胡仙清 朱波 馮國飛 林中民 郭敏 陳艷梅 潘丹 張紅萍
[摘要] 目的 研究Stathmin-1在子宮平滑肌腫瘤中的表達及臨床意義。 方法 選取2013年1月~2016年12月溫州市人民醫(yī)院及溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院82例手術(shù)患者,分為典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤(UL組)30例、子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤(CL組)30例、子宮平滑肌肉瘤(LMS組)22例,同時選擇肌瘤旁正常肌層(M組)30例。采用免疫組化Envision二步法研究Stathmin-1在各組中的表達、臨床病理學特征及預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。根據(jù)Stathmin-1表達水平,CL組及LMS組進一步分成低表達組及高表達組,進行復(fù)發(fā)及生存率分析。 結(jié)果 Stathmin-1表達于細胞質(zhì),在子宮平滑肌肉瘤組的染色分值高于另三組(均P<0.05)。Stathmin-1在子宮平滑肌腫瘤中的表達與患者年齡、腫瘤大小、腫瘤數(shù)目等臨床病理學特征均無相關(guān)(均P>0.05)。子宮富于細胞平滑肌中Stathmin-1高表達組較低表達組復(fù)發(fā)率高(P<0.05)。子宮平滑肌肉瘤中Stathmin-1高表達組較低表達組生存率低(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 Stathmin-1在子宮平滑肌肉瘤中的高表達,提示檢測Stathmin-1在早期輔助診斷子宮平滑肌肉瘤上有一定的臨床意義。其在子宮平滑肌腫瘤中的表達水平與富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)及子宮平滑肌肉瘤的預(yù)后可能相關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 子宮平滑肌腫瘤;肉瘤;富于細胞;Stathmin-1
[中圖分類號] R737.33? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)01-0035-04
Study on Stathmin-1 as a molecular marker for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of uterine leiomyosarcoma
HU Xianqing1? ?ZHU Bo1? ?FENG Guofei2? ?LIN Zhongmin3? GUO Min1? ?CHEN Yanmei2? ?PAN Dan2? ?ZHANG Hongping1
1.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wenzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou? ?325000, China; 2.Department of Pathology, Wenzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou? ?325000, China; 3.Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou? ?325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the expression and clinical significance of Stathmin-1 in uterine leiomyoma. Methods Eighty-two surgical patients of Wenzhou People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2013 to December 2016 were enrolled and divided into the typical uterine leiomyoma group(UL group) with 30 patients, the uterus leiomyoma rich in cells group(CL group) with 30 patients and the uterine leiomyosarcoma group(LMS group) with 22 patients, and normal smooth muscular tissue of uterus (M group) with 30 patients at the same time. The Immunohistochemical Envision two-step method was used to study the correlation between the expression of Stathmin-1, clinicopathological features and prognosis in each group. According to the expression level of Stathmin-1, the CL group and the LMS group were further divided into a low expression group and a high expression group for recurrence and survival analysis. Results Stathmin-1 was expressed in the cytoplasm, and the staining score in the uterine leiomyosarcoma group was higher than that in the other three groups, respectively(P<0.05 for all). The expression of Stathmin-1 in the uterine leiomyoma was not correlated with the clinicopathological features such as patient age, tumor size and tumor number(P>0.05). In the uterus leiomyoma rich in cells group, the recurrence rate in the high Stathmin-1 expression group was higher than that in the low Stathin-1 expression group(P<0.05). The survival rate in the high Stathmin-1 expression group was lower than that in the low Stathmin-1 expression group(P<0.05). Conclusion The high expression of Stathmin-1 in uterine leiomyosarcoma suggests that the detection of Stathmin-1 has certain clinical significance in the early auxiliary diagnosis of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Its expression level in uterine leiomyoma may be associated with the recurrence of cell leiomyoma and the prognosis of uterine leiomyosarcoma.
[Key words] Uterine leiomyoma; Sarcoma; Rich in cells; Stathmin-1
子宮平滑肌肉瘤是少見的女性生殖系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一[1],發(fā)病率低、預(yù)后差。子宮平滑肌肉瘤早期無特異性的臨床表現(xiàn)及輔助檢查,缺乏有效的早期診斷方法。一些特殊類型子宮平滑肌腫瘤如子宮高度富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤,有時單純根據(jù)細胞形態(tài)學與之鑒別存在困難。故探索特異性的腫瘤標記物對子宮肉瘤的早期輔助診斷具有重要意義。較多研究表明PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號通路在子宮肉瘤或非子宮肉瘤中高度活化,而微管解聚相關(guān)蛋白Stathmin-1,又稱原癌基因蛋白18(oncogene prsotein 18,Op18),是PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號通路的重要因子。Stathmin-1通過磷酸化調(diào)節(jié)自身活性來改變微管系統(tǒng)的動力平衡,在細胞有絲分裂過程中調(diào)節(jié)微管蛋白及紡錘體的形成與解體[2],其表達異常將導(dǎo)致細胞分裂的改變,與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[3-4]。本研究通過檢測子宮平滑肌腫瘤中Stathmin-1的表達水平,探討Stathmin-1的檢測對子宮平滑肌肉瘤的輔助診斷及預(yù)后評估意義。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
納入2013年1月~2016年12月溫州市人民醫(yī)院及溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院112例手術(shù)患者的石蠟包埋切片組織?;颊呒韧蕦m產(chǎn)史外無子宮手術(shù)史。本研究通過醫(yī)院倫理委員會同意。
1.2 分組
82例患者據(jù)組織病理學結(jié)果分組,分別是典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤30例(normal leiomyoma of uterus,UL組)、子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤30例(cellular leiomyoma of uterus,CL組)、子宮平滑肌肉瘤22例(leiomyosarcoma of uterus,LMS組),并選擇肌瘤旁正常肌層30例(normal smooth muscular tissue of uterus,M組)。除肌瘤旁正常肌層組外余三組患者的年齡比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=6.839,P=0.002),子宮平滑肌肉瘤組年齡大于典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤及富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤。三組患者的孕產(chǎn)次比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(H=0.708,P=0.702;H=4.373,P=0.112),三組患者的腫瘤大小及腫瘤數(shù)目比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(F=0.008,P=0.992;H=2.246,P=0.325),見表1。
1.3 方法
調(diào)取溫州市人民醫(yī)院病理科存檔蠟塊(其中LMS組標本17例取自溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院),重新切片,脫蠟,進行Envision二步法免疫組化染色:抗原修復(fù)后加一抗,冰箱過夜后加HRP 標記聚合物,加顯色劑及復(fù)染(HE染色:蘇木素染色及伊紅染色),脫水,封片,顯微鏡鏡檢,圖像分析采集。Stathmin-1一抗購于美國Abcam公司,原液稀釋為1:250。采用子宮平滑肌肉瘤陽性對照,PBS陰性對照。
1.4 免疫組化結(jié)果判定
每張切片隨機選擇5個400倍高倍鏡視野觀察染色情況。根據(jù)染色程度,計為0~3分。陽性細胞百分比計分:≤5%,0分;6%~25%,1分;26%~50%,2分;51%~75%,3分;>75%,4分。以上結(jié)果相乘所得計為Stathmin-1染色分值[5],結(jié)果取平均值。
1.5 隨訪情況
CL組及LMS組患者進行隨訪,每3個月隨訪1次,以手術(shù)日期為隨訪開始,以死亡作為終點事件,隨訪截止日期 2018 年 12 月 31 日,采用電話詢問或門診復(fù)查隨訪。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。計數(shù)資料采用頻數(shù)和率表示,采用χ2檢驗比較多組間差異;正態(tài)分布的計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用單因素方差分析多組間差異;非正態(tài)分布的計量資料采用中位數(shù)P50(P25-P75)表示,采用Kruskal Wallis檢驗比較多組間差異;相關(guān)性檢驗采用Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗;生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 免疫組化結(jié)果
2.1.1 蛋白定位? Stathmin-1蛋白表達于細胞漿,為淺黃或棕黃色顆粒。子宮平滑肌肉瘤組Stathmin-1蛋白主要為強陽性及彌漫性著色,子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤和典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤組及肌瘤旁正常肌層組Stathmin-1蛋白主要為弱陽性或陰性及局部著色,見封三圖2。
2.1.2 染色分值? 各組患者Stathmin-1免疫組化染色分值見表2,呈非正態(tài)分布。Stathmin-1染色分值在M組中位數(shù)為1.0(n=30),UL組中位數(shù)為1.0(n=30),CL組中位數(shù)為1.0(n=30),LMS組中位數(shù)為7.5(n=22),行Krsuskal Wallis檢驗,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.000),見封三圖3。進一步兩兩比較,Stathmin-1染色值在M組、UL組、CL組間無明顯差異(調(diào)整后PM,UL=0.227>0.05;調(diào)整后PM,CL=0.668>0.05;調(diào)整后PUL,CL=1.000>0.05),LMS組高于另三組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(調(diào)整后PM,LMS=0.000<0.05;調(diào)整后PUL,LMS=0.000<0.05;調(diào)整后PCL,LMS=0.000<0.05)。
2.1.3 診斷性試驗? 由表3可見,以Stathmin-1的各個染色值范圍定義為陽性,計算出Stathmin-1蛋白表達在子宮平滑肌腫瘤中預(yù)測惡性腫瘤的陽性預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值、敏感度、特異度。Stathmin-1染色值≥1設(shè)定為陽性,敏感度達100.00%,但是特異度僅36.67%,陽性預(yù)測值27.85%,陰性預(yù)測值100.00%。
2.2 Stathmin-1的表達與臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
采用Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗,結(jié)果示Stathmin-1的表達與患者臨床病理特征如年齡、肌瘤大小、肌瘤數(shù)目均無關(guān)(均P>0.05),見表4。
2.3 Stathmin-1的表達與子宮平滑肌腫瘤的預(yù)后關(guān)系
根據(jù)Stathmin-1染色分值將子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤、子宮平滑肌肉瘤組進一步分為高表達組(≥6)、低表達組(<6)。采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析檢驗,結(jié)果示子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤低表達組未復(fù)發(fā)生存率大于高表達組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=15.266,P=0.001),見封三圖4。子宮平滑肌肉瘤組高表達組生存率低于低表達組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=3.866,P=0.049),見封三圖5。
3 討論
子宮平滑肌腫瘤有多種組織學類型,大多良性,惡性平滑肌肉瘤少見,但預(yù)后極差[6-7]。子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤是一種常見的特殊類型子宮平滑肌瘤。1994年世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)將子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤等特殊類型子宮肌瘤歸為良性腫瘤,但是,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其復(fù)發(fā)后有惡變趨勢[8-9]。高度富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤有時與子宮平滑肌肉瘤難以鑒別。探索新的腫瘤標志物,提高腫瘤的診斷準確度及靈敏度,預(yù)測腫瘤的預(yù)后,進行可能的靶向治療,成為今后的研究方向。
PI3K/AKT/mTOR 信號通路是細胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路中最主要的信號通路之一。PI3K-AKT-mTOR信號通路的激活與腫瘤的發(fā)生緊密相關(guān),它可以加速細胞周期進行、抑制細胞凋亡、促進腫瘤細胞遷移。Hernando等[10]通過動物模型研究子宮平滑肌肉瘤的發(fā)生中提出PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路的活化是平滑肌組織惡化的必要非充分條件。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[11],PI3K-AKT-mTOR信號通路在普通子宮平滑肌腫瘤明顯上調(diào),而在子宮平滑肌肉瘤持續(xù)激活。有研究[12-13]報道Stathmin-1是PI3K-AKT-mTOR信號通路活化的因子。Stathmin-1過度表達有促進腫瘤發(fā)生、腫瘤侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移的作用[14]。多項研究表明,Stathmin-1在惡性腫瘤如乳腺癌[15]、卵巢癌[16]、子宮內(nèi)膜癌[17-18]、宮頸癌[19]中呈高表達,且與其預(yù)后呈負相關(guān)[20]。
本研究將子宮平滑肌腫瘤的Stathmin-1的蛋白表達水平進行比較,結(jié)果顯示子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤Stathmin-1表達水平與肌瘤旁正常肌層、典型子宮平滑肌腫瘤均無差異,而明顯低于子宮平滑肌肉瘤組的表達水平,提示子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤細胞增長活躍程度明顯低于平滑肌肉瘤,可推薦臨床按普通子宮肌瘤處理,應(yīng)避免過度治療。本研究根據(jù)Stathmin-1染色分值分為高表達組(≥6)、低表達組(<6),子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤組高表達組腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率高于低表達組,提示對于子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤患者Stathmin-1高表達者仍需要術(shù)后密切隨訪。
本研究中,Stathmin-1廣泛表達于子宮平滑肌腫瘤細胞及普通肌層細胞的細胞漿中,在良性子宮平滑肌腫瘤中弱陽性表達,在子宮平滑肌肉瘤大部分強陽性彌漫性表達。本文中Stathmin-1強陽性表達在診斷子宮平滑肌肉瘤的特異性達到90%。雖然子宮平滑肌肉瘤病理學診斷上主要依據(jù)標本HE染色,但遇到如子宮高度富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤、惡性潛能未定平滑肌腫瘤等,有時診斷較為困難[21],其100%的陰性預(yù)測價值有一定的輔助診斷意義。對子宮平滑肌肉瘤進行術(shù)后隨訪,本項目中子宮平滑肌肉瘤高表達組生存率低于低表達組。提示Stathmin-1的表達與子宮平滑肌肉瘤的生存率呈負相關(guān), 未來可進一步致力于研究子宮平滑肌肉瘤的Stathmin-1的靶向治療[22]。
綜上所述,檢測Stathmin-1在早期輔助診斷子宮平滑肌肉瘤上有一定的臨床意義。Stathmin-1的表達水平與子宮富于細胞平滑肌腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)及子宮平滑肌肉瘤的生存率存在相關(guān),有助其預(yù)后評估。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-05)