反應(yīng)癥狀量表(TESS)評(píng)估藥物不良反應(yīng),記錄并比較兩組空腹血糖(FBG)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)水平。 結(jié)果 兩組治療前陽性癥狀評(píng)分、陰性癥狀評(píng)分、一般精神病理評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。治療第4周末兩組陽性癥狀評(píng)分、陰性癥狀評(píng)分、一般精神病理評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分均低于治療前,且研究組陽性癥狀評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療第8周末,兩組陽性癥狀評(píng)分、陰性癥狀評(píng)分、一般精神病理評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分均低于治療前及治療第4周末,且研究組一般精神病理評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。兩組不同時(shí)間MS檢出率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。治療前兩組體重指數(shù)(BMI)、FBG、收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、HDL-C水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);研究組TG水平高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。治療第4周末研究組FBG、SBP水平高于治療前,對(duì)照組BMI、HDL-C水平高于治療前;且研究組FBG、DBP水平高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療第8周末研究組SBP水平低于治療第4周末、TG水平高于治療第4周末,F(xiàn)BG水平高于治療前;對(duì)照組BMI、DBP水平高于治療前;且研究組TG、HDL-C水平高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。與治療第2周末比較,兩組治療第4周末、第8周末TESS評(píng)分均降低;與治療第4周末比較,兩組治療第8周末TESS評(píng)分均降低,且研究組低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 基于評(píng)估的優(yōu)化治療模式治療精神分裂癥,其療效優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)治療模式,對(duì)代謝綜合征的治療效果相似。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 精神分裂癥;評(píng)估;優(yōu)化治療;代謝綜合征
[中圖分類號(hào)] R749.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)03(b)-0092-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of evaluation-based optimal treatment on metabolic syndrome (MS) in schizophrenia. Methods From March 2017 to March 2018, 120 cases with schizophrenia who diagnosed and treated in Hengshui Mental Hospital were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into study group and control group, with 60 cases in each group. Study group was taking Risperidone Tablets, and those with poor curative effects switched to Olanzapine. Control group was given Risperidone Tablets. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed using the negative and positive symptom scale (PANSS), and adverse drug reactions were assessed using the treatment emergent symptom scale (TESS). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were recorded and compared between two groups. Results There was no significant difference in scores of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, general psychopathology and PANSS between two groups before treatment (P > 0.05). The scores of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, general psychopathology and PANSS at the end of the 4th week of treatment in two groups were lower than those before treatment, and the scores of positive symptoms and PANSS in study group were lower than those in control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). The scores of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, general psychopathology and PANSS at the end of the 8th week of treatment in two groups were lower than those before treatment and the end of the 4th week of treatment, and the scores of general psychopathology and PANSS in study group were significantly lower than those in control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in MS detection rate between two groups at different times (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in body mass index (BMI), FBG, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP) and HDL-C between two groups before treatment (P > 0.05). TG level in study group was higher than that in control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). FBG and SBP levels at the end of the 4th week of treatment in study group were higher than before treatment, while BMI and HDL-C levels in control group were higher than before treatment, the levels of FBG and DBP in study group were higher than those in control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). SBP level at the end of the 8th week of treatment in study group was lower than that at the end of the 4th week of treatment, TG level was higher than that at the 4th week of treatment, and FBG level was higher than that before treatment, BMI and DBP levels in control group were higher than those before treatment, TG and HDL-C levels in study group were higher than those in control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Compared with the 2th weekend of treatment, TESS scores in both groups were decreased at the 4th and 8th weeks of treatment; compared with the treatment group at the end of the 4th week, both groups had lower TESS scores at the end of the 8th week, and study group was lower than control group, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The optimal treatment model based on evaluation is used to treat schizophrenia, which has better efficacy than traditional treatment model and has similar effects on metabolic syndrome.
[Key words] Schizophrenia; Evaluation; Optimal treatment; Metabolic syndrome
精神分裂癥是一組慢性遷延的精神障礙,常出現(xiàn)感知、思維、情感、行為等多方面障礙,其預(yù)期壽命較普通人群短20年左右[1],預(yù)期壽命較短可能與精神分裂癥患者自殺和意外死亡有關(guān),除此之外,大約60%的死亡與精神分裂癥患者并發(fā)的軀體疾病或代謝綜合征(MS)有關(guān)[2]。MS是指肥胖、高血壓、糖代謝異常和血脂異常等多種心血管病危險(xiǎn)因素在同一個(gè)體聚集的現(xiàn)象[3]。精神分裂癥出現(xiàn)MS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是普通人群的2倍,主要影響因素是服用抗精神病藥引起的代謝異常風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4]。目前研究顯示精神分裂癥中MS的患病率高達(dá)40%~60%[5-6]。利培酮和奧氮平作為第二代抗精神病藥的代表藥物,也是目前臨床的首選藥物[7-8]。Koro等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),使用奧氮平治療的患者出現(xiàn)糖尿病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是未治療者的5.8倍,而使用利培酮者發(fā)生糖尿病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則是未治療者的2.2倍?;诖耍⑶覅⒖贾袊?guó)精神分裂癥治療指南及河北省衡水市精神病醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)的用藥情況,本研究擬比較基于癥狀評(píng)估的優(yōu)化給藥模式(如利培酮療效不佳時(shí)換用效果不低于利培酮的藥物奧氮平)與常規(guī)治療兩種方案對(duì)精神分裂癥MS的影響差異,為基于評(píng)估的調(diào)整治療方案提供代謝方面的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)及依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年3月~2018年3月我院門診和住院的精神分裂癥患者共120例。根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法,將其分為研究組與對(duì)照組,每組各60例。所有患者均簽署知情同意書,本研究取得我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(2017001003)。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合DSM-V精神分裂癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10];②首發(fā)或復(fù)發(fā)患者;③年齡18~60歲;④陽性與陰性癥狀量表(PANSS)[11]總分60~120分。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①伴其他精神障礙者;②近6個(gè)月內(nèi)曾有精神活性物質(zhì)依賴史;③伴嚴(yán)重內(nèi)科疾病;④難治性精神分裂癥;⑤自殺風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高者;⑥存在遲發(fā)性運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙者;⑦近1個(gè)月注射任何長(zhǎng)效抗精神病藥針劑者;⑧近1個(gè)月給予無抽搐電休克治療、重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激或其他物理治療者。退出標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①精神癥狀不穩(wěn)定,需要合并其他抗精神病藥、丙戊酸鹽和鋰鹽者;②出現(xiàn)明顯藥物副作用者;③撤回知情同意書者。
1.2 方法
研究組:給予基于評(píng)估的優(yōu)化治療模式[12]干預(yù),口服利培酮片(西安楊森制藥有限公司,批號(hào):161123 805、170227388、17059818、170608973),起始劑量均為2 mg/d,2周內(nèi)滴定至4~6 mg/d;若療效不佳者(治療第2周PANSS減分率<20%),在入組第3~4周內(nèi)采用交叉換藥的方式換為奧氮平片(江蘇豪森藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批號(hào):161103、170408、170601、170908),奧氮平最高劑量在10~20 mg/d;若第2周末PANSS減分率≥20%,則繼續(xù)使用利培酮片。治療第5~8周單一用藥(即奧氮平或利培酮片)。PANSS評(píng)分決定藥物每周是否加量,若效果不佳(PANSS減分率<20%)即加量,若效果較前一次PANSS評(píng)分明顯減低≥20%,則維持原有劑量不變。
對(duì)照組:給予常規(guī)治療方案,即口服利培酮片起始劑量和最高劑量的范圍均同研究組,入組8周內(nèi),根據(jù)臨床醫(yī)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)逐漸加量藥物。兩組患者在入組期間允許短期(≤1周)合用苯二氮■類藥物。
1.3 MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
采用2004年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)糖尿病分會(huì)MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13],即具有下列4項(xiàng)中的3項(xiàng)及以上者可診斷為MS。①超重和/或肥胖:體重指數(shù)(BMI)≥25.0 kg/m2;②高血糖:空腹血糖(FBG)≥6.1 mmol/L和/或口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn)(OGTT)餐后2 h血糖≥7.8 mmol/L和/或既往明確診斷為糖尿病并正在治療者;③高血壓:收縮壓(SBP)/舒張壓(DBP)≥140/90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)和/或既往明確診斷為高血壓并正在治療者;④血脂紊亂:三酰甘油(TG)≥1.7 mmol/L和/或男性高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)<0.9 mmol/L,女性HDL-C <1.0 mmol/L。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
診斷評(píng)估由2名主治醫(yī)師以上、經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的臨床醫(yī)生實(shí)施。分別在入組前、入組第4周末、第8周末由經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的心理量表評(píng)估人員評(píng)估臨床效果和副作用,量表評(píng)估的一致性Kappa=0.80。PANSS量表評(píng)定精神病理學(xué)癥狀[10]。不良反應(yīng)癥狀量表(TESS)[14]評(píng)估藥物不良反應(yīng)。
受試者禁食水8 h后采集血樣,均在上午9點(diǎn)之前采集肘靜脈血10 mL,檢測(cè)FG、TBG、HDL-C水平。血壓監(jiān)測(cè)均在早晨9點(diǎn),要求患者靜坐15 min后檢查上臂SBP和DBP。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)及重復(fù)測(cè)量多因素方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料用百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較
研究組退出11例,合并使用其他抗精神病藥者9例,無法耐受不良反應(yīng)者1例,撤回知情同意書者1例;對(duì)照組退出13例,合并使用其他抗精神病藥者7例,無法耐受不良反應(yīng)者3例,撤回知情同意書者3例。研究組最終完成隨訪者49例,對(duì)照組47例。兩組一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
2.2 兩組PANSS評(píng)分比較
兩組不同時(shí)間、組間、時(shí)間×組間的陽性癥狀評(píng)分、一般精神病理評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05);兩組不同時(shí)間的陰性癥狀評(píng)分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
兩組治療前陽性癥狀評(píng)分、陰性癥狀評(píng)分、一般精神病理評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。治療第4周末兩組陽性癥狀評(píng)分、陰性癥狀評(píng)分、一般精神病理評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分均低于治療前,且研究組陽性癥狀評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療第8周末,兩組陽性癥狀評(píng)分、陰性癥狀評(píng)分、一般精神病理評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分均低于治療前及治療第4周末,且研究組一般精神病理評(píng)分、PANSS評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組不同時(shí)間MS檢出率比較
兩組不同時(shí)間MS檢出率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P > 0.05)。見表3。
2.4 兩組代謝指標(biāo)比較
兩組不同時(shí)間BMI、FBG、DBP、TG、HDL-C水平比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05);兩組組間TG水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);兩組時(shí)間×組間HDL-C水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表4。
治療前兩組BMI、FBG、SBP、DBP、HDL-C水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);研究組TG水平高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。治療第4周末研究組FBG、SBP水平高于治療前,對(duì)照組BMI、HDL-C水平高于治療前;且研究組FBG、DBP水平高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療第8周末研究組SBP水平低于治療第4周末、TG水平高于治療第4周末,F(xiàn)BG水平高于治療前;對(duì)照組BMI、DBP水平高于治療前;且研究組TG、HDL-C水平高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表4。
2.5 兩組不良反應(yīng)比較
兩組不同時(shí)間、組間、時(shí)間×組間TESS評(píng)分比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。與治療第2周末比較,兩組治療第4周末、第8周末TESS評(píng)分均降低;與治療第4周末比較,兩組治療第8周末TESS評(píng)分均降低,且研究組低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表5。
3 討論
本研究結(jié)果顯示,研究組治療效果優(yōu)于對(duì)照組。提示早期評(píng)估、早期調(diào)整治療方案,可以更快地緩解精神癥狀,效果好于傳統(tǒng)、單一、足量、足療程的治療方法。這與梁英等[15]研究結(jié)果類似,早期反應(yīng)者癥狀改善更迅速、更明晰,且藥物種類對(duì)早期反應(yīng)有影響,奧氮平較其他藥物的早期反應(yīng)更明顯。
精神分裂癥的治療目標(biāo)不僅僅是改善患者癥狀,降低抗精神病藥物導(dǎo)致的副作用也是治療的重點(diǎn)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組不同時(shí)間MS檢出率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P > 0.05)。有研究顯示[16],與利培酮比較,奧氮平更容易導(dǎo)致體重、膽固醇及血糖水平增加。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示[17],奧氮平治療6周,小鼠葡萄糖和血脂水平顯著增高。但Ono等[18]研究結(jié)論略有不同,其認(rèn)為奧氮平、利培酮單藥治療對(duì)精神分裂癥患者HDL-C的影響僅體現(xiàn)在超重組。Lee等[19]研究顯示,奧氮平和利培酮單藥治療組抗精神病藥物中MS的患病率分別為34%、35%,比例相近。本研究結(jié)果顯示,基于評(píng)估的治療并沒有增加MS風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提示基于評(píng)估治療可及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)患者的病情變化,快速調(diào)整治療方案,加快精神分裂癥癥狀的緩解,提高治療依從性,增加患者活動(dòng)量,患者能自行控制飲食,改變生活方式,減輕MS的發(fā)生。也可能與奧氮平使用者人數(shù)較少有關(guān)。Yang等[20]研究提示基因多態(tài)性可能影響第二代抗精神病藥物所致的MS風(fēng)險(xiǎn),中國(guó)人的甾醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-1(SREBF1)基因rs11654081 T等位基因與MetS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加顯著相關(guān)(r = 2.56),5-羥色胺2C受體G蛋白偶聯(lián)(HTR2C)-759C基因型與MS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)[21]。英國(guó)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)Val66Met基因型是接受抗精神病藥物的精神分裂癥患者發(fā)生肥胖和胰島素抵抗的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[22]。
本研究局限性在于樣本量較小,并且研究組約45%的受試者繼續(xù)服用利培酮,與對(duì)照組的比較差異可能受藥物本身的影響。另外,隨訪時(shí)間較短,未考慮基因等異常因素的影響,仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,基于評(píng)估的優(yōu)化治療模式治療精神分裂癥可以更快緩解患者病情,控制癥狀,改善預(yù)后,MS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與傳統(tǒng)用藥方式相似。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-09? 本文編輯:劉明玉)