俞劍琴 陳世云 陳超巧 郁引飛 沈麗君
[摘要] 目的 觀察不同劑量的右美托咪定(DEX)、舒芬太尼(SF)對(duì)眼科手術(shù)中老年患者循環(huán)、呼吸系統(tǒng)的影響。方法 選擇2016年5月~2017年3月40例表面麻醉下行雙眼白內(nèi)障術(shù)的老年患者,年齡60~70歲,ASA Ⅱ級(jí),雙眼手術(shù)隔日分次施行,采用自身配對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)方法,手術(shù)眼別采用數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)選擇,首次手術(shù)為A組(DEX 4 μg+ SF 1 μg),隔日手術(shù)為B組(DEX 8 μg+SF 2 μg)。觀察記錄入室后5 min(T1)、表面麻醉時(shí)(T2)、手術(shù)開始后10 min(T3)、術(shù)后20 min(T4)的平均動(dòng)脈血壓(MAP)、心率(HR)、脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)、呼吸頻率(RR)、呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(PEtCO2)、改良Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分(MSSR)。 結(jié)果 兩組患者T1時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);A組患者T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR與T1時(shí)點(diǎn)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組患者T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR明顯低于A組同時(shí)點(diǎn)(P<0.01)。兩組患者各時(shí)點(diǎn)的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2、MSSR比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 單次靜脈注射不同小劑量的DEX+SF對(duì)老年患者的呼吸系統(tǒng)均無(wú)不良影響,且產(chǎn)生的鎮(zhèn)靜效應(yīng)相似,而靜脈注射不同小劑量的DEX+SF會(huì)抑制老年患者循環(huán)系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致血壓、心率下降,影響程度與注射劑量呈正相關(guān),靜脈注射DEX 8 μg+SF 2 μg的劑量能產(chǎn)生10%左右的抑制心血管效應(yīng)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;舒芬太尼;靜脈麻醉;老年患者;白內(nèi)障手術(shù)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)05-0110-04
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine(DEX) and sufentanil(SF) on circulation and respiration in elderly patients during ophthalmic surgery. Methods 40 elderly patients undergoing bilateral cataract surgery under surface anesthesia, who were aged from 60 to 70 years old, with ASA grade Ⅱ from May 2016 to March 2017 were selected. Binocular surgery was performed on every other day. Self-matching design method was used. And surgical eyes were randomly selected using the digital table method. The patients with the first surgery were as group A(DEX 4 μg+SF 1 μg), and the patients with every other day surgery were as group B(DEX 8 μg+SF 2 μg). The mean arterial blood pressure(MAP), heart rate(HR), SpO2, respiratory rate(RR), end-tidal carbon dioxide(PEtCO2), modified Ramsay sedation score(MSSR) at 5 min after entering the room(T1), the time of surface anesthesia(T2), 10 min after operation(T3) and 20 min after surgery(T4) were observed and recorded. Results There were no significant differences in MAP and HR between the two groups at T1(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in MAP, HR between T2, T3 and T4 compared with T1 in the group A(P>0.05). The MAP and HR in group B were significantly lower than those in group A at T2, T3 and T4(P<0.01). There were no significant differences in SpO2, RR, PEtCO2 and MSSR between the two groups at each time point(P>0.05). Conclusion A single intravenous injection of different doses of DEX+SF has no adverse effect on the respiratory system in elderly patients and produces similar sedation effects. However, intravenous injection of different doses of DEX+SF can inhibit circulatory system in elderly patients, resulting in the decrease of blood pressure and heart rate. The degree of influence is positively related to injection dose. Intravenous injection of DEX 8 μg+SF 2 μg can produce about 10% of cardiovascular inhibition effects.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Sufentanil; Intravenous anesthesia; Elderly patients; Cataract surgery
白內(nèi)障等眼部疾病是老年人易患的疾病,常使老年患者的生活質(zhì)量嚴(yán)重下降。眼科手術(shù)所需的麻醉方法常為表面麻醉、球后神經(jīng)阻滯等局部麻醉方法,其手術(shù)、麻醉對(duì)全身創(chuàng)傷雖小,但術(shù)前術(shù)中的用藥、緊張情緒、手術(shù)刺激、疼痛、麻醉、眼心反射等均能增加老年患者手術(shù)期的危險(xiǎn)性[1-3]。手術(shù)中應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛藥能降低這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如咪達(dá)唑侖、丙泊酚和芬太尼,但較易引起呼吸抑制、躁動(dòng),影響手術(shù)的順利進(jìn)行[4,5]。右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,DEX)是高選擇特異性的α2-腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,具有催眠、鎮(zhèn)靜及鎮(zhèn)痛作用,但大劑量使用會(huì)引起血壓和心率的下降[6-8]。本研究通過觀察靜注不同劑量的DEX、舒芬太尼(Sufentanil,SF)對(duì)老年患者循環(huán)、呼吸系統(tǒng)的影響,探討其合適的使用方法。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選擇2016年5月~2017年3月40例表面麻醉下行雙眼白內(nèi)障術(shù)的患者,年齡60~70歲,ASA Ⅱ級(jí),雙眼手術(shù)隔日分次施行,采用患者自身配對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)方法,手術(shù)眼別采用數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)選擇,首次手術(shù)為A組,隔日手術(shù)為B組。所有患者無(wú)嚴(yán)重呼吸、循環(huán)及其他心腦血管疾病、自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)類疾病,術(shù)前未使用任何影響中樞神經(jīng)、呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)功能的食物和藥物。
1.2麻醉方法
所有患者均采用1%鹽酸丙美卡因(s.a. ALCON-COUVREUR n.v.,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20090082,規(guī)格15 mL∶75 mg)表面麻醉復(fù)合靜脈麻醉。入手術(shù)室后開放靜脈輸液通道,采用麻醉監(jiān)護(hù)儀間隔5 min連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)無(wú)創(chuàng)平均動(dòng)脈血壓(Mean Arterial blood pressure,MAP)、心率(Heart rate,HR)、脈搏血氧飽和度(Pulse oximetry,SpO2)、經(jīng)一側(cè)鼻孔放入麻醉氣體監(jiān)測(cè)采樣管監(jiān)測(cè)呼吸頻率(Respiratory rate,RR)、呼吸末二氧化碳分壓(Pressure of end-breathing carbon dioxide partial,PEtCO2)。手術(shù)消毒鋪巾前5 min經(jīng)靜脈緩慢注射DEX(4 μg/mL,江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20090248,規(guī)格2 mL∶200 μg)、SF(1 μg/mL,宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20054171,規(guī)格1 mL∶50 μg)混合液,其中A組注入1 mL混合液、B組注入2 mL混合液。所有患者術(shù)中均吸入空氣。如心率<50次/min,靜注阿托品0.5 mg;如血壓低于90/60 mmHg,則靜脈推注麻黃堿10 mg。手術(shù)結(jié)束后送入麻醉恢復(fù)室觀察30 min。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
觀察記錄入室后5 min(T1)、表面麻醉時(shí)(T2)、手術(shù)開始后10 min(T3)、術(shù)后20 min(T4)的MAP、HR、SpO2、RR、PEtCO2。改良Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分(Modified sedation score with Ramsay,MSSR)[9,10]:1分:患者搖頭、躁動(dòng)不安;2分:患者有時(shí)躁動(dòng),與醫(yī)生交流后配合;3分:患者安靜配合醫(yī)生;4分:嗜睡,對(duì)輕叩眉間或大聲聽覺刺激反應(yīng)敏捷:5分:嗜睡,對(duì)輕叩眉間或大聲聽覺刺激反應(yīng)遲鈍;6分:嗜睡,無(wú)任何反應(yīng)。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組內(nèi)比較采用單因素重復(fù)測(cè)量設(shè)計(jì)的方差分析,組間比較采用成對(duì)樣本t檢驗(yàn)分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者M(jìn)AP、HR比較
A組患者T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR與T1時(shí)點(diǎn)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組患者T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR明顯低于T1時(shí)點(diǎn)(P<0.01)。兩組患者T1時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組患者T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR明顯低于A組同時(shí)點(diǎn)(P<0.01)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者SpO2、RR、PEtCO2比較
兩組患者T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2與T1時(shí)點(diǎn)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者T1、T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)MSSR比較
兩組患者T1、T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)的MSSR比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
3討論
白內(nèi)障是導(dǎo)致老年人生活質(zhì)量急劇下降的高發(fā)疾病之一,微創(chuàng)白內(nèi)障超聲乳化手術(shù)因創(chuàng)傷小深得醫(yī)患的青睞。但老年患者常并發(fā)循環(huán)、呼吸系統(tǒng)等疾病,如高血壓、冠心病、支氣管肺炎、肺氣腫等。圍術(shù)期的各種不良應(yīng)激反應(yīng)均可能加劇原有疾病,導(dǎo)致出血性腦血管病、心絞痛、心力衰竭等嚴(yán)重后果,而使用過度的鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛藥物更容易使老年患者產(chǎn)生低氧血癥和呼吸衰竭等不良后果[11,12]。右美托咪定聯(lián)合阿片類藥物廣泛用于患者手術(shù)后的鎮(zhèn)痛,鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)確切,對(duì)呼吸的影響甚微,但易發(fā)生心動(dòng)過緩、血壓過低等不良反應(yīng)[13-15]。老年人輸注右美托咪定常因患者的低血容量、迷走神經(jīng)興奮和應(yīng)用藥物劑量,易導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重竇緩、低血壓及術(shù)后昏睡,與DEX激動(dòng)中樞神經(jīng)突觸前后膜α2受體、抑制交感神經(jīng)及抑制去甲腎上腺素的釋放有關(guān),且對(duì)急性疼痛的鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)并不完善。這對(duì)于有心臟疾病或有心血管隱患疾病的老年患者而言有致命風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16-18]。舒芬太尼是一種特異性μ-受體激動(dòng)劑的強(qiáng)效阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥,具有良好的穩(wěn)定血液動(dòng)力學(xué)功能,可滿足心肌足夠的氧供應(yīng)。但大劑量的舒芬太尼有可能引起縮瞳、肌肉僵直、欣快感和心動(dòng)過緩等不良反應(yīng)[19,20]。如何加強(qiáng)其臨床使用的安全性、提高其有效性的研究已成為臨床麻醉研究的重要方向之一,本研究將藥物對(duì)老年患者的循環(huán)、呼吸功能影響列為重要評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。
首先,本文觀察到兩組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的鎮(zhèn)靜深度MSSR組間、組內(nèi)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),說明靜脈注射兩種劑量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼產(chǎn)生的鎮(zhèn)靜效應(yīng)相似。本研究中,各時(shí)點(diǎn)藥物對(duì)老年患者的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的影響效應(yīng)組內(nèi)比較:A組患者T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR與T1時(shí)點(diǎn)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),表明靜脈注射右美托咪定4 μg+舒芬太尼1 μg不會(huì)抑制老年患者循環(huán)系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致血壓、心率下降;而B組患者T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR明顯低于T1時(shí)點(diǎn)(P<0.01),說明靜脈注射右美托咪定8 μg+舒芬太尼2 μg能夠抑制老年患者循環(huán)系統(tǒng),血壓、心率下降幅度在10%左右;各時(shí)點(diǎn)藥物對(duì)老年患者的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的影響效應(yīng)組間比較:在T1時(shí)點(diǎn),兩組患者的MAP、HR比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),而B組患者T2、T3、T4時(shí)點(diǎn)的MAP、HR明顯低于A組同時(shí)點(diǎn)(P<0.01),說明靜脈注射右美托咪定8 μg+舒芬太尼2 μg較靜脈注射右美托咪定4 μg+舒芬太尼1 μg對(duì)老年患者的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)能產(chǎn)生較強(qiáng)的抑制效應(yīng),導(dǎo)致血壓、心率下降。本研究中,各時(shí)點(diǎn)藥物對(duì)老年患者的呼吸系統(tǒng)的影響效應(yīng)組間比較:兩組患者各時(shí)點(diǎn)的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);且組內(nèi)比較中:兩組患者T2、T3時(shí)點(diǎn)的SpO2、RR、PEtCO2與T1比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),這說明靜脈注射右美托咪定8 μg+舒芬太尼2 μg或右美托咪定4 μg+舒芬太尼1 μg對(duì)老年患者呼吸功能的不良影響程度相似,進(jìn)一步表明注射不同小劑量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼對(duì)老年患者的呼吸能力及氧合能力均無(wú)不良影響。
綜上所述,單次靜脈注射不同小劑量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼對(duì)老年患者的呼吸系統(tǒng)均無(wú)不良影響,而靜脈注射不同小劑量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼會(huì)抑制老年患者循環(huán)系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致血壓、心率下降,影響程度與注射劑量呈正相關(guān),靜脈注射右美托咪定8 μg+舒芬太尼2 μg的劑量能產(chǎn)生10%左右的抑制心血管效應(yīng)。該用藥方法可安全用于老年患者,但本研究未觀察靜脈注射不同小劑量的右美托咪定+舒芬太尼對(duì)高齡患者或高血壓患者或患有肺部疾病的老年患者的不良影響,有待進(jìn)一步完善觀察。
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(收稿日期:2017-08-07)