于楠 高瑩 龔艷君 楊帆 王智 邱林 康琦 劉芳 余洋 郭曉蕙
甲狀腺激素與心血管系統(tǒng)疾病關(guān)系密切[1-2]。甲狀腺激素水平的異??梢酝ㄟ^(guò)特定的分子通路或細(xì)胞機(jī)制引起心血管系統(tǒng)的異常[3]。冠心病是臨床上最常見(jiàn)的心血管疾病,其發(fā)病率和死亡率逐年升高。冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素很多,如高血壓病、血脂異常、糖尿病、吸煙、年齡等[4],除此之外,已有多項(xiàng)臨床研究顯示甲狀腺激素水平與冠心病關(guān)系密切,甲狀腺功能減退可導(dǎo)致冠心病發(fā)病率升高[5-6]。亞臨床甲狀腺功能減退也與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、心肌梗死等心血管疾病密切相關(guān)[7-11]。但關(guān)于甲狀腺功能與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)系報(bào)道較少。本研究以就診于北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院疑診冠心病的558例患者為研究對(duì)象,回顧性分析其冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度及甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)之間的關(guān)系,探討甲狀腺功能與冠心病嚴(yán)重程度的相關(guān)性。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
收集2013年1月至2015年6月在北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院因疑診冠心病進(jìn)行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查的588患者資料,根據(jù)其造影結(jié)果分組。經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影證實(shí)至少有一支冠狀動(dòng)脈主支或主要分支狹窄≥50%者納入冠心病組,無(wú)冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄或狹窄<50%的患者為非冠心病組。冠心病組中,按照前降支、回旋支、右冠狀動(dòng)脈中狹窄≥50%的血管支數(shù),進(jìn)一步分為單支病變組、雙支病變組、三支病變組。 排除既往有甲狀腺疾病及其他自身免疫病、既往曾行冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療或冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)、近3個(gè)月曾應(yīng)用胺碘酮或除本次檢查外應(yīng)用碘對(duì)比劑的患者。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 指標(biāo)測(cè)定 甲狀腺功能測(cè)定:入選的患者均于造影術(shù)前進(jìn)行甲狀腺功能檢測(cè)。應(yīng)用ADVIA Centaur 化學(xué)發(fā)光分析儀測(cè)定患者血清三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(triiodothyronine,T3)、四碘甲狀腺原氨酸(tetraiodothyronine,T4)、游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,F(xiàn)T3)、游離四碘甲狀腺原氨酸(free tetraiodothyronine,F(xiàn)T4)及促甲狀腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)水平。正常值參考范圍分別為:T3,0.92~2.79 nmol/L;T4,58.1~140.6 nmol/L;FT3,3.50~6.50 pmol/L;FT4,11.48~22.70 pmol/L;TSH,0.35~5.5 μIU/ml。
其他化驗(yàn)指標(biāo)測(cè)定:應(yīng)用BeckmanDXC800全自動(dòng)生化分析儀進(jìn)行血脂[(包括三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TCHO)、高 密 度 脂 蛋 白(high density lipid cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白low density lipid cholesterol,LDL-C)]測(cè)定。
1.2.2 冠狀動(dòng)脈病變?cè)u(píng)估 Syntax評(píng)分:統(tǒng)一采用Syntax評(píng)分網(wǎng)頁(yè)在線計(jì)算方法(http://www.syntaxscore.com),對(duì)患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果進(jìn)行Syntax評(píng)分計(jì)算。Syntax評(píng)分由兩名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的冠狀動(dòng)脈介入醫(yī)師完成計(jì)算。按Syntax評(píng)分分為3組,分別為低分組(0~22分)、中分組(23~32分)、高分組(>32分)。冠狀動(dòng)脈受累支數(shù):按狹窄≥50%的冠狀動(dòng)脈主要血管(前降支、回旋支、右冠狀動(dòng)脈)支數(shù),分為單支病變組、雙支病變組、三支病變組,其中左主干病變認(rèn)為至少存在前降支、回旋支雙支病變。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS17.0軟件進(jìn)行處理。對(duì)于符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,采用單變量方差分析進(jìn)行組間比較;非正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)資料采用中位數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)描述,采用Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗(yàn)對(duì)分組數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較,采用卡方檢驗(yàn)對(duì)不同組間百分率進(jìn)行比較。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組患者甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)比較
本研究共納入患者558例,男348例,女210例,平均年齡(62.7±10.9)歲。冠心病組409例(73.3%),男266例(65.0%),女143例(35.0%),平均年齡(63.3±11.0)歲。非冠心病組149例(26.7%),男92例(61.7%),女57例(38.3%),平均年齡(61.2±10.7)歲。兩組患者的性別、年齡比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05,表1)。兩組患者中,冠心病組低T3綜合征患者比例(3.4%比1.3%,P=0.018),甲狀腺功能正常(92.2%比91.3%,P=0.003)明顯高于非冠心病組,其他甲狀腺功能異常狀態(tài)[甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)(甲亢)及亞臨床甲亢,甲狀腺功能減退(甲減)及亞臨床甲減)]兩組比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05,表1)。
2.2 兩組患者甲狀腺激素水平比較
在非低T3綜合征患者中分析,冠心病組FT3水平顯著低于非冠心病組[(4.52±0.57)pmol/L 比(4.65±0.63)pmol/L,P=0.015]。兩組患者 FT4、T3、T4、TSH水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05,表 2)。
2.3 Syntax積分與甲狀腺激素相關(guān)性分析
非低T3綜合征的395例冠心病患者中,根據(jù)Syntax 積分,低分組(0~22分)264例,中分組(23~32分)59例,高分組(>32分)72例。三組患者FT3水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=6.260,P=0.002),而三組患者TT3、TT4、FT4、TSH水平比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05,表3)。
2.4 甲狀腺激素水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)相關(guān)性分析
根據(jù)冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)分組,非低T3綜合證的冠心病患者中單支病變組160例,雙支病變組111例,三支病變組124例,三組患者FT3水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=5.691,P=0.004),三組患者TT3、TT4、FT4、TSH水平比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05,表4)。
2.5 血脂水平與甲狀腺激素水平相關(guān)性分析
所 有患者 均 進(jìn) 行 了 TG、TCHO、HDL-C、LDL-C檢測(cè),經(jīng)檢驗(yàn),所有患者的FT3、FT4、TT3、TT4、TSH水平與血脂各組份差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.6 TSH水平與冠心病病變的關(guān)系
在非低T3綜合征的患者中,分別按FT3、FT4、TT3、TT4、TSH正常值范圍分為上述指標(biāo),升高組,正常組,減低組。與冠心病診斷進(jìn)行卡方檢驗(yàn),F(xiàn)T3、FT4、TT3、TT4差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,TSH分層與冠心病診斷的差異存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.040)。進(jìn)一步兩兩比較,TSH減低組冠心病患者比例(75.0%,6/8)與TSH正常組(68.6%,352/513)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,高TSH組冠心病患者比例(85.7%,18/21)顯著高于 TSH 正常組(68.6%,352/513),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.022)。
近年來(lái)甲狀腺功能異常與冠心病病變的關(guān)系越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注。甲狀腺激素本身對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的有利作用表現(xiàn)為:(1)正性變力作用,增加心臟收縮和舒張功能;(2)降低外周血管阻力;(3)增加心臟輸出量[12]。多項(xiàng)研究提示甲狀腺功能減退與心血管疾病相關(guān)[13-16]。長(zhǎng)期甲減可能會(huì)使大鼠冠狀小動(dòng)脈丟失、血流量受損,可導(dǎo)致心肌形態(tài)不良改變、心功能受損[17]。TSH升高可導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮功能受損,并進(jìn)一步促使冠心病和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生[18]。已有臨床研究顯示,TSH升高是冠心病患者初診和隨訪的重要影響因子[19],且與冠狀動(dòng)脈多支病變相關(guān)[20]。本組患者資料中觀察到,TSH升高組患者中冠心病的陽(yáng)性率明顯高于TSH正常組,提示TSH可能為冠心病發(fā)生、發(fā)展的重要影響因素。
表1 冠心病組及非冠心病組患者甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)比較[例(%)]
表2 冠心病組及非冠心病組甲狀腺激素水平比較(-x ±s)
但是目前TSH并未被視為冠心病的獨(dú)立相關(guān)因素,被認(rèn)為可通過(guò)影響冠心病的其他危險(xiǎn)因素,如脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂、糖代謝異常等,而促進(jìn)冠心病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[21]。TSH升高是導(dǎo)致脂代謝紊亂的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素[22-24],亞臨床甲減患者發(fā)生動(dòng)脈硬化和急性心肌梗死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高。Hak等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低密度脂蛋白膽固醇經(jīng)過(guò)甲狀腺激素替代治療后可下降12%。但本研究中,甲狀腺激素水平與血脂各組份均未見(jiàn)明顯相關(guān)性,考慮本研究中研究對(duì)象為疑診冠心病的患者,多數(shù)已存在冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素,如血脂異常,同時(shí)冠心病患者的數(shù)量比例明顯占優(yōu)勢(shì),因此考慮可能存在一定的入選偏倚,導(dǎo)致此危險(xiǎn)因素在本研究中未得到體現(xiàn)。
表3 Syntax積分分級(jí)與甲狀腺激素相關(guān)性分析
表4 甲狀腺激素水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)相關(guān)性分析
疾病狀態(tài)下,甲狀腺激素的代謝有所變化,T3水平和脈沖性TSH釋放下降,反三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(reverse triiodothyronine,rT3)水平上升,稱為低T3綜合征,又稱正常甲狀腺功能病態(tài)綜合征[26]。T3水平與冠心病的發(fā)病率呈負(fù)相關(guān)[27]。既往認(rèn)為冠心病患者出現(xiàn)低T3綜合征是下丘腦的一種保護(hù)性適應(yīng)機(jī)制[13,28],但近年來(lái)的研究表明,冠心病患者出現(xiàn)低T3綜合征,可能是危重疾病損傷后的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)結(jié)果[29]。目前認(rèn)為,T3水平降低與心肌梗死患者不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[30],并且是心臟疾病患者死亡的強(qiáng)烈預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[27,31-34]。Friberg 等[31]測(cè)定了 331 例心肌梗死患者的rT3水平,結(jié)果顯示,rT3水平升高與心肌梗死后一年死亡率升高相關(guān)。已有的研究還表明,T3水平降低與冠心病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[35-38]。但這些研究均未排除低T3綜合征患者。
本研究中對(duì)疑診冠心病患者行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查,結(jié)果顯示冠心病組低T3綜合征患者比例較非冠心病組下降,這與已有的研究結(jié)論一致。同時(shí)在非低T3綜合征患者人群中分析甲狀腺激素水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的關(guān)系。Syntax評(píng)分系統(tǒng)根據(jù)冠狀動(dòng)脈位置、嚴(yán)重程度、分叉等解剖特點(diǎn)對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈病變進(jìn)行定量分析,是一項(xiàng)較為全面的評(píng)價(jià)冠狀動(dòng)脈病變程度的指標(biāo),可作為主要不良心腦血管事件的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子[39]。本研究進(jìn)一步用冠狀動(dòng)脈病變支數(shù)及Syntax評(píng)分評(píng)估冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度,無(wú)論哪種評(píng)估方法,結(jié)果均顯示,冠狀動(dòng)脈病變?cè)街?,F(xiàn)T3水平越低,提示即使在非低T3綜合征人群中,冠心病嚴(yán)重程度也與FT3水平相關(guān)。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果顯示,甲狀腺功能在冠心病和非冠心病組中差異較小,僅見(jiàn)FT3減低且與冠心病及其嚴(yán)重程度輕度相關(guān)。TSH升高可能是影響冠心病發(fā)病的因素之一。提示在冠心病患者中檢測(cè)FT3、TSH是必要的。
本研究時(shí)間較短,臨床數(shù)據(jù)不夠充分,且為回顧性橫斷面觀察性研究,缺乏長(zhǎng)期的隨訪和追蹤,研究結(jié)果具有一定的局限性,有待于進(jìn)一步深入研究,為冠心病與甲狀腺功能的相關(guān)科研和臨床工作提供更多科學(xué)依據(jù)。
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