張磊 陳國(guó)忠 王華英 等
[摘要] 目的 探討肺部超聲(lung utrasonography,LUS)評(píng)分在急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者病情評(píng)估價(jià)值。 方法 采用前瞻性雙盲隊(duì)列研究,選取2016年7月~2018年1月33例ARDS患者為研究對(duì)象,ARDS診斷符合柏林定義,根據(jù)氧合指數(shù)(oxygenation index,OI)將患者分為輕中度組(100 mmHg [關(guān)鍵詞] 超聲檢查; 肺; 急性呼吸窘迫綜合征; 氧合指數(shù) [中圖分類號(hào)] R563.8? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)03-0084-05 [Abstract] Objective To evaluate the value of lung ultrasound score (LUS) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods A prospective double-blind cohort study was performed in 33 patients with ARDS from July 2016 to January 2018. The ARDS diagnosis was in accordance with the Berlin definition. According to the oxygenation index (OI), the patients were divided into the mild to moderate group (100 mmHg [Key words] Ultrasonography; Lung; Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Oxygenation index ARDS指各種肺內(nèi)、外因素導(dǎo)致彌漫性肺泡損傷及肺部炎癥,進(jìn)而發(fā)展的急性呼吸衰竭。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道ARDS總體病死率在36%~50%[1,2],其預(yù)后與早期原發(fā)病治療和疾病嚴(yán)重程度明顯相關(guān)。Joyner等[3]首次應(yīng)用LUS獲取病理狀態(tài)下肺組織圖像。研究者[4,5]發(fā)現(xiàn)LUS在胸腔積液、肺實(shí)變/肺不張、肺水腫、氣胸診斷敏感性和特異性比傳統(tǒng)X線胸片具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),與胸部CT相似,可作為CT的替代檢查方法用于ARDS的診斷。ARDS診斷主要依靠臨床表現(xiàn)及胸部影像學(xué)改變,胸部CT被認(rèn)為是“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[6],但重癥患者有轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),輻射損傷;床邊胸部X線片檢查可避免轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但影像分辨率差,病情反映滯后;LUS在ARDS應(yīng)用中具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)[7,8],表現(xiàn)間質(zhì)綜合征[9],可以通過B線進(jìn)行半定量評(píng)估[10];本研究采用LUS評(píng)分評(píng)估ARDS患者肺部病情,對(duì)照胸部CT“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,評(píng)價(jià)LUS評(píng)分在ARDS疾病臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。 1 資料與方法 1.1 一般資料 采用前瞻性雙盲隊(duì)列研究,選取2016年7月~2018年1月33例ARDS患者為研究對(duì)象,ARDS診斷符合柏林定義[11]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括[12]:非成年患者(年齡<18周歲),嚴(yán)重心力衰竭、急性冠脈綜合征,慢阻肺及合并肺心病、肺間質(zhì)性病變、大范圍胸壁皮下氣腫、嚴(yán)重胸部外傷不能進(jìn)行肺部超聲檢查的患者。根據(jù)氧合指數(shù)將患者分為輕中度組(24例)和重度組(9例)。 1.2 儀器與研究方法 采用SonoSite S Series S-ICUTM型號(hào)醫(yī)用彩色超聲儀,搭載探頭SonoSite P21 1~5 MHz和SonoSite HFL38 6~13 MHz,P21探頭主要用于肺部超聲檢查及心臟檢查,HFL38探頭主要用于觀察胸膜線情況。采用圖1所示方法,把胸部分為12個(gè)分區(qū)。掃查每個(gè)分區(qū)以LUS評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最高值作為記錄值,記錄每個(gè)肺分區(qū)分值,12個(gè)分區(qū)分值總和即為肺部超聲評(píng)分值,分值在0~36分之間,最小值0分代表正常肺組織通氣;最高分值36分,代表肺組織嚴(yán)重實(shí)變。肺部超聲評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13,14]:?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)肺部超聲切面出現(xiàn)水平A線或兩側(cè)胸壁B線≤2條,代表正常肺組織通氣區(qū)(封三圖1A),計(jì)0分;單個(gè)肺部超聲切面出現(xiàn)多發(fā)典型B7線,代表中度肺組織通氣減少區(qū)(封三圖1B),計(jì)1分;單個(gè)肺部超聲切面出現(xiàn)多發(fā)融合B3線,代表重度肺組織通氣減少區(qū)(封三圖1C),計(jì)2分;單個(gè)肺部超聲切面出現(xiàn)肺葉實(shí)變,代表嚴(yán)重的失氣化(封三圖1D),計(jì)3分(封三圖1所示,封三圖2為ARDS患者胸部CT影像)?;颊叻尾砍暀z查時(shí)間控制5 min以內(nèi),檢查醫(yī)師為同一名醫(yī)師,且對(duì)患者臨床資料不知情。所有患者給予6 mL/kg小潮氣量通氣,根據(jù)氧合狀態(tài)調(diào)整機(jī)械通氣參數(shù)。檢查前給予100%氧濃度吸入30 min,CT(西門子SOMATOM CT 16)檢查前30 min內(nèi)進(jìn)行肺部超聲檢查,并在心尖四腔心切面獲得左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù),行美國(guó)Premier300動(dòng)脈血?dú)鈾z查?;颊咿D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)使用德國(guó)Oxylog 2000 plus轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)呼吸機(jī)輔助通氣,通氣參數(shù)不變。所有患者入院24 h內(nèi)完成APACHE-Ⅱ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分、LUS評(píng)分及記錄OI。根據(jù)患者病情48 h或72 h可再次行胸部CT、LUS評(píng)分,并記錄OI。 1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料用χ2檢驗(yàn)。組間比較使用t檢驗(yàn)。雙變量相關(guān)性檢測(cè)采用Pearson相關(guān)分析,繪制ROC曲線計(jì)算出LUS評(píng)分在輕中度組和重度組之間的界值,預(yù)測(cè)重度組敏感性和特異性。P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 2 結(jié)果 2.1 患者一般情況及臨床特征 共納入ARDS患者33例,平均年齡(71.27±14.70)歲,男22例(67%),72 h內(nèi)死亡3例。輕中度組(100 mmHg 2.2 肺部超聲診斷ARDS效能 本項(xiàng)研究23例患者只進(jìn)行1次胸部CT檢查和LUS評(píng)分,9例患者先后進(jìn)行2次胸部CT和LUS評(píng)分,僅1例患者先后進(jìn)行3次胸部CT和LUS評(píng)分,共檢查了528個(gè)肺區(qū),CT診斷肺實(shí)變135區(qū),超聲診斷肺葉實(shí)變120區(qū),超聲診斷準(zhǔn)確率93.0%、敏感性80.7%、特異性97.3%、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值90.8%、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值93.6%。見表2。 2.3 LUS評(píng)分與OI、APACHE-Ⅱ、SOFA評(píng)分相關(guān)性 采用Spearson相關(guān)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)LUS評(píng)分與OI呈較顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05),與APACHE-Ⅱ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分呈較顯著正相關(guān)(均P<0.05)。見圖2。 2.4 LUS評(píng)分評(píng)估ARDS嚴(yán)重程度價(jià)值 分析LUS評(píng)分ROC曲線下面積(AUC)得出,肺部超聲評(píng)分20.5作為閾值判斷重度ARDS曲線下面積0.933,預(yù)測(cè)敏感度為88.9%,特異度為79.2%,見圖3所示;當(dāng)LUS評(píng)分超過20.5時(shí),提示患者病情極嚴(yán)重,死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增高。 3 討論 目前ARDS診斷主要依靠臨床表現(xiàn)及胸部影像學(xué)改變,胸部CT被認(rèn)為是“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但重癥患者有轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),輻射損傷;床邊胸部X線片檢查可避免轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但影像分辨率差,病情反映滯后。越來越多的研究表明肺部超聲檢查是成熟診斷技術(shù),已廣泛應(yīng)用于急診及重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房,成為系統(tǒng)的學(xué)科,在ARDS應(yīng)用中具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)[7,8],并且可以半定量評(píng)估ARDS患者肺水含量[10],有效預(yù)測(cè)患者預(yù)后;其次肺部超聲是無創(chuàng)檢查技術(shù),可床旁反復(fù)檢查,實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)病情變化,尤其適用于ARDS患者。 ARDS肺泡及間質(zhì)水腫,肺水含量增加,ICU醫(yī)師可以通過脈搏指示連續(xù)心輸出量監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)(pulse-indicated continuous cardiac output,PICCO)客觀地監(jiān)測(cè)血管外肺水含量,評(píng)估患者病情及治療反應(yīng),但PICCO監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)屬于有創(chuàng)檢查,并且費(fèi)用昂貴,不能常規(guī)開展。近幾年國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)肺部超聲B線評(píng)分與通過PICCO監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)獲取客觀數(shù)據(jù)血管外肺水含量呈明顯的正相關(guān)性,進(jìn)而評(píng)估ARDS患者病情嚴(yán)重程[10,15,16];Bataille等[10]研究表明肺部超聲評(píng)分可以半定量評(píng)估ARDS患者肺水含量,與PICCO監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)相比具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì);Ma等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ARDS患者肺部超聲B超評(píng)分與胸部CT圖像表現(xiàn)存在很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,可作為胸部CT替代用于ARDS病情評(píng)估。 ICU醫(yī)師采用APACHE-Ⅱ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分評(píng)估ARDS患者病情及預(yù)后情況。APACHE-Ⅱ評(píng)分評(píng)估內(nèi)容包括體溫、血壓、血肌酐水平等17項(xiàng)急性生理學(xué)評(píng)分、年齡評(píng)分、慢性健康狀況評(píng)分,三項(xiàng)評(píng)分總分值即為APACHE-Ⅱ評(píng)分值,最高分值為71分,分值越高,表示病情越嚴(yán)重,預(yù)后越差,病死率越高[18,19];SOFA評(píng)分由呼吸功能、凝血功能、肝功能、心血管功能、神經(jīng)功能及腎臟功能構(gòu)成,每項(xiàng)評(píng)分0~4分,總分為24分,分值越高,預(yù)后越差[20-22];LUS評(píng)分為肺部超聲評(píng)分,最早Soummer等[13]研究中提出,其研究表明分值越大,患者呼吸窘迫發(fā)生率越高,拔管失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高。目前LUS已經(jīng)有多種評(píng)分方法,Bataille等[10]把胸部分為4個(gè)肺區(qū)進(jìn)行超聲探查B線評(píng)分,最高值為20分,超過11分為重度ARDS,隨著評(píng)分值的增加病情更嚴(yán)重,研究提示肺部超聲評(píng)分可以反映ARDS患者病情嚴(yán)重程度。Santos等[23]將每個(gè)患者胸部分為6個(gè)超聲探查區(qū),超聲評(píng)分最高分為24分;Volipicelli等[7]把胸部分為8區(qū),而此項(xiàng)研究采用Monastesse等[14]將胸部分為12個(gè)分區(qū),正常肺區(qū)計(jì)0分,B7線計(jì)1分,B3線計(jì)2分,肺實(shí)變計(jì)3分,總分值為36分,分值越高,表示病情越嚴(yán)重,預(yù)后越差。根據(jù)ARDS肺內(nèi)病變特征,選擇這種評(píng)分方法更全面更合理,更充分的反映患者肺部病情。 柏林標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中明確提出OI評(píng)估ARDS患者病情嚴(yán)重程度是一項(xiàng)重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),把ARDS病情分為輕度、中度及重度。本項(xiàng)研究LUS評(píng)分對(duì)ARDS病情評(píng)估價(jià)值,采用LUS評(píng)分與氧合指數(shù)、APACHE-Ⅱ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)LUS評(píng)分與其均具有較高的相關(guān)性,與氧合指數(shù)呈較明顯負(fù)相關(guān),與APACHE-Ⅱ評(píng)分、SOFA評(píng)分呈較明顯正相關(guān),這與之前的研究者[12,16,23]研究結(jié)論相一致。研究共納入33例ARDS患者,進(jìn)行44次胸部CT檢查和LUS評(píng)分,共檢查了528個(gè)肺區(qū),胸部CT診斷肺實(shí)變135區(qū),肺部超聲診斷肺葉實(shí)變120區(qū),超聲診斷準(zhǔn)確率為93.0%、敏感性為80.7%、特異性為97.3%、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值為90.8%、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為93.6%,表明LUS具有較高的診斷效能;LUS評(píng)分AUCROC曲線下面積為0.933,計(jì)算得出LUS評(píng)分20.5作為閾值判斷重度ARDS敏感度為88.9%,特異度為79.2%,當(dāng)LUS評(píng)分超過20.5時(shí),提示患者病死率極高,這與Zhao等[16]研究結(jié)果相符。肺部超聲無輻射損害,可床旁反復(fù)檢查等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn),LUS評(píng)分可以評(píng)估ARDS患者病情嚴(yán)重程度,具有較高的效價(jià),值得臨床推廣。 [參考文獻(xiàn)] [1] Afshari A,Brok J,Moller AM,et al.Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury in adults and children:A systematic review with 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