張雷,汪庚明,劉學(xué)剛
(1.蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院胸外科,安徽 蚌埠 233000;2.放療科)
由于環(huán)境污染、不良的生活飲食習(xí)慣、人口老齡化等多種因素,我國已成為癌癥發(fā)病和死亡大國。侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是癌癥患者復(fù)發(fā)及死亡的重要原因。因此,闡明惡性腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的分子機制,對腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移進行預(yù)測、診斷及預(yù)后判斷等是惡性腫瘤研究的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容。多項研究表明,半乳糖凝集素-1(Galectin-1)的異常表達在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移及腫瘤免疫逃逸等方面發(fā)揮一定的作用,并很有可能成為抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移及腫瘤治療的新作用靶點。本文就Galectin-1與惡性腫瘤相關(guān)性的研究進展進行綜述。
Galectins存在于從線蟲、海綿到哺乳動物等各種動物體內(nèi),含有一個或兩個糖識別域,其2個重要特點是特有的氨基酸序列和對β-半乳糖苷的親和性[1]。目前將哺乳動物的Gal按序號命名。Galectin-1是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的Gal家族成員,由定位在染色體22q13.1的單基因LSGALS1所編碼,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,只有一個CRD,常以二聚體的形式存在并發(fā)揮作用[2]。已經(jīng)從人、牛、大鼠、小鼠、雞和電鰻中確定了Galectin-1的完整氨基酸序列,該序列是高度同源的,尤其是在人類和大鼠、小鼠之間,135個氨基酸中同源性高達90%(圖1)。
圖1 人、牛、大鼠、小鼠的Galectin-1氨基酸序列比對
Galectin-1在許多正常組織中表達,包括骨骼、肌肉、心臟、肺臟、肝臟、脾臟、腎臟、皮膚、小腸、胎盤,在中樞和周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中同樣可檢測出Galectin-1的表達[2]。在胸腺上皮細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、纖維母細(xì)胞等細(xì)胞中也有Galectin-1的表達[3]。Galectin-1也在許多腫瘤組織中呈高表達,如牙齦鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[4]、甲狀腺癌[5]、乳腺癌[6-8]、肺癌[9-10]、食管癌[11]、肝癌[12-13]、膀胱癌[14-15]、大腸癌[16-19]、胃癌[20-22]、卵巢癌[23]、前列腺癌[24-25]、膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤[26-27]、黑色素瘤[28-29]等,并且其與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、黏附等過程密切相關(guān)。
2.1 Galectin-1 與頭頸部腫瘤 Chang等[30]研究顯示,過表達Galectin-1的鼻咽癌患者較非過表達者表現(xiàn)出更強的腫瘤侵襲性,且疾病特異性生存率和無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移生存率明顯降低,多因素分析表明,Galectin-1的過表達是獨立預(yù)后因素。Galectin-1的過表達可能預(yù)示患者有較高的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險,提示患者需及時進行輔助性的全身治療。Noda等[4]的研究結(jié)果顯示,在牙齦鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中Galectin-1的表達與T細(xì)胞浸潤、CD3+和CD8+T細(xì)胞凋亡顯著相關(guān);同時,Galectin-1的表達也與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、腫瘤分化程度和總生存率明顯相關(guān);結(jié)果說明Galectin-1在牙齦鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的細(xì)胞免疫逃逸中起重要作用,可能成為牙齦鱗狀細(xì)胞癌臨床病理預(yù)后的標(biāo)志物。Salajegheh等[5]的研究顯示,32%的原發(fā)性甲狀腺乳頭狀癌中有Galectin-1的過表達,53%的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移性甲狀腺乳頭狀癌中Galectin-1蛋白的表達顯著增加,這說明Galectin-1的過表達在甲狀腺乳頭狀癌的臨床進展中起重要作用。
2.2 Galectin-1與乳腺癌 Zhu等[8]研究顯示,與正常成纖維細(xì)胞相比,從人乳腺腫瘤組織中分離出的成纖維細(xì)胞(Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)Galectin-1表達水平較高;敲除CAFs中的Galectin-1基因可顯著抑制CAFs介導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲能力。因此,Galectin-1可能成為乳腺癌治療的一個潛在的新靶點。Dalotto-Moreno等[31]報道了Galectin-1的陽性率與乳腺癌的腫瘤分級呈正相關(guān),沉默Galectin-1基因的轉(zhuǎn)移性小鼠乳腺癌模型明顯地抑制了腫瘤的生長,肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的數(shù)量也明顯減少。Salatino[32]等研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)沉默Galectin-1基因的乳腺癌模型抑制了腫瘤的生長并阻礙了肺轉(zhuǎn)移。
2.3 Galectin-1與胸部腫瘤 張卉等[11]利用脂質(zhì)體2000將Galectin-1 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染食管鱗癌EC9706細(xì)胞,結(jié)果顯示Galectin-1 siRNA組與未處理組及對照siRNA組相比,Galectin-1 siRNA組中Galectin-1蛋白和mRNA的表達均顯著下調(diào),Galectin-1表達下調(diào)能將食管癌EC9706細(xì)胞周期靜止在G0/G1期,并能明顯降低食管鱗癌EC9706細(xì)胞的遷移。白玉等[33]的研究具有相似的結(jié)果。Zhou等[34]報道了同一肺腺癌患者中CD133+腫瘤細(xì)胞中Galectin-1蛋白的表達明顯高于CD133-的腫瘤細(xì)胞;將CD133-的癌細(xì)胞過表達Galectin-1,而下調(diào)CD133+癌細(xì)胞中的Galectin-1,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達Galectin-1能促進CD133-細(xì)胞侵襲,而Galectin-1下調(diào)表達則抑制CD133+腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、克隆形成及侵襲;血循環(huán)中Galectin-1的蛋白水平與患者總體生存率呈負(fù)相關(guān),而與患者的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān)。這些結(jié)果均提示Galectin-1在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、侵襲中起著重要的作用,可以作為肺腺癌治療的潛在靶點。多項研究均表明,Galectin-1的高表達促進了非小細(xì)胞肺癌的進展[9,10,35-36]。
2.4 Galectin-1 與腹部腫瘤 Zhang等[37]的研究中,Galectin-1的高表達促進了肝細(xì)胞癌的進展及對索拉非尼(sorafenib)的耐藥;Galectin-1上調(diào)了 αvβ3-integrin的表達,導(dǎo)致 Akt活化;此外,Galectin-1過表達可通過激活PI3K/Akt信號級聯(lián)反應(yīng)誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞癌上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化;并且,臨床上Galectin-1的過表達與肝細(xì)胞癌不良預(yù)后相關(guān)。Su等[12]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-1能夠?qū)е聦樸K治療的化療耐藥性,通過抑制劑抑制Galectin-1可顯著增強順鉑的抗肝癌效應(yīng)。Tang等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺癌組織中Galectin-1的表達較正常胰腺組織高,Galectin-1在低分化的胰腺癌細(xì)胞表達量最高,在分化良好的胰腺癌細(xì)胞中表達量低,且與腫瘤大小、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、分化程度和UICC分期相關(guān),Galectin-1呈高表達的患者生存期短。Sheng等[19]的研究顯示,Galectin-1在癌周、腺瘤和結(jié)直腸癌組織中表達逐步增加,Galectin-1主要表達在癌旁組織和結(jié)腸癌組織的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),而在結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞幾乎沒有被檢測到,Galectin-1的過表達在結(jié)直腸癌中從Dukes A到D期也是逐步增加的。朱曦齡等[40]認(rèn)為,Galectin-1參與了大腸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程,可能與大腸癌的浸潤、分化程度及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有一定的相關(guān)性。Chen等[41]的結(jié)果顯示,Galectin-1蛋白的表達與胃癌患者腫瘤大小、分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示高表達Galectin-1患者預(yù)后較差;多因素分析顯示Galectin-1是影響胃癌患者總生存率的獨立預(yù)后因素。
2.5 Galectin-1與婦科腫瘤 Chen等[23]的研究顯示,在非轉(zhuǎn)移性和轉(zhuǎn)移性上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)患者血清中Galectin-1表達存在顯著差異;復(fù)發(fā)患者血清中Galectin-1表達增加,而行腫瘤細(xì)胞減滅術(shù)后其表達下降;在晚期EOC中,Galectin-1在癌周基質(zhì)中表達明顯增高;結(jié)果表明,Galectin-1可能在EOC的進展中發(fā)揮作用,且與預(yù)后不良相關(guān),可能是EOC患者一個新的預(yù)后和進展的生物標(biāo)志物。Punt等[42]則認(rèn)為宮頸癌腫瘤細(xì)胞中Galectin-1的高表達與腫瘤侵襲相關(guān),可能需接受術(shù)后放療,且預(yù)后不良。
2.6 Galectin-1 與其它腫瘤 Laderach 等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),半乳糖凝集素中Galectin-1在前列腺癌組織中表達最豐富,且在疾病進展過程中表達顯著上調(diào);沉默前列腺癌細(xì)胞中Galectin-1可以減少腫瘤血管生成,結(jié)果表明Galectin-1在前列腺癌進展和腫瘤血管生成過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,可作為前列腺癌抗血管生成的治療靶點。Mathieu等[43]的研究顯示Galectin-1mRNA和蛋白在晚期黑色素瘤病變中表達更高,敲除Galectin-1的黑色素瘤荷瘤小鼠模型生存率明顯增加。Yazawa等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-1配體在發(fā)育不良痣、原發(fā)性和轉(zhuǎn)移性黑色素瘤中表達豐富,Galectin-1與配體結(jié)合可抑制抗腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)及血管生成從而影響黑色素瘤的發(fā)展。
3.1 Galectin-1與腫瘤的發(fā)生 如上所述,Galectin-1在多種腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、侵襲中發(fā)揮重要作用。Banh等[44]認(rèn)為,Galectin-1在小鼠Lewis肺癌細(xì)胞生長中發(fā)揮重要作用。Galectin-1可誘導(dǎo)多種惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖。Zhu等[8]的研究顯示Galectin-1通過上調(diào)MMP-9的表達激活CAFs,從而促進乳腺癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。Chong等[20]的研究顯示Galectin-1誘導(dǎo)上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,進而導(dǎo)致胃癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲。
3.2 Galectin-1與腫瘤血管新生 血管生成是指在已存在的微血管床上芽生出新的以毛細(xì)血管為主的血管系統(tǒng)的過程。Tang[22]等認(rèn)為Galectin-1的高表達會加速腫瘤的生長,促進血管新生,而敲除Galectin-1基因則有顯著的抑制作用。Storti等[45]發(fā)現(xiàn)在抑制了Galectin-1表達的骨髓瘤細(xì)胞中,促血管生成基因表達下調(diào),而抗血管生成基因表達上調(diào),抑制Galectin-1的小鼠模型腫瘤負(fù)荷及微血管密度顯著降低。
3.3 Galectin-1與腫瘤細(xì)胞的黏附 細(xì)胞黏附是指在細(xì)胞識別的基礎(chǔ)上,同類細(xì)胞發(fā)生聚集形成細(xì)胞團或組織的過程。Galectin-1可以和細(xì)胞膜表面參與信號識別的半乳糖苷結(jié)合,它可能通過該途徑調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)間或相鄰腫瘤細(xì)胞間的黏附能力。Manzi等[38]報道,通過熒光顯微鏡觀察可發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-1促進了肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞糖鏈相關(guān)的異型黏附。此外,Galectin-1可以通過整合素、橋聯(lián)蛋白質(zhì)、糖依賴途徑等調(diào)節(jié)其它惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的黏附能力[46]。
3.4 Galectin-1與腫瘤免疫逃逸 腫瘤免疫逃逸是指腫瘤細(xì)胞通過多種機制逃避機體免疫系統(tǒng)識別和攻擊,從而得以在體內(nèi)生存和增殖的現(xiàn)象。Galectin-1可以通過誘導(dǎo)血管生成和促進活化的T細(xì)胞凋亡,促進腫瘤的免疫逃逸,從而促進腫瘤生長[4]。Bu等[47]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Galectin-1 可通過將核酸內(nèi)切酶G和凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子從線粒體轉(zhuǎn)移至細(xì)胞核,從而調(diào)控T細(xì)胞凋亡。Tang等[39]研究顯示,胰腺癌細(xì)胞中Galectin-1的表達較正常胰腺細(xì)胞中高,并且胰腺癌細(xì)胞與T細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)后可誘導(dǎo)更高水平的T細(xì)胞凋亡,較正常胰腺細(xì)胞相比,胰腺癌細(xì)胞可激活線粒體凋亡通路中的caspase-9和caspase-3,刺激Th2細(xì)胞因子分泌IL-6、IL-10,并降低Th1細(xì)胞因子的分泌TNF-β和IFN-γ。
綜上所述,Galectin-1在許多腫瘤組織中呈高表達,并與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移等過程密切相關(guān)。測定血清中Galectin-1的表達水平可以用來監(jiān)測腫瘤的進展及其對藥物治療的敏感性。目前,Galectin-1在腫瘤生物學(xué)行為中的作用機制并不十分明確。對Galectin-1的腫瘤生物學(xué)特性及其機制的深入研究,將有助于將其作為新的靶點用于治療惡性腫瘤。
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