山東 逄琳琳
在高三復(fù)習(xí)過程中,常常遇到學(xué)生吐槽,為什么所有的詞都認(rèn)識(shí),但是連成句子怎么就看不懂什么意思呢?首先要恭喜有這種疑問和體驗(yàn)的學(xué)生,因?yàn)樵陂喿x理解和完形填空中你已經(jīng)過了單詞關(guān),那么接下來要攻克的就是長難句了。長難句的理解遍及整套英語試卷的各個(gè)題型,是英語取得高分的必經(jīng)之路,不僅不容忽略,還必須引起相當(dāng)?shù)闹匾?。本文將從句子類型分析和長難句翻譯兩個(gè)方面來闡述如何攻克長難句。
必須承認(rèn),不管一個(gè)長難句多長多難,都是四種句子的變身。英語中的所有句子按照結(jié)構(gòu)都可以分為這四類。它們是簡單句、復(fù)合句、并列句,并列復(fù)合句。先做一個(gè)小的測(cè)驗(yàn),看一下你是否了解這四種句子類型。
1.(2017全國卷Ⅰ,A篇Para.1)Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit.
這是一個(gè)___________句,含有 _____ 引導(dǎo)的 ______從句。
2.(2017全國卷Ⅰ,C篇Para.1)UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its signif i cance, and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合)voice across cultures.
這是一個(gè)_________句,to do...是 ______________。
3.(2017全 國 卷 Ⅰ,C 篇 Para.2)Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
這是一個(gè)__________句,因?yàn)楸揪浜衉________,它來連接兩個(gè)_______。
4.(2017全 國 卷 Ⅲ,完 形 Para.2)The ticket had a strict no-transfer(不可轉(zhuǎn)讓)policy, but since passport information was not required when booking , any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can use it.
這是一個(gè)____________句,因?yàn)楸揪浜衉___引導(dǎo)的分句,分句中又含有_________和______引導(dǎo)的從句。
(答案:1.復(fù)合句,while,時(shí)間狀語從句;2.簡單句,目的狀語;3.并列句,and,分句;4.并列復(fù)合句,but,since,when)
以上概念中,簡單句自不必說。通俗點(diǎn)講,復(fù)合句就是含有從句的句子,并列句就是由并列連詞and,but,so,or/otherwise(否則,要不然)連接兩個(gè)分句組成的句子,并列復(fù)合句就是并列句中的分句中又含有從句的句子。任何的句子如果不是按照這樣的規(guī)律來組成,就是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的句子。同樣,因?yàn)樗姓_的句子都是按照這樣的規(guī)律組成的,所以我們也必須遵循這樣的規(guī)律來解題。下面我們做幾道高考真題來小試牛刀吧。
考例1.(2017全國卷Ⅰ,語法填空)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.
解析:which??崭袂笆且粋€(gè)完整的句子,所以both后必須是從句才能滿足復(fù)合句的要求。此空需填連詞,所以用which 來指代前面的整個(gè)句子,引導(dǎo)整個(gè)定語從句。
考例2.(2017全國卷Ⅱ,語法填空)This included digging up the road,6 (lay)the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
解析:laying。此句是簡單句。include后接doing...doing and doing...來作賓語。
考例3.(2017全國卷Ⅲ,短文改錯(cuò))Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
解析:they改成which/that。此句是復(fù)合句。the things后面跟著一個(gè)定語從句,從句中they指代前面的things,但應(yīng)改為which/that,此從句才含有定語從句專有的關(guān)系代詞,句子結(jié)構(gòu)才對(duì)。
分辨清楚句子類型之后才能厘清句子結(jié)構(gòu),而這兩點(diǎn)是翻譯長難句的基礎(chǔ)。大多數(shù)同學(xué)之所以單詞都認(rèn)識(shí),卻又翻譯不出來就是因?yàn)闆]有先做句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析,整個(gè)思維處于混沌狀態(tài)。所以教師需要在這方面帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。辨清句子類型再厘清句子結(jié)構(gòu)就如同將混亂的衣櫥按區(qū)域規(guī)劃,每一塊區(qū)域再各自整理,最后衣櫥才能井井有條。厘清結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵是畫出句子中的并列連詞和從屬連詞,使思維條理化。下面就賓語從句、定語從句、同位語從句、狀語從句等的翻譯來進(jìn)行規(guī)律總結(jié)。
1.賓語從句的翻譯
(2017全國卷Ⅲ,完形Para.4)Axani wrote in his post that he is not looking for anything in return and that the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own.
分析:這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。需先畫出兩個(gè)that,它們引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)賓語從句作wrote的賓語。再畫出who,它引導(dǎo)第二個(gè)that從句中的定語從句。這三個(gè)連詞一畫,句子脈絡(luò)非常明晰,翻譯就很容易了。
譯文:Axani在帖子中寫道:“他不求任何回報(bào)而且使用這張額外票的女士可以選擇和他一同旅行也可取走票自己旅行。”
2.定語從句的翻譯
(2017全國卷Ⅰ,完形Para.1)I myself went through this searching process and found something that has changed my experience at college for the better: I discovered ASL—American Sign Language(美式手語).
分析:這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。需先畫出that,它引導(dǎo)一個(gè)限制性定語從句,修飾something。限制性定語從句的翻譯同一般定語的翻譯,在先行詞前加“的”即可。
譯文:我自己經(jīng)歷了這種搜尋的過程,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了改變我的大學(xué)生涯使之變得更好的某種東西:我發(fā)現(xiàn)了美式手語。
(2017北京卷,完形Para.3)She began to host “Big Bosses”lunches, where she would try to persuade local business leaders to contribute to the cause.
分析:這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。需先畫出where,它來引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句,修飾lunches。非限制性定語從句一般不翻譯成“的”,而是根據(jù)具體的關(guān)系詞翻譯成“這”。如which,常譯為“這”,where常譯為“在這一場合”,when常譯為“在這一時(shí)間”等。
譯文:她開始主辦大老板午餐會(huì),在這些午餐會(huì)上,她會(huì)努力說服當(dāng)?shù)氐钠髽I(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人來捐助這一事業(yè)。
3.同位語從句的翻譯
(2017天津卷,完 形Para.5)As I began my own personal weight program, I was fi lled with the fear that I would run into the same diff i culties that beat me before.
分析:這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。需先畫出as,that,that。它們分別引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句,同位語從句和定語從句。同位語從句翻譯時(shí)往往將從句內(nèi)容翻譯出來然后加上“這一” + 與之同位的名詞的意義。
譯文:當(dāng)我開始我個(gè)人的體重減肥項(xiàng)目時(shí),我充滿了我會(huì)遇上之前打敗我的同樣的困難這種恐懼。
4.i t的指代作用
(2017全國卷Ⅰ,完形Para.4)I then made it a point to attend those meetings and learn all I could.
分析:這是一個(gè)簡單句。需先畫出it和to attend those meetings。含it的句子難以翻譯是因?yàn)椴恢猧t所指為何物。It 除了指代上文事物外,最普遍的用法是用作形式主語或賓語來指代其后真正的主語或賓語。此句中it用作形式賓語指代其后的真正賓語to attend...,譯時(shí)需將to...放在賓語上來譯。Make it a point 意為“對(duì)某事特別注重/意”。
譯文:此后我就特別注重參加這些集會(huì),學(xué)習(xí)我能學(xué)到的全部。
5.狀語從句的翻譯
狀語從句的翻譯相對(duì)簡單,但如總結(jié)出常見詞的各種意思,在合適的語境中選擇帶入,可能會(huì)迅速地理解句意。下面是while,as,before這些常見連詞的用法小結(jié)。
(1)while用法小結(jié):
①盡管(句首)②然而(句中)③當(dāng)……時(shí)候
(2017全國卷Ⅰ,完形Para.1) While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that exploration.(盡管)
(2017天津卷,完形Para.5)While the fear hung over my head, there were also signs that I was headed down the right path .(盡管)
(2017全國卷Ⅱ,完形Para.4)Once, while working overnight at a store, he let a homeless man sleep in his truck.(當(dāng)……時(shí)候)
(2)as用法小結(jié):
①當(dāng)……時(shí)候,隨著 ②和……一樣 ③正如 ④按照⑤因?yàn)?⑥盡管 ⑦prep.作為
(2017天 津 卷,完 形Para.5)As I began my own personal weight program, I was fi lled with the fear that I would run into the same diff i culties that beat me before.(當(dāng)……時(shí)候,隨著)
As the months went by , the rabbits saw that I was no threat and didn’t escape.(隨著)
The failure was a big slow to him, but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(和……一樣)
As you can see from the results, this is not the case.(正如)
The daughter did as told.(按照)
Child as he is , he knows a lot.(盡管)
He works as a teacher.(prep.作為)
(3)before 用法小結(jié):
①在……之前 ②還沒來得及……就…… ③過一段時(shí)間才……④不知不覺 ⑤prep.在……之前
(2017全國卷Ⅱ,完形Para.3)Before the school year ended,I gave the kids a special gift , T-shirts with the words“Verbs Are Your Friends”on them.(在……之前)
He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation before it got worse.(還沒來得及……就……)
Several weeks had gone by before I realized the painting was missing.(過一段時(shí)間才……)
It was getting dark before we knew it.(不知不覺)
綜上所述,長難句的破解并不是十分困難。教師只需引導(dǎo)考生認(rèn)清、辨別各種句子類型,厘清每個(gè)長難句的結(jié)構(gòu),總結(jié)各種從句翻譯的規(guī)律,便能攻堅(jiān)破難,理解并翻譯好長難句。教師若能帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生堅(jiān)持每套題中選擇四五個(gè)長難句進(jìn)行翻譯和理解的訓(xùn)練,連續(xù)揣摩幾套題以后,學(xué)生自己便會(huì)找到更多的規(guī)律,對(duì)長難句就會(huì)有更好的理解,成績必會(huì)有長足的進(jìn)步。