□蔣菊香
最新修訂的以核心素養(yǎng)為中心的《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對(duì)高中學(xué)生的閱讀和寫作都提出了較高的要求,教師應(yīng)根據(jù)高中學(xué)生的認(rèn)知特點(diǎn),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生基本語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。Krashen(1985)的輸入假設(shè)理論認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)者要習(xí)得一個(gè)新的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu),單靠幾道練習(xí)題,幾篇短文遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)必須有足夠的輸入量。同時(shí)他也指出當(dāng)?shù)诙Z(yǔ)言習(xí)得在自然語(yǔ)言環(huán)境下,學(xué)習(xí)者接觸略高于自己現(xiàn)有水平的可理解性(Comprehensive input)的閱讀材料,才能自然而然習(xí)得語(yǔ)言。按這一理論,適當(dāng)增加可理解的比學(xué)生原有水平難度大的閱讀材料是很有必要的。在高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,課本知識(shí)只提供英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的“范本”,如果能根據(jù)高中階段的學(xué)生、教材、教法以及教學(xué)目的的具體情況,有選擇地利用報(bào)刊資源,把英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊作為語(yǔ)言輸入的一種手段,無(wú)疑能更好地提高高中生的英語(yǔ)讀寫能力。
英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊作為大眾傳媒,其通俗化的語(yǔ)言貼近生活,實(shí)用性強(qiáng)。學(xué)生通過(guò)閱讀貼近時(shí)代和自身生活的各種不同風(fēng)格的文章,能拓寬眼界,積累關(guān)于英美國(guó)家文化的背景知識(shí);同時(shí)學(xué)生經(jīng)常接觸到大量的貼近生活的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言,也能擴(kuò)大詞匯量,從而提高英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。此外,英文報(bào)刊題材多樣、內(nèi)容豐富,教師可以設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生相互交流的環(huán)節(jié),讓學(xué)生對(duì)所讀內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),這種方式也能促進(jìn)學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)交際和書面表達(dá)能力??傊?,報(bào)刊閱讀無(wú)疑對(duì)提高學(xué)生英語(yǔ)綜合運(yùn)用能力有很大幫助。
合作學(xué)習(xí)法,是一種旨在促進(jìn)學(xué)生在一種異質(zhì)小組中互相合作,達(dá)到共同學(xué)習(xí)的目的。具體做法是在教師的指導(dǎo)下,把班級(jí)分成合作小組,學(xué)生們以小組合作的形式進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。每個(gè)小組承擔(dān)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的一部分,然后互相交流信息,學(xué)生只有彼此合作,才能圓滿完成任務(wù)。基于合作學(xué)習(xí)理論,我們可以利用英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊,給學(xué)生提供地道的目的語(yǔ)和足夠量的語(yǔ)言輸入,從而提高學(xué)生應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的綜合能力。
英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊的內(nèi)容多,容量大,僅靠一周一課時(shí)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,所以報(bào)刊閱讀應(yīng)課外泛讀和課內(nèi)精讀相結(jié)合。課前先給學(xué)生布置好閱讀任務(wù),一篇是指定閱讀的文章,另一篇是由學(xué)生根據(jù)自己興趣選擇報(bào)刊文章進(jìn)行閱讀。通常教師指定的文章也是經(jīng)過(guò)挑選的不同題材的文章,以便讓學(xué)生全面了解英文報(bào)刊的特點(diǎn);由學(xué)生自己確定的自選閱讀文章,有利于調(diào)動(dòng)他們的學(xué)習(xí)積極性。
1.課外泛讀,課堂檢測(cè)。首先,不妨采用小組合作法,在課前先組織學(xué)生根據(jù)自己的興趣愛(ài)好,分成不同的興趣小組;再根據(jù)學(xué)生自由組合的興趣小組布置學(xué)生進(jìn)行報(bào)刊閱讀任務(wù),在閱讀指導(dǎo)中,我們尤其要抓住認(rèn)知的感覺(jué)和記憶環(huán)節(jié),讓學(xué)生對(duì)所閱讀材料進(jìn)行記憶整合,在組內(nèi)提前對(duì)所讀內(nèi)容進(jìn)行討論、交流;同時(shí)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用各種途徑學(xué)習(xí),如網(wǎng)絡(luò)、圖書館對(duì)文章所涉及的背景、文化、人物等進(jìn)行拓展,搜集有關(guān)信息。
隨后的課堂上,繼續(xù)以興趣小組為單位,互相交流閱讀內(nèi)容,發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)和看法。
案例1 Teens Seniors 2017~2018 學(xué)年第26 期
本期內(nèi)容涵蓋了娛樂(lè)、政治、校園、科普等領(lǐng)域,教師提前讓學(xué)生根據(jù)自己的興趣分好小組,不同小組閱讀不同的領(lǐng)域的文章,每個(gè)小組有20 分鐘的展示時(shí)間(Group Presentation),展示內(nèi)容主要包括本小組所選讀的報(bào)刊內(nèi)容的摘要或觀點(diǎn)闡述,4 個(gè)小組所選取的報(bào)刊內(nèi)容如下:
Group 1:Starts Stories Alicia Vikander:the new Lara Croft.Group 2:Science Study Robots writing newspapers.Group 3:Extra Credit Trying to feel at home.Group 4:Page Turner Holmes heads closer toward truth.
學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備充分,通過(guò)小組合作形式進(jìn)行積極交流,鍛煉了搜集信息、自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力,提高了口語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力;學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀內(nèi)容進(jìn)行整合而形成的文章的過(guò)程,也鍛煉了寫作能力。
2.課堂精讀,形成系統(tǒng)。對(duì)英文報(bào)刊中價(jià)值高的文章,用精讀的方式,課堂上在老師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行閱讀。
案例2《新高考》英語(yǔ)進(jìn)階2017年11期第32 頁(yè),全文如下:
Almost half of the participants in a study who were asked to switch off their phone notifications for a day said it was still influencing their habits two years later so maybe dealing with your phone addiction isn't as difficult as you think.Just a day away from the pings and buzzes can make a difference,say the researchers behind the new study.They also found participants felt less distracted and more productive during the 24 hours of abstinence.
To begin with,Martin Pielot from telecommunications firm Telefonica in Spain,and Luz Rello of Carnegie Mellon University,wanted to extend their Do Not Disturb challenge across a whole week—but they couldn't find anyone to take part for that length of time.“We just got empty horrified stares,”Pielot told Timothy Revell at New Scientist.“And so eventually we backed down to 24 hours.”
Pielot and Rello found that the responses to a day away from alerts varied a lot:for people who didn't check their phones that much anyway,it wasn't such a big deal.But for those whose friends,bosses and co-workers expect prompt replies,the study brought on some extra stress and anxiety.Overall,the group of 30 volunteers reported feeling significantly less-distracted and significantly less-distracted and significantlyproductive over the day.
For nine participants,the Do Not Disturb challenge brought on extra feelings of missing out on something,whether a message from a friend or a package delivery alert.At the same time 11 participants reported feeling less stressed and more relaxed having switched their notifications off.
The researchers noted two big factors at play—the potential stress of being interrupted by constant notifications,and the potential stress of missing out on something important and the balance between those two varied from person to person.Participants were still be allowed to look at their phones to see if an alert had come in,and sure enough the amount of phone checking ended up being higher than normal when alerts were switched off.
Another downside was that participants felt less-connected to their social groups as a result of the Do Not Disturb challenge,so there's a lot to take in from the study:it shows how phone notifications interrupt and distractus,but also how they connect us to others and enable us to manage social expectations.
On top of all those findings,the researchers are keen to point out how the day off from phone alerts changed habits in the long term—22 of the volunteers said they planned to modify their phone notification settings as are sult of the Do Not Disturb challenge,and after two years 13 of them were still following through with the changes.
Considering most people rarely touch their phone's notification settings,that's a high number.
(1)復(fù)習(xí)導(dǎo)入。在小組展示的個(gè)語(yǔ)言輸出的過(guò)程中,學(xué)生需要靈活處理文章的內(nèi)容,選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)和句子來(lái)組織語(yǔ)言,從而達(dá)到靈活運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。
隨后,進(jìn)行“reading”版面的精讀,先以“What if you are forbidden to use?”為話題進(jìn)行導(dǎo)入,在學(xué)生回答之后,引入本篇報(bào)刊文章“Blocking Phone Alerts for Just One Day Can Change Your Habits For Years”,通過(guò)標(biāo)題讓學(xué)生猜測(cè)“alters”一詞的意思,導(dǎo)入文章。
(2)閱讀理解。給學(xué)生2 分鐘瀏覽文章,找出文章的主題句,看學(xué)生對(duì)全文大意有多了解。隨后5 分鐘精讀文章,要求對(duì)找出各段落的主題句,并進(jìn)行再次分段。同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法,猜測(cè)生詞如notification,distracted,horrified,switch 等詞義,請(qǐng)學(xué)生用英文表達(dá)說(shuō)出相應(yīng)的生詞的意思,教師同時(shí)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)充。
然后,聚焦本期報(bào)刊第33 頁(yè)進(jìn)行文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的閱讀理解檢測(cè),學(xué)生應(yīng)獨(dú)立完成相應(yīng)題目,然后分小組自由討論,對(duì)于有爭(zhēng)議的題目進(jìn)行組內(nèi)討論或教師答疑的方式,最終讓學(xué)生真正掌握這篇文章所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。
(3)拓展任務(wù)。拓展任務(wù)包括摘錄和辯論兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),摘錄主要目的讓學(xué)生更理解并記憶文章中的好詞好句。教師設(shè)計(jì)表格讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行摘錄,學(xué)生自由摘錄文章出現(xiàn)的優(yōu)美詞句,然后進(jìn)行組內(nèi)分享,其形式可以有討論問(wèn)題、交流閱讀心得等,通過(guò)交流能讓學(xué)生最大程度掌握并理解文章的優(yōu)美詞句。在這過(guò)程中如有疑問(wèn),教師進(jìn)行一一解答。這里學(xué)生的摘錄表格如下:
《新高考》文摘The Title Blocking Phone Alerts for just One Day Can Change Your Habits For Years The Author Mika Time 6 minutes Appreciation of expressions 1.deal with the phone addiction 2.as difficult as you think 3.make a difference 4.feel significantly less distracted 5.the potential stress of being interrupted 6.The balance between those two varied from person to person.7.But for those whose friends,bosses,and coworkers expect prompt replies,the study brought on some extra stress and anxiety....
摘錄后進(jìn)行辯論環(huán)節(jié),要求學(xué)生對(duì)話題“Are you for or against the phone?Why?”進(jìn)行辯論并發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。通過(guò)這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),學(xué)生對(duì)文章的理解就上了一個(gè)新的層次,并使學(xué)生從單向的語(yǔ)言輸入上升到雙向的語(yǔ)言輸出。
(4)歸納總結(jié)。歸納總結(jié)部分一方面是學(xué)生對(duì)這節(jié)課所獲得英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的匯總,繼續(xù)在摘錄表格中進(jìn)行記錄,最終形成對(duì)這一話題的自我觀點(diǎn),通過(guò)這一形式繼續(xù)鍛煉學(xué)生的寫作和記憶能力。這里摘錄學(xué)生的觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)如下:
My views on phones I really quite agree with the author's view point after I read this article.What cell phone does to people is a hot topic among professionals and ordinary people alike.A lot of people talk about the many conveniences it brings to us.Still,there's never a lack of people against it,making such arguments like it invades people's privacy.As far as I am concerned,cell phone is what we make of it.If we use it to keep in touch with friends and family,take photos for future appreciation,and go on the Internet for knowledge and relaxing,then it's a good thing.But if we become addicted to it or pose troubles for others because of using it,then cell phone will become harmful.It's as easy as that.
同時(shí)也會(huì)進(jìn)行組內(nèi)和小組之間輪流交換觀點(diǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)資源共享,最終達(dá)到對(duì)本篇本章的英語(yǔ)詞句的深刻記憶和靈活運(yùn)用。
英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊閱讀能否充分發(fā)揮其功能,還在于教師積極探索和改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法,一方面自己要經(jīng)常研究報(bào)刊雜志,保持與學(xué)生同步;另一方面要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊的閱讀與寫作中不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題,進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的讀寫能力,從而達(dá)到最終提高英語(yǔ)綜合能力的目的。