劉海濤 張淑玲△ 白宏英
1)鄭州人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科一病區(qū),河南 鄭州 450000 2)鄭州大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院,河南 鄭州 450014
血管認(rèn)知功能障礙是由血管疾病引起的異常認(rèn)知狀態(tài),好發(fā)于老年人群,患者認(rèn)知缺陷嚴(yán)重不足,但未達(dá)到癡呆標(biāo)準(zhǔn),基本功能不會(huì)喪失。早期識(shí)別和治療血管性認(rèn)知障礙尤為重要[1-3]。研究顯示,尋找準(zhǔn)確的生物標(biāo)志物以及危險(xiǎn)因素,用于早期診斷以及預(yù)防血管性認(rèn)知障礙,對(duì)臨床探索血管性認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)病機(jī)制、疾病特點(diǎn)以及臨床治療具有重要意義[4-5]。血清胱抑素C(Cys-C)是一種由Cys C(CST3)基因編碼,由人體組織分泌的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑,近年來,其在血管認(rèn)知功能障礙以及阿爾茨海默病中的研究越來越多[6-8]。作為腎功能的生物標(biāo)志物,其也是血管認(rèn)知功能障礙的有效預(yù)測(cè)因子[9-10]。多種證據(jù)表明,Cys C具有抗炎功能,并對(duì)年齡相關(guān)疾病發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用[11-13]。目前,臨床對(duì)于血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的影響因素結(jié)論并不統(tǒng)一。本研究探討血清Cys-C水平與血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的相關(guān)性,并分析其在發(fā)生血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙中的意義。
1.1研究對(duì)象選擇2014-02-30—2017-07-30于鄭州人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科住院的110例血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙患者(認(rèn)知障礙組),選取同期90例健康體檢者為對(duì)照組。男127例,女73例,年齡35~77(53.8±6.4)歲。記錄2組基礎(chǔ)資料(年齡、吸煙史、飲酒史、性別、高血壓史等)。本研究經(jīng)過我院倫理委員會(huì)審核,患者或其家屬對(duì)研究內(nèi)容知情且簽訂書面同意書。
1.2納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)認(rèn)知障礙組患者均接受蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(MoCA,共7個(gè)項(xiàng)目,滿分30分,≥26分為正常)評(píng)估認(rèn)知功能[14],且MoCA評(píng)分<26分;(2)認(rèn)知障礙組患者頭顱MRI或CT提示存在腦缺血病灶;(3)對(duì)照組MoCA評(píng)分≥26分。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)先天性疾病或精神病引起的身體殘疾;(2)合并阿爾茨海默病;(3)疼痛綜合征、晚期糖尿病、惡性腫瘤、腎衰竭、肝功能衰竭、嚴(yán)重貧血者;(4)甲狀腺功能異常者;(5)正在接受認(rèn)知障礙治療者;(6)嚴(yán)重交流障礙者。
1.3檢測(cè)方法入院后清晨抽取空腹5 mL靜脈血,樣品收集1 h內(nèi)以3 000 r/min離心10 min,分離血漿。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)前,將分離的血漿儲(chǔ)存在-30 ℃冰箱內(nèi)。使用Behring BN ProSpec分析儀(Dade Behring)檢測(cè)Cys C(免疫比濁法)、血糖、甘油三酯(TC)、血肌酐、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)等水平。所有檢測(cè)結(jié)果重復(fù)3次。
1.4觀察指標(biāo)比較2組一般資料以及Cys C水平,分析血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
2.1 2組臨床資料比較2組年齡、性別、吸煙史、高血壓史、糖尿病史、TC、血肌酐、血糖、Cys-C水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙患者年齡、TC、血肌酐、血糖、Cys-C水平,以及男性比例、吸煙史、高血壓史、糖尿病史比例高于對(duì)照組。見表1。
2.2多因素分析Logistic回歸分析示,Cys-C、TC、高血壓史、糖尿病史、年齡是血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立影響因素(P<0.05)。高水平Cys-C、TC、高齡以及合并高血壓史、糖尿病史是血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。見表2。
認(rèn)知功能障礙是老年群體高發(fā)疾病。近年來,隨著人口老齡化進(jìn)程加快,發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì),是引起老年癡呆的第2大疾病,嚴(yán)重影響其健康和生活質(zhì)量[15-16]。大多數(shù)認(rèn)知功能障礙患者存在多發(fā)性腦梗死或腦白質(zhì)缺血,如未得到及時(shí)有效治療,多數(shù)患者最終發(fā)展為癡呆[17-23]。血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙包括各種腦血管疾病引起的認(rèn)知障礙,如腦出血、腦栓塞、腦血流灌流異常等。Cys-C是由Cys C(CST3)基因編碼的Cys超家族成員,屬于內(nèi)源性組織蛋白酶抑制物,可抑制蛋白酶B,具有平衡血管壁內(nèi)組織蛋白酶、抗蛋白酶活性的作用[18]。早期研究重點(diǎn)為Cys-C作為腎功能的生物標(biāo)志物,在腎臟疾病中起作用。近年來,其在血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙以及阿爾茨海默病中的研究越來越多[19]。已有研究證實(shí),Cys-C與腦血管病變具有顯著相關(guān)性,Cys C不僅可調(diào)節(jié)癡呆,還與血管功能相關(guān),并介導(dǎo)血管舒張、炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激等反應(yīng)[24-30]。
表1 2組臨床資料比較
表2 血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
ZHANG等[31]分析了阿爾茨海默病腦組織中淀粉樣沉積物成分時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)Cys-C,提示Cys-C可能參與了神經(jīng)組織損傷。已有研究證實(shí),Cys-C基因多態(tài)性與阿爾茨海默病、認(rèn)知功能障礙具有相關(guān)性[5,20]。本研究顯示,血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙患者Cys-C水平高于正常體檢者;此外,2組年齡、性別、吸煙史、高血壓史、糖尿病史、TC、血肌酐、血糖差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙患者年齡、TC、血肌酐、血糖、Cys-C水平,以及男性比例、吸煙史、高血壓史、糖尿病史比例高于正常體檢者。Logistic回歸分析示,Cys-C、TC、高血壓史、糖尿病史、年齡是血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立影響因素(P<0.05)。高水平Cys-C、TC、高齡以及合并高血壓史、糖尿病史是血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。ZUO等[32-35]研究不同類型癡呆癥(血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙和阿爾茨海默病)患者的Cys C和HDL水平,調(diào)查Cys C和HDL是否與不同類型癡呆的嚴(yán)重程度和患病率相關(guān),結(jié)果顯示,與健康對(duì)照組相比,血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙患者血漿Cys C水平較高,HDL水平較低,血漿Cys C/HDL對(duì)癡呆具有診斷價(jià)值。本研究中血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙Cys C水平較健康體檢者高,與相關(guān)研究[36-38]一致。HDL是存在于全身循環(huán)和腦中脂蛋白顆粒的異質(zhì)組的一部分,主要分別促進(jìn)脂質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)相關(guān)分子從體內(nèi)和整個(gè)身體的清除和遞送。有證據(jù)表明,血漿HDL及其主要蛋白質(zhì)組分ApoA-Ⅰ也具有有效的血管保護(hù)特性,如促進(jìn)血管功能改善,抑制炎癥,抑制內(nèi)皮修復(fù),防止脂質(zhì)氧化和刺激內(nèi)皮修復(fù)[10,39]。本研究中,2組HDL差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能與納入患者種族差異、檢測(cè)方法以及納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差異有關(guān)。研究認(rèn)為,Cys C可能在癡呆發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用,血漿Cys C水平可能是區(qū)分血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙與健康受試者的有效篩選工具[17]。
在排除混雜影響因素后,本研究顯示,高水平Cys-C、TC、高齡以及合并高血壓史、糖尿病史是血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。劉利紅等[24]分析了411例血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的危險(xiǎn)因素,結(jié)果顯示,Cys-C是血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,與本研究一致。此外,RAFAILIDIS等[40]研究認(rèn)為,血管危險(xiǎn)因素,如年齡、TC、高血壓史、糖尿病史等增加血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)病率,并促進(jìn)其向癡呆發(fā)展。血清Cys-C水平異常可促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生,動(dòng)脈硬化狹窄影響腦組織血供;此外,動(dòng)脈損傷促進(jìn)炎性細(xì)胞因子釋放,造成腦組織損傷;Cys-C可通過血腦屏障參與腦部炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)認(rèn)知功能障礙發(fā)展[41-43],本研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了Cys-C在血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙中作用。
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