趙欣媛
哮喘是一種以慢性氣道炎癥為主要特征的異質(zhì)性疾病,其主要臨床表現(xiàn)為喘息、呼吸急促、胸悶,強(qiáng)度隨時(shí)間變化[1]。哮喘可發(fā)生于任何年齡段,通常在童年發(fā)病,可持續(xù)到成年。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球范圍內(nèi)罹患哮喘人數(shù)約為3億,年死亡人數(shù)約為25萬(wàn),歐洲地區(qū)年齡<45歲人群中哮喘人數(shù)約為10萬(wàn)。過(guò)去10年,自吸入性皮質(zhì)類(lèi)固醇用于治療哮喘以來(lái),哮喘發(fā)病率逐漸趨于平緩,致死患者數(shù)量逐漸減少,大多數(shù)哮喘患者經(jīng)治療后控制良好,但仍有約5%的哮喘患者經(jīng)治療后控制不佳[2]。近年有研究結(jié)果顯示,分子靶向治療可能成為哮喘患者新的治療方案[3]。本文旨在綜述分子靶向治療哮喘的研究進(jìn)展。
哮喘的發(fā)病機(jī)制存在異質(zhì)性[4],其主要發(fā)病機(jī)制是不同程度氣道炎癥、氣道高反應(yīng)性、黏液分泌過(guò)量及氣道重塑,主要病理學(xué)改變是呼吸道上皮細(xì)胞和幾種重要的效應(yīng)器免疫細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的炎性反應(yīng),包括樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞、B淋巴細(xì)胞、T淋巴細(xì)胞、嗜酸粒細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞及先天性免疫細(xì)胞,上述細(xì)胞通過(guò)信號(hào)分子(細(xì)胞因子)相互聯(lián)系。
既往有關(guān)哮喘患者炎性反應(yīng)機(jī)制的研究報(bào)道較多,如發(fā)現(xiàn)氣道上皮在應(yīng)對(duì)外部刺激〔如過(guò)敏原、污染物和感染因子(如病毒)〕時(shí)可引起先天性和適應(yīng)性細(xì)胞(如樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞和先天性淋巴樣細(xì)胞)募集和/或激活及輔助性T細(xì)胞2(Th2)因子途徑激活[5]。當(dāng)機(jī)體接觸病原體或過(guò)敏原時(shí),呼吸道上皮細(xì)胞和樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞可促進(jìn)初始T淋巴細(xì)胞分化為輔助性T細(xì)胞1(Th1)/Th2,而Th1分泌的細(xì)胞因子〔如白介素2(IL-2)和干擾素γ(IFN-γ)〕可抑制Th2分化及激活細(xì)胞免疫反應(yīng),包括自然殺傷細(xì)胞/T淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞/巨噬細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞的募集和/或激活;Th2分泌的細(xì)胞因子〔如白介素4(IL-4)、白介素5(IL-5)及白介素13(IL-13)〕可抑制Th1分化及體液免疫反應(yīng)激活,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致組胺釋放、平滑肌收縮、黏液細(xì)胞分泌及氣道纖維化等哮喘反應(yīng),以上屬于經(jīng)典的Th1/Th2免疫應(yīng)答模式[6]。目前,Th2介導(dǎo)的炎性反應(yīng)是治療哮喘的主要靶點(diǎn)之一[4],尤其是過(guò)敏性哮喘的重要細(xì)胞—Th2和2型先天性淋巴樣細(xì)胞,其可分泌IL-4、IL-5、IL-13及促進(jìn)免疫球蛋白E(IgE)生成、增強(qiáng)嗜酸粒細(xì)胞性炎性反應(yīng),而先天性免疫細(xì)胞因子〔如白介素1(IL-1)、白介素25(IL-25)和白介素33(IL-33)及氣道上皮細(xì)胞釋放的胸腺基質(zhì)淋巴細(xì)胞生成素(TSLP)〕可激活Th2或2型先天性淋巴樣細(xì)胞[7]。
此外,還有其他T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群參與哮喘的病理生理學(xué)改變,如輔助性T細(xì)胞9(Th9)和輔助性T細(xì)胞17(Th17)。白介素9(IL-9)是Th9分泌的主要細(xì)胞因子之一,其可影響對(duì)哮喘發(fā)病機(jī)制至關(guān)重要的許多造血細(xì)胞,如刺激活化T淋巴細(xì)胞增殖、促進(jìn)肥大細(xì)胞增殖和分化及促使B淋巴細(xì)胞分泌IgE[8]。Th17可產(chǎn)生白介素17A(IL-17A)。既往研究結(jié)果顯示,與健康對(duì)照者相比,抗類(lèi)固醇性哮喘患者IL-17A水平較高,表明Th17可能參與抗類(lèi)固醇性哮喘的發(fā)生發(fā)展[9]。
表型是一個(gè)有機(jī)體實(shí)際觀察到的特性,如形態(tài)、發(fā)育和行為,根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)和/或病理生理學(xué)特征、觸發(fā)物、炎癥表型及分子表型等可將哮喘分為不同哮喘表型[10],其中根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)和/或病理生理學(xué)特征可將哮喘分為重型哮喘、易惡化哮喘、氣流受限哮喘、治療抵抗哮喘及早發(fā)遲發(fā)哮喘,根據(jù)觸發(fā)物可將哮喘分為阿司匹林哮喘、過(guò)敏性哮喘、職業(yè)性哮喘及運(yùn)動(dòng)性哮喘,根據(jù)炎癥表型可將哮喘分為嗜酸粒細(xì)胞型哮喘、中性粒細(xì)胞型哮喘及粒細(xì)胞缺乏型哮喘,根據(jù)分子表型可將哮喘分為T(mén)h2高表達(dá)表型和Th2低表達(dá)表型[11]。
靶向治療是在細(xì)胞分子水平上針對(duì)已經(jīng)明確的致病位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行的治療。隨著近年醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展,哮喘的病理生理學(xué)變化越來(lái)越明確,故靶向治療可能成為哮喘新的治療方案[12-13]。
眾所周知,Th2介導(dǎo)的氣道炎癥在哮喘發(fā)病過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。因此,近年來(lái)大多數(shù)T h 2特異性細(xì)胞因 子〔如 IL-4[14-15]、白介素 5(IL-5)[16-17]、IL-9[18]、IL-13[14-15,19-20]〕開(kāi)始直接或間接地用于靶向生物療法;此外,IgE[21]、白介素 2(IL-2)[22]、C5[23]、白介素 17(IL-17)[22]、TSLP[24]、M1[25]、腫瘤壞死因子 α(TNF-α)[26]在內(nèi)的其他因子正在開(kāi)發(fā)中或已被用于哮喘靶向治療的早期試驗(yàn),詳見(jiàn)表1。因此,與哮喘其他治療措施相比,未來(lái)可能會(huì)對(duì)特定類(lèi)型的哮喘患者使用抗白介素類(lèi)治療和其他靶向治療[4]。
氣道炎癥是哮喘的主要發(fā)病機(jī)制已得到臨床認(rèn)可,故抑制驅(qū)動(dòng)氣道炎癥的細(xì)胞因子和遞質(zhì)將成為新的治療靶點(diǎn)。目前,哮喘患者的分子靶向治療仍處于起步階段,需深入了解分子對(duì)哮喘潛在的作用機(jī)制[31]。目前研究結(jié)果顯示,使用抗IgE抗體、抗IL-5抗體和抗IL-13抗體似乎是最有前途的;TNF-α和IL-4在嚴(yán)重哮喘中的作用相對(duì)令人失望;而針對(duì)TSLP和IL-9的靶向分子治療正在研究;未來(lái)研究的重點(diǎn)可能是非Th2途徑,即針對(duì)中性粒細(xì)胞的治療策略,如Th17和IL-17[32]。WALSH 等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn) Mepolizumab和雷曲珠單抗治療有持續(xù)性糖皮質(zhì)激素抵抗的嗜酸粒細(xì)胞增多癥的嚴(yán)重哮喘患者有效,但需要大規(guī)模臨床試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)??傊鲜鏊幬锎砹诵滦蜕镏苿┑臐撛诎l(fā)展目標(biāo),希望未來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)靶向多種細(xì)胞因子的生物制劑取得重大進(jìn)展。
目前,奧馬珠單抗是被批準(zhǔn)用于臨床治療哮喘的唯一抗體[34],其適應(yīng)證是難以控制的嚴(yán)重哮喘及血IgE濃度為30~1 500 kU/L、體質(zhì)量為50~120 kg的哮喘患者。既往研究結(jié)果顯示,奧馬珠單抗的常見(jiàn)不良反應(yīng)是局部不良反應(yīng)(如注射部位硬結(jié)或刺激)和全身性不良反應(yīng)(如頭痛、咽炎、眼瞼炎),發(fā)生率<10%[35-37]。近期一項(xiàng)大型前瞻性研究評(píng)估了奧馬珠單抗的長(zhǎng)期(5年)應(yīng)用安全性,包括惡性腫瘤和其他嚴(yán)重不良事件,結(jié)果顯示,盡早采用奧馬珠單抗長(zhǎng)期治療存在持續(xù)性癥狀的哮喘患者安全性較高[38]。有研究結(jié)果顯示,采用奧馬珠單抗治療的哮喘患者惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生率與普通人群預(yù)期無(wú)差異[39-40]。
表1 哮喘患者分子靶向治療藥物Table 1 Molecular targeted drugs for asthma
據(jù)美國(guó)最近進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查報(bào)道,采用奧馬珠單抗治療的哮喘患者過(guò)敏反應(yīng)或過(guò)敏反應(yīng)事件發(fā)生率約為0.09%,其中部分患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生在給藥后2 h后,故過(guò)敏反應(yīng)并不確定[41]。回顧超過(guò)15年的臨床試驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的臨床應(yīng)用,奧馬珠單抗的安全性非常令人滿意,雖然輕度不良事件可能發(fā)生,但系統(tǒng)和/或嚴(yán)重不良事件非常罕見(jiàn)[42]。未來(lái)我們?nèi)孕柽M(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)奧馬珠單抗的臨床應(yīng)用效果:(1)探索如何和何時(shí)減少或停止使用奧馬珠單抗及停藥后是否繼續(xù)獲益;(2)評(píng)估奧馬珠單抗治療嚴(yán)重哮喘時(shí)的類(lèi)固醇作用;(3)評(píng)估奧馬珠單抗是否適用于治療兒童哮喘;(4)評(píng)價(jià)奧馬珠單抗治療多發(fā)性過(guò)敏性疾?。ㄈ邕^(guò)敏性哮喘和濕疹)的臨床療效;(5)評(píng)價(jià)奧馬珠單抗治療血清IgE水平極端升高者(如過(guò)敏性支氣管肺曲霉?。┖蜆O端降低者(如非特應(yīng)性個(gè)體)的臨床療效[37]。
單克隆抗體不會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)肝臟和腎臟快速代謝,t1/2較長(zhǎng),故無(wú)需頻繁給藥。近年來(lái),單克隆抗體已完成從鼠和嵌合化到人源化、完全人類(lèi)化的過(guò)渡[17]。目前,其他幾種與單克隆抗體類(lèi)似的生物制劑正在進(jìn)行評(píng)估,但一些針對(duì)IL-4、IL-5和IL-13的生物制劑治療哮喘仍存在許多未知,如最佳治療持續(xù)時(shí)間、最佳給藥劑量、原型表型分離等。雖然對(duì)于新的療法需要評(píng)估其長(zhǎng)期有效性和安全性,但未來(lái)對(duì)于難治性哮喘患者的治療方法將帶來(lái)新希望[43]。
[1]BECKER A B,ABRAMS E M.Asthma guidelines:the Global Initiative for Asthma in relation to national guidelines[J].Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol,2017,17(2):99-103.DOI:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000346.
[2]ACCORDINI S,CORSICO A G,BRAGGION M,et al.The cost of persistent asthma in Europe:an international population-based study in adults[J].Int Arch Allergy Immunol,2013,160(1):93-101.DOI:10.1159/000338998.
[3]BRAIDO F.Failure in asthma control:reasons and consequences[J].Scientifica(Cairo),2013,5(2):54-92.DOI:10.1155/2013/549252.
[4]DUNN R M,WECHSLER M E.Anti-interleukin therapy in asthma[J].Clin Pharmacol Ther,2015,97(1):55-65.DOI:10.1002/cpt.11.
[5]CHUNG K F.Asthma phenotyping:a necessity for improved therapeutic precision and new targeted therapies[J].J Intern Med,2016,279(2):192-204.DOI:10.1111/joim.12382.
[6]HARPER R W,ZEKI A A.Immunobiology of the critical asthma syndrome[J].Clin Rev Allergy Immunol,2015,48(1):54-65.DOI:10.1007/s12016-013-8407-6.
[7]CHUNG K F,ADCOCK I M.How variability in clinical phenotypes should guide research into disease mechanisms in asthma[J].Ann Am Thorac Soc,2013,10(Suppl):S109-117.DOI:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201304-087AW.
[8]KEARLEY J,ERJEFALT J S,ANDERSSON C,et al.IL-9 governs allergen-induced mast cell numbers in the lung and chronic remodeling of the airways[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2011,183(7):865-875.DOI:10.1164/rccm.200909-1462OC.
[9]JIN Y,DENG Z,CAO C,et al.IL-17 polymorphisms and asthma risk:a meta-analysis of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms[J].J Asthma,2015,52(10):981-988.DOI:10.3109/02770903.2015.1044251.
[10]WENZEL S E.Asthma phenotypes:the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches[J].Nat Med,2012,18(5):716-725.DOI:10.1038/nm.2678.
[11]GARCIA G,MAGNAN A,CHIRON R,et al.A proof-ofconcept,randomized,controlled trial of omalizumab in patients with severe,difficult-to-control,nonatopic asthma[J].Chest,2013,144(2):411-419.DOI:10.1378/chest.12-1961.
[12]DAHLEN S E.Asthma phenotyping:noninvasive biomarkers suitable for bedside science are the next step to implement precision medicine[J].J Intern Med,2016,279(2):205-207.DOI:10.1111/joim.12466.
[13]MITCHELL P D,EL-GAMMAL A I,O'BYRNE P M.Emerging monoclonal antibodies as targeted innovative therapeutic approaches to asthma[J].Clin Pharmacol Ther,2016,99(1):38-48.DOI:10.1002/cpt.284.
[14]WENZEL S,F(xiàn)ORD L,PEARLMAN D,et al.Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels[J].N Engl J Med,2013,368(26):2455-2466.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1304048.
[15]GOUR N,WILLS-KARP M.IL-4 and IL-13 signaling in allergic airway disease[J].Cytokine,2015,75(1):68-78.DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.014.
[16]BEL E H,WENZEL S E,THOMPSON P J,et al.Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma[J].N Engl J Med,2014,371(13):1189-1197.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1403291.
[17]LAVIOLETTE M,GOSSAGE D,GAUVREAU G,et al.Effects of benralizumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2013,132(5):1086-1096.e1085.DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.020.
[18]OH C K,LEIGH R,MCLAURIN K K,et al.A randomized,controlled trial to evaluate the effect of an anti-interleukin-9 monoclonal antibody in adults with uncontrolled asthma[J].Respir Res,2013,14:93.DOI:10.1186/1465-9921-14-93.
[19]HANANIA N A,NOONAN M,CORREN J,et al.Lebrikizumab in moderate-to-severe asthma:pooled data from two randomised placebo-controlled studies[J].Thorax,2015,70(8):748-756.DOI:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206719.
[20]BRIGHTLING C E,CHANEZ P,LEIGH R,et al.Efficacy and safety of tralokinumab in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma:a randomised,double-blind,placebo-controlled,phase 2b trial[J].Lancet Respir Med,2015,3(9):692-701.DOI:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00197-6.
[21]HAMS E,ARMSTRONG M E,BARLOW J L,et al.IL-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells induce pulmonary fibrosis[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2014,111(1):367-372.DOI:10.1073/pnas.1315854111.
[22]BUSSE W W,HOLGATE S,KERWIN E,et al.Randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled study of brodalumab,a human anti-IL-17 receptor monoclonal antibody,in moderate to severe asthma[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2013,188(11):1294-1302.DOI:10.1164/rccm.201212-2318OC.
[23]SMITH S G,WATSON B,CLARK G,et al.Eculizumab for treatment of asthma[J].Expert Opin Biol Ther,2012,12(4):529-537.DOI:10.1517/14712598.2012.668517.
[24]GAUVREAU G M,O'BYRNE P M,BOULET L P,et al.Effects of an anti-TSLP antibody on allergen-induced asthmatic responses[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(22):2102-2110.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1402895.
[25]GAUVREAU G M,HARRIS J M,BOULET L P,et al.Targeting membrane-expressed IgE B cell receptor with an antibody to the M1 prime epitope reduces IgE production[J].Sci Transl Med,2014,6(243):243ra285.DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.3008961.
[26]HOLGATE S T,NOONAN M,CHANEZ P,et al.Efficacy and safety of etanercept in moderate-to-severe asthma:a randomised,controlled trial[J].Eur Respir J,2011,37(6):1352-1359.DOI:10.1183/09031936.00063510.
[27]CHUPP G L,BRADFORD E S,ALBERS F C,et al.Efficacy of mepolizumab add-on therapy on health-related quality of life and markers of asthma control in severe eosinophilic asthma(MUSCA):a randomised,double-blind,placebo-controlled,parallelgroup,multicentre,phase 3b trial[J].Lancet Respiratory Medicine,2017,5(5):390-398.DOI:10.1016/s2213-2600(17)30125-x.
[28]BUSSE W W,ISRAEL E,NELSON H S,et al.Daclizumab improves asthma control in patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma:a randomized,controlled trial[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2008,178(10):1002-1008.DOI:10.1164/rccm.200708-1200OC.
[29]HARRIS J M,ROMEO M,BRADLEY M S,et al.A randomized trial of the efficacy and safety of quilizumab in adults with inadequately controlled allergic asthma[J].Respir Res,2016,17(1):29-33.DOI:10.1186/s12931-016-0347-2.
[30]YILMAZA O,KARAMAN M,BAGRIYANIK H A,et al.Comparison of TNF antagonism by etanercept and dexamethasone on airway epithelium and remodeling in an experimental model of asthma[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2013,17(3):768-773.DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2013.08.021.
[31]FAJT M L,WENZEL S E.Asthma phenotypes and the use of biologic medications in asthma and allergic disease:the next steps toward personalized care[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2015,135(2):299-310.DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1871.
[32]CHARRIOT J,GAMEZ A S,HUMBERT M,et al.Targeted therapies in severe asthma:the discovery of new molecules[J].Rev Mal Respir,2013,30(8):613-626.DOI:10.1016/j.rmr.2013.02.018.
[33]WALSH G M.An update on biologic-based therapy in asthma[J].Immunotherapy,2013,5(11):1255-1264.DOI:10.2217/imt.13.118.
[34]ARYAN Z,COMPALATI E,CANONICA G W,et al.Allergenspecific immunotherapy in asthmatic children:from the basis to clinical applications[J].Expert Rev Vaccines,2013,12(6):639-659.DOI:10.1586/erv.13.45.
[35]LAI T,WANG S,XU Z,et al.Long-term efficacy and safety of omalizumab in patients with persistent uncontrolled allergic asthma:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:8191.DOI:10.1038/srep08191.
[36]TSABOURI S,TSERETOPOULOU X,PRIFTIS K,et al.Omalizumab for the treatment of inadequately controlled allergic rhinitis:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract,2014,2(3):332-340.DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2014.02.001.
[37]NORMANSELL R,WALKER S,MILAN S J,et al.Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2014,13(1):CD003559.DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003559.
[38]STORMS W,BOWDISH M S,F(xiàn)ARRAR J R.Omalizumab and asthma control in patients with moderate-to-severe allergic asthma:a 6-year pragmatic data review[J].Allergy Asthma Proc,2012,33(2):172-177.DOI:10.2500/aap.2012.33.3527.
[39]LONG A,RAHMAOUI A,ROTHMAN K J,et al.Incidence of malignancy in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma treated with or without omalizumab[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2014,134(3):560-567,e4.DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.007.
[40]BUSSE W,BUHL R,F(xiàn)ERNANDEZ VIDAURRE C,et al.Omalizumab and the risk of malignancy:results from a pooled analysis[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2012,129(4):983-989,e6.DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.033.
[41]COX L,LIEBERMAN P,WALLACE D,et al.American Academy of Allergy,Asthma & Immunology/American College of Allergy,Asthma & Immunology Omalizumab-Associated Anaphylaxis Joint Task Force follow-up report[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2011,128(1):210-212.DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.010.
[42]PASSALACQUA G,MATUCCI A,VULTAGGIO A,et al.The safety of monoclonal antibodies in asthma[J].Expert Opin Drug Saf,2016,15(8):1087-1095.DOI:10.1080/14740338.2016.1186641.
[43]KIM A S,DOHERTY T A.New and emerging therapies for asthma[J].Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol,2016,116(1):14-17.DOI:10.1016/j.anai.2015.08.001.