朱成明
深度學(xué)習(xí)這一術(shù)語(yǔ)源于機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域,是指機(jī)器領(lǐng)域中一系列試圖使用多重非線性變換對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行多層抽象的算法(孫志軍、薛磊,等 2012)。當(dāng)這一術(shù)語(yǔ)被引用到教學(xué)領(lǐng)域,國(guó)內(nèi)外許多教育專家學(xué)者對(duì)其作出多種分析解讀。美國(guó)學(xué)者馬頓和薩廖(Marton&Saljo 1976)在《學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)區(qū)別:結(jié)果和過(guò)程》一文中闡述了深度學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)涵,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)內(nèi)容的整體認(rèn)知。我國(guó)學(xué)者何玲、黎加厚(2005)從認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)、知識(shí)遷移、能力培養(yǎng)等角度對(duì)深度學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行分析與解讀。張浩、吳秀娟(2012)對(duì)深度學(xué)習(xí)的核心特征進(jìn)行了界定。
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),在高中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中存在這樣一種現(xiàn)象:過(guò)度注重知識(shí)的講授而缺乏啟發(fā)學(xué)生進(jìn)行知識(shí)的有效融合,以致學(xué)生成為學(xué)習(xí)的“容器”,而沒(méi)有進(jìn)行知識(shí)的有效建構(gòu);缺乏自己的思考,不能認(rèn)知與理解文本內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系;缺乏將文本知識(shí)與自己生活實(shí)際有效結(jié)合,沒(méi)有運(yùn)用知識(shí)清晰表達(dá)自己的見(jiàn)解與思想;在賞析西方文化時(shí),沒(méi)有對(duì)比本土文化,從而難以理解西方文化的真正內(nèi)涵。
深度學(xué)習(xí)是指借助英語(yǔ)文本,促進(jìn)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)深度與廣度得到提升與發(fā)展的過(guò)程。具體來(lái)說(shuō),深度學(xué)習(xí)是幫助學(xué)生融合文本知識(shí),重組建構(gòu);借助文本話題,發(fā)展運(yùn)用;理解思想內(nèi)涵,提升思辨;解讀西方文化,對(duì)比賞析等。預(yù)設(shè)是學(xué)生進(jìn)入深度學(xué)習(xí)的重要保證,是在動(dòng)態(tài)的、充滿生命力的課堂中生成的。教師在充滿活力的課堂中善于捕捉深度學(xué)習(xí)的契機(jī)是教學(xué)的關(guān)鍵。
“英語(yǔ)課堂是向求知方向挺進(jìn)的旅程,隨時(shí)都有可能發(fā)生意外的通道和發(fā)現(xiàn)美麗的風(fēng)景,而不是一切都必須遵循固定線路而沒(méi)有激情的行程?!保ǘ酄?2009)這種英語(yǔ)課堂,一定是充滿不確定性因素的,注定不會(huì)平鋪直敘,這些不確定因素是引發(fā)學(xué)生投入深度學(xué)習(xí)的契機(jī)。當(dāng)教師敏銳地察覺(jué)到學(xué)生對(duì)深度學(xué)習(xí)的極度渴望時(shí),就應(yīng)捕捉這些稍縱即逝的深度學(xué)習(xí)契機(jī),立即調(diào)整教學(xué)安排,重新設(shè)計(jì)或引導(dǎo),與學(xué)生一起進(jìn)入深度學(xué)習(xí)。
預(yù)設(shè)是課堂教學(xué)正常開(kāi)展的重要保證。英語(yǔ)課堂是動(dòng)態(tài)的,當(dāng)學(xué)生融入英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)時(shí),課堂一定會(huì)充滿活力和靈性,學(xué)生的思維會(huì)隨著課堂教學(xué)的進(jìn)展而閃爍智慧的光芒。當(dāng)預(yù)設(shè)的內(nèi)容或環(huán)節(jié)不符合學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的實(shí)際要求時(shí),教師就要適時(shí)作出改變。
例如:在教學(xué)譯林版高中《英語(yǔ)》Module 2 Unit 2 Wish you were here Reading部分時(shí),在學(xué)生熟悉文本結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容后,教師提出問(wèn)題:“Can you conclude the phrases to describe in Morocco?”原打算讓學(xué)生說(shuō)出從出發(fā)地London到目的地Morocco和the Sahara Desert,以及活動(dòng)的相關(guān)詞匯、短語(yǔ)等,以幫助他們積累與歸納與旅游相關(guān)的詞塊與句型等。但是,發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)碎片化的知識(shí)概括與積累毫無(wú)興趣。在這種情況下,教師將這些知識(shí)點(diǎn)與學(xué)生的生活結(jié)合,構(gòu)成一個(gè)有意義的語(yǔ)篇,從而激發(fā)他們進(jìn)一步構(gòu)建知識(shí)的熱情與智慧。于是,隨即提問(wèn):“Could you introduce one of your favourite places to your favourite teacher?”問(wèn)題一拋出就激發(fā)了學(xué)生的熱情。有的學(xué)生回答:“Last summer holiday my parents and I travelled to the Sahara Desert in Africa.It took me almost a week there.I travelled through the desert by camel,which were so friendly to all of us,even though riding them was very uncomfortable.We had traveled with local guides,camping in tents and sleeping on the ground.Obviously,so dark was there at night that I couldn’t see anything whatever I wanted to do,so I brought a flashlight with me.The scenery was so fantastic that I hope you would have a chance to visit it.”
這位學(xué)生一說(shuō)完,掌聲就響起來(lái)了??梢钥闯?,學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性地用自己的語(yǔ)言融合文本中所學(xué)的詞匯、短語(yǔ)巧妙而深情地表達(dá),教學(xué)效果較好。
總之,教師抓住契機(jī),巧妙設(shè)問(wèn),讓學(xué)生把碎片化知識(shí)進(jìn)行有效組合,以語(yǔ)篇的形式進(jìn)行有意義的輸出,能夠調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生參與課堂的積極性,提高課堂教學(xué)效率。
課文不僅是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的載體,還是他們走進(jìn)深度學(xué)習(xí)的階梯,更是培養(yǎng)其核心素養(yǎng)的重要資源。教師的眼光不能僅停留在課文所提供的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)、文化素材及情感表達(dá)上,而要借助課本話題,幫助學(xué)生捕捉契機(jī),進(jìn)行深度學(xué)習(xí),讓他們?cè)谥R(shí)層面、文化層面、情感層面及思維層面得到最大發(fā)展。
例如:在教授譯林版高中《英語(yǔ)》Module10Unit1 Building the future Reading部分 Teach a man to fish時(shí),教師預(yù)設(shè)教學(xué)完這篇課文后,學(xué)生能夠從話題角度認(rèn)識(shí)與理解課文的中心:Give a man a fish and you feed him a day.Teach a man to fish,and you feed him for the rest of life。教師借助Reading部分提出以下問(wèn)題:“If you have already learned how to fish,what kind of spirit should you have?”預(yù)設(shè)的答案是從環(huán)境保護(hù)的角度思考與拓展知識(shí)。但是,一名學(xué)生回答:“The craftsmanship spirit.”比預(yù)設(shè)的答案更貼合課文中心思想,也更貼合學(xué)生的生活,能更好地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生。于是,教師在肯定該學(xué)生的答案后,繼續(xù)提問(wèn):“How do you understand the craftsmanship spirit?”學(xué)生瞬間投入積極思考并給出答案:“Personally,the craftsmanship spirit refers to being dedicated to work heart and soul.Whatever a trivial task in hand,one will invest his time and endeavor to perfect it.It stands for seriousness and responsibility.In addition,the craftsman spirit is a reflection of self-pride and self-fulfillment.He prides himself on his craft and does his part to make contributions to the community.”,對(duì) the craftsmanship spirit進(jìn)行了詮釋。教師趁熱打鐵追問(wèn)道:“Can you say some significance of the craftsmanship spirit?”把學(xué)生引入更深層次的思考。此時(shí),教師決定讓每一個(gè)學(xué)生都發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。于是,先將學(xué)生分成小組,相互討論,而后以小組為單位進(jìn)行匯報(bào)。其中一名學(xué)生的匯報(bào)如下:“The craftsmanship spirit is of overwhelming significance.To begin with,it plays a significant role in increasing the products’quality,which benefits consumers at home and abroad.Moreover,emphasis on the craftsmanship spirit can help our country turn into a powerful manufacturing country,contributing to the economic flourishing.Most importantly,it’s traditional Chinese culture to take everything seriously.By promoting craftsmanship spirit,we are in a better position to inherit the cultural legacy and spreading Chinese values.”
總之,只要抓住契機(jī),圍繞相關(guān)話題,恰當(dāng)?shù)卦O(shè)問(wèn)與引導(dǎo),就能激發(fā)學(xué)生無(wú)限的想象,進(jìn)行深度思考,做到學(xué)以致用,讓課文閱讀成為發(fā)展思維的載體。
在英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中,當(dāng)師生共同完成課文知識(shí)內(nèi)容,理清文章的邏輯關(guān)系和情感脈絡(luò)之后,往往會(huì)忽視批判性思維訓(xùn)練。只有將課文內(nèi)容與實(shí)際生活及社會(huì)狀況相結(jié)合,經(jīng)過(guò)適當(dāng)點(diǎn)撥,才能把學(xué)生引入深度閱讀,從而深化他們對(duì)文本的理解,提升其批判性思維能力。
例如,在教授譯林版高中《英語(yǔ)》Module10Unit1 Building the future Reading部分 Teach a man to fish時(shí),在師生共同歸納課文的中心思想后,一名男生突然說(shuō):“Give a man a fish and you feed him a day.At last you will raise an adult babies.”這似乎與課堂教學(xué)毫無(wú)關(guān)系,但是是一個(gè)引發(fā)學(xué)生深度思考的契機(jī),不僅可以深化他們對(duì)課文的認(rèn)識(shí)與理解,而且可以拓展他們的批判性思維。于是,教師提問(wèn):“Why do adult babies now spring up?”學(xué)生經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真思考后給出答案:“The reasons why adult babies now spring up can be complicated.To begin with,as China’s economy has developed dramatically,many parents feel it affordable to deny their children nothing.Plus,the previous one-child policy may add fuel to the flames,making the whole family unconsciously show excessive love,care and concern for the only child,the apple of their eye.”很明顯,學(xué)生的回答并沒(méi)有結(jié)束,于是教師追問(wèn):“Can you give some advice on the solution to the problem?”學(xué)生再次進(jìn)入思考,并給出答案:“It is never too late for parents to reflect on their educational ways and make adjustments.At home,parents should grant their children opportunities to go about daily routines in person.For children,they should stop hiding under the parents’protection and move forward by assuming the responsibility of themselves.”
在課堂上,教師開(kāi)發(fā)偶然性資源,抓住時(shí)機(jī),巧妙引導(dǎo),能為學(xué)生批判性思維的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造條件。
英語(yǔ)課本不僅是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)、發(fā)展思維的載體,還是學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)與了解英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文化,傳播祖國(guó)文化的載體。高中生積累了許多文化知識(shí),形成了一定的文化素養(yǎng)。在高中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中,如果能充分利用挖掘課文的文化因素,加以巧妙引用和開(kāi)發(fā),引發(fā)學(xué)生的知識(shí)和智慧產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的碰撞,讓他們自由發(fā)表觀點(diǎn),不僅能促進(jìn)其對(duì)知識(shí)的理解與掌握,還能激發(fā)其在對(duì)比中西方文化的同時(shí),更好地認(rèn)識(shí)與理解祖國(guó)文化,形成文化自信,提升文化素養(yǎng)。
例如,在教授譯林版高中《英語(yǔ)》Module 9 Unit 1 Other countries,other countries 的 Project部分時(shí),學(xué)生通過(guò)共同努力已形成共識(shí)“Australia is really a sporting nation.”突然,一名學(xué)生提出疑問(wèn):“Australians’loving sporting reflects Australian culture.What about our Chinese classic culture?”很明顯,他是想比較兩國(guó)文化,于是教師提問(wèn):“As one of the four ancient civilizations,China has a long history and has created many splendid cultures,which once had a great influence on the world.Which one impressed you most?”學(xué)生通過(guò)積極思考,給出答案。以下是一名學(xué)生的答案:“Personally,the Spring Festival reflects the culture of our country.It is more than a vocation but a tradition we must value and pass down from generation to generation.Every time I go home,I will have a heart-to-heart talk with my parents to learn whether things are getting well along with them.And I also enjoy the ceremony like making jiaozi and appreciating lanterns.”教師繼續(xù)提問(wèn):“Why do young people have various plans for their Spring Festival rather than go home?”本以為會(huì)難住學(xué)生,沒(méi)想到他們對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象的理解與認(rèn)識(shí)充滿新意。通過(guò)討論,學(xué)生說(shuō)得頭頭是道,而且用了一些剛學(xué)的短語(yǔ)與表達(dá)。以下是一名學(xué)生的匯報(bào):“What lies behind the phenomenon is not difficult to find.What comes first is that as different cultures are blending with each other worldwide,young adults nowadays have a weak consciousness of the importance of traditional festivals.Additionally,with pressure of living and working building up,quite a few young adults choose to work extra hours during the Spring Festival to make the ends meet.So crowded journey and expensive tickets are bound to lead to their reluctance to go home.Also the Internet provides considerable convenience for people to reunion at any time,making people’s reunion during the Spring Festival of less significance.”從學(xué)生的回答可以看出,學(xué)生思維活躍,與時(shí)俱進(jìn),不局限于傳統(tǒng)的、狹隘的文化范疇,體現(xiàn)了其尊重與包容的人文情懷。
在高中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)立足學(xué)情,以語(yǔ)篇為基礎(chǔ),專注課堂教學(xué)發(fā)展,關(guān)注學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài),捕捉瞬間閃現(xiàn)的生成性資源,并巧妙加以開(kāi)發(fā)與利用,引發(fā)學(xué)生深思。這樣的英語(yǔ)課堂是充滿靈性、活力、思考的,是精彩紛呈的,有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的核心素養(yǎng),為其終身學(xué)習(xí)打下扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。