高考英語語法填空題解題之“授人以漁”

湖南 楊兵林

在對近幾年全國卷高考試題的研究中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，高考對于語法填空的考查難度并不大。從文本難度來看并沒有超過初中水平的閱讀難度。從語法點(diǎn)考查范圍來看，近幾年主要考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，冠詞，形容詞與副詞，代詞，連接詞，動詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)，從句引導(dǎo)詞以及非謂語等幾個(gè)方面。從與考查的深度來看，非謂語和時(shí)態(tài)的考查點(diǎn)僅限于最基本的用法。

那么如何切實(shí)提高學(xué)生的語法填空題解題水平，減少不必要的丟分呢？筆者認(rèn)為，“授人以魚，不如授人以漁”。筆者的做法是讓學(xué)生們以自己所使用的教材中出現(xiàn)的文章為例，弄明白高考語法填空題命題的一些常用技巧，從而讓學(xué)生做到心中有數(shù)。下面是筆者如何訓(xùn)練學(xué)生提升語法填空題得分的一些思考。

1.精選原材料，把握文章難度以及所要考查的語法點(diǎn)。我們要提高學(xué)生的解題能力，一定要充分利用好教材中出現(xiàn)的文章。在選取教材中文章編寫題目時(shí)一定要注意所選文章要情節(jié)完整，意思相對簡單，句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣但不復(fù)雜，無超綱詞，能夠被多數(shù)考生理解。

下面以譯林版牛津教材M6U3，Part B為例（見教材P43），原文如下：

There are many different taboos around the world. A taboo is asocial action that is not allowed. Almost every culture in the world has its own taboos. Taboos are often connected with religion. Usually, taboos can include eating certain foods,relations between people, body language and gestures. The breaking of a taboo is usually upsetting or embarrassing for the person concerned and the people around him or her.

When you meet people from different cultures, it is important to understand what you can and cannot do. If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual things might happen. For example, if you are from India, you may not eat beef because of your religion, and it is rude to shake hands or give someone something with your left hand. In North America and the UK, people greet one another by shaking hands.In Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia, the normal greeting is aslight bow with the hands pressed together.Japanese people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others. They dislike it when people do not look at the cards, so remember not to just put them in your pocket without looking. While these different forms of greetings and customs might seem strange to you, remember that what you consider normal probably seems just as unusual to others.

2.認(rèn)真改編所選材料，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生們對所選材料進(jìn)行適當(dāng)精簡，使得改編后文章在140～200詞之間，基本信息完整，語法點(diǎn)齊全，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和文章中大部分詞匯不超過高一水平。從對近幾年全國卷高考原題的研究來看，我們可以明確告訴學(xué)生們高考實(shí)際題目考查語法點(diǎn)難度并不會高于初三水平。我們在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí)可以稍高于高考。本題型中不要出現(xiàn)所謂的高級句型，而且考查從句時(shí)以名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句為主?？疾榈碾y度為第一層，主要考查關(guān)系詞和連接詞的簡單用法。下面是筆者引導(dǎo)學(xué)生們經(jīng)過討論后改編出來的文章。

A taboo is asocial action that is not allowed. Taboos are often connected with religion. The breaking of a taboo is usually upsetting or embarrassing for the person concerned and the people around him or her.

When you meet people from different cultures, it is important to understand what you can and cannot do. If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual things might happen. For example, if you are from India, you may not eat beef because of your religion, and it is rude to shake hands or give someone something with your left hand. In Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia, the normal greeting is aslight bow with the hands pressed together. Japanese people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others. They dislike it when you just put the cards in your pocket without looking. Remember that what you consider normal probably seems just as unusual to others.

3.認(rèn)真指導(dǎo)學(xué)生們研究高考試題，確定本題可能考查的知識點(diǎn)。編制考點(diǎn)時(shí)要考慮不給詞填空與給詞填空考點(diǎn)的平衡分配，一般比例不超過3 ∶ 7，即無參考詞填空一般不少于3個(gè)，不多于4個(gè)。在帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)命制試題的同時(shí)要讓學(xué)生明白，除了非謂語考點(diǎn)（不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、動名詞和過去分詞可選擇一至三個(gè)考點(diǎn)）外，其他考點(diǎn)類型不重復(fù)。以下是學(xué)生們經(jīng)過集體討論之后列出來的一些考點(diǎn)。

A taboo is asocial action that is not allowed. Taboos are often connected with religion. The breaking of a taboo is usually upsetting or embarrassing for the person concerned and the people around him or her.

When you meet people from different cultures, it is important to understand what you can and cannot do. If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual things might happen. For example, if you are from India, you may not eat beef because of your religion, and it is rude to shake hands or give someone something with your left hand. In Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia, the normal greeting is aslight bow with the hands pressed together. Japanese people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others.They dislike it when you just put the cards in your pocket without looking. Remember that what you consider normal probably seems just as unusual to others.

4.學(xué)生認(rèn)真分析所編制的考點(diǎn)，確定所涉及的各考查知識點(diǎn)的參考答案。我們所提供的答案盡可能要具有唯一性。如有其他答案應(yīng)同時(shí)列出，免生爭議。以下是筆者的學(xué)生們經(jīng)過集體討論之后所完成的完整的語法填空作業(yè)練習(xí)。

A taboo is asocial action 1._____is not allowed. Almost every culture in the world 2. _____ (have) its own taboos.Taboos are often connected with religion. The breaking of a taboo is usually upsetting or embarrassing for the person concerned and the people around him 3._____her.

When you meet people from different cultures, it is important 4._____ (understand) what you can and cannot do.If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual things might happen. For example, 5._____you are from India,you may not eat beef because of your religion, and it is rude to shake 6._____(hand) or give someone something with your left hand. In Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia, the normal greeting is aslight bow with the hands 7._____(press)together. Japanese people may bow and even give out their business cards to greet others. They dislike 8._____when you just put the cards in 9._____(you) pocket without looking.Remember that what you consider normal 10. (probable)seems just as unusual to others.

參考答案：

1. which/that 2. has 3. or 4. to understand 5. if 6. hands 7. pressed 8. it 9. your 10. probably

從以上幾個(gè)方面來看，在筆者的指導(dǎo)下，雖然我班的學(xué)生經(jīng)過集思廣益編寫的題目不一定達(dá)到真正高考的要求，但多數(shù)學(xué)生已經(jīng)基本了解了高考語法填空題的命題特點(diǎn)，而且他們現(xiàn)在在完成語法填空練習(xí)的時(shí)候得分也有了較大的提高，做題更是信心百倍。

備考建議：筆者認(rèn)為，要提高學(xué)生語法填空部分的解題能力，應(yīng)考方法是提分的途徑之一，但提分的最基本的方面在于夯實(shí)學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)。平時(shí)備考的時(shí)候可以從以下幾個(gè)方面入手：

1.大量閱讀，養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣，擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的閱讀面，切實(shí)增加學(xué)生的詞匯量，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的語感和自信。

2.從提升學(xué)生的實(shí)際動手能力出發(fā)，充分利用教材中出現(xiàn)的文章，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生按照高考命題要求編制語法填空試題，切實(shí)提升學(xué)生的動手能力，讓學(xué)生充分了解試題考查的方向和命題的規(guī)律。

3.注意整理、總結(jié)名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞之間的常見詞性相互轉(zhuǎn)換的基本規(guī)律，這不僅僅是為了備考語法填空題，還可以提高英語基礎(chǔ)，減少單詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤，提升閱讀文章的能力。如：

名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞：use-useful；use-useless；manmanly；nature-natural；nation-national；culture-cultural ；tradition-traditional；

形容詞和名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞：en+large =enlarge；en+danger =endanger；en+able = enable；

動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞：develop+ment =development；invent+tion = invention；decide+sion = decision；

形容詞與副詞轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)常見的規(guī)律是添加或去掉ly，如honest-honestly；general-generally；但我們平時(shí)要特別關(guān)注這幾個(gè)詞，如true-truly，而simple /probable /possible變副詞時(shí)只去掉e然后添加上y，即simple-simply, probableprobably, possible-possibly。

常見反義詞轉(zhuǎn)化法：在進(jìn)行反義詞轉(zhuǎn)化的時(shí)候讓學(xué)生掌握常見反義詞的構(gòu)成方法，比如通過添加前綴：likedislike； happy-unhappy； possible-impossible；但同時(shí)也要關(guān)注irregular, illegal, abnormal這一類詞。

4.讓學(xué)生熟練掌握定語從句的一般用法，了解關(guān)系代詞which，that，who，whose，who，as和關(guān)系副詞when，where，why的使用規(guī)律，掌握定語從句的特點(diǎn)。能夠書寫一般的定語從句。

5.讓學(xué)生熟練掌握名詞性從句。其中，重點(diǎn)掌握賓語從句和表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，主語從句中it引導(dǎo)形式主語的用法，what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的用法。

6.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握狀語從句中常見連接詞的用法。常見的連接詞有and，if，when，while，until，unless，because，so，though/although，however，but，whether，as和or等。

7.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握八種基本時(shí)態(tài)以及三種有關(guān)虛擬語氣時(shí)態(tài)的基本句型。

從基礎(chǔ)上儲備好常用知識，從方法上了解試題命制的技巧，平時(shí)加以配套訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生們的語法填空解題能力自然就能提高，這反過來又能促進(jìn)學(xué)生綜合能力的提高。