賈卓鵬 金林 車紅民
(西安醫(yī)學院第一附屬醫(yī)院神經外科,陜西 西安 710077)
血漿同型半胱氨酸水平與腦靜脈竇血栓形成及預后的關系
賈卓鵬*金林 車紅民
(西安醫(yī)學院第一附屬醫(yī)院神經外科,陜西 西安 710077)
目的探討血漿同型半胱氨酸水平與腦靜脈竇血栓形成及預后的關系。方法檢測31例腦靜脈竇血栓(CVST)患者及30例健康對照組血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,將CVST患者分組為高Hcy及正常Hcy組并進行神經功能缺損評估,比較不同組之間血Hcy水平的差異及Hcy對CVST患者預后的影響。結果①CVST組中Hcy顯著高于對照組,而葉酸,維生素B12均顯著低于對照組(P<0.01);②CVST患者組中高Hcy組與正常Hcy組預后比較,好轉率高Hcy血癥組低于正常Hcy組(P<0.05)。結論高同型半胱氨酸血癥是腦靜脈竇血栓形成的危險因素,伴有高同型半胱氨酸血癥的CVST患者預后不佳。
同型半胱氨酸; 腦靜脈竇血栓; 危險因素; 預后
腦靜脈竇血栓(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, CVST)為少見的缺血性腦血管病,病因復雜,臨床表現(xiàn)因靜脈竇閉塞程度、血栓形成速度、受累靜脈的部位、范圍以及側枝循環(huán)的建立情況等因素不同而常表現(xiàn)為頭痛頭暈、惡心嘔吐、癲癇抽搐、意識與精神障礙、視乳頭水腫、腦膜刺激征等[1]。癥狀多樣且特異性不強,易誤診,影響預后。最近的諸多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, Hcy)在多種血管性疾病中起重要作用,高同型半胱氨酸血癥已被證實是心腦血管疾病及靜脈栓塞性疾病的危險因素[2-3]。有學者從而認為不排除高同型半胱氨酸血癥(hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy)也是腦靜脈竇血栓形成的危險因素[4-6]。本文通過分析31例CVST 患者的病因及血漿Hcy水平,探討CVST與Hcy的關系以及HHcy與CVST預后的關系。
2010年7月至2016年7月我院收治的CVST患者31例,男11例,女20例;年齡18~65歲,平均(36.1±10.7)歲。診斷標準:依據(jù)2011年美國心臟協(xié)會/美國卒中協(xié)會制定的CVST診斷和管理指南[7],所有患者均行CT、MRI及MRV檢查(其中11例同時行DSA檢查)明確診斷。臨床癥狀:頭暈頭痛2例(6.45%),惡心嘔吐18例(58.10%),腦膜刺激征5例(16.10%),抽搐4例(12.90%),視乳頭水腫2例(6.45%),煩躁1例(3.22%),嗜睡1例(3.22%)肢體活動障礙2例(6.45%)。所有患者入院后均予脫水降顱壓及改善循環(huán)治療。確診患者均予皮下注射低分子肝素5000 U,2次/d,7 d后改華法林口服。同時積極查找病因并給予相應治療,經治療后僅1例病情加重后自動出院,其余患者均好轉出院。選取性別、年齡匹配的門診體檢健康人群30例為對照組,男11例,女19例,年齡16~62歲,平均(35.3±9.5)歲。嚴重肝腎功能障礙及檢查前服用葉酸、B族維生素的人群均排除在外。
1.藥品與試劑:患者及健康對照組均在清晨空腹采靜脈血檢測Hcy、葉酸、維生素B12指標。Hcy于空腹抽血分離血漿后立即檢測,應用日立7170S生化分析儀,檢測方法為循環(huán)酶法,所用試劑由德賽診斷系統(tǒng)上海有限公司提供,正常值<15 μmol/L。其他指標均由自動生化分析儀檢測完成。
2.神經功能缺損評估:將31例CVST患者依血Hcy檢查結果,分為高Hcy組(Hcy>15 μmol/L) 19例及正常Hcy組12例,根據(jù)美國國立衛(wèi)生院神經功能缺損評分(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS)評分標準,分別評定不同分組患者入院和住院2 w時的神經功能缺損,比較兩組患者的病情和預后﹝預后指標:好轉率=(入院時神經功能缺損評分-住院2 w時神經功能缺損評分)/入院神經功能缺損評分﹞。
CVST組中Hcy顯著高于對照組,而葉酸,維生素B12均顯著低于對照組(P<0.05,表1)。
兩組入院時神經功能缺損NIHSS評分比較無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),好轉率高Hcy血癥組顯著低于正常Hcy組(P<0.05,表2、3)。
GroupAge(years)Male(%)Hcy(μmol/L)Folicacid(ng/mL)VitaminB12(pg/mL) Blankcontrolgroup35.3±9.511(36.7)12.65±5.607.12±2.14383.10±168.62 CVSTgroup36.1±10.711(35.5)20.70±9.50a4.51±3.26a296.51±134.72a
aP<0.05,vsblank control group.
表2 高Hcy組病例NIHSS評分
Tab 2 The NIHSS score of the high Hcy group
InstructionsScaledefinition1d2w 1a.LOC(levelofconsciousness)0=alertandresponsive;1=arousabletominorstimulation;2=arousableonlytopainfulstimula-tion;3=reflexreponsesorunarousable1.3±0.90.9±0.8 1b.LOCquestions0=answerstwoquestionscorrectly;1=answersonequestioncorrectly;2=answersneitherquestioncorrect-ly0.5±0.90.4±0.9 1c.LOCcommands0=performsbothtaskscorrectly;1=performsonetaskcorrectly;2=performsneithertaskcor-rectly0.8±0.90.5±0.7 2Bestgaze0=norma;1=partialgazepalsy;2=forcedeyedeviationortotalparesiswhichcannotbeovercomebyDoll's0.1±0.30.1±0.4 3.Visual0=novisualloss;1=partialhemianopia;2=completehemianopia;3=bilateralhemianopiaorblindness0.1±0.40.1±0.4 4.Facialpalsy0=normal;1=minorparalysis;2=partialparaly-sis;3=completeparalysisofoneorbothsides0.1±0.50.1±0.3 5.Motorarm(5a:leftarm;5b:rightarm)0=nodrift,limbholds90degreesforfull10seconds;1=drift,limbholds90degrees,butdriftsdownbeforefull10seconds;doesnothitbedorothersupport;2=someeffortagainstgrav-ity,limbcannotgettoormaintain90degrees,driftsdowntobed,buthassomeeffortagainstgravity;3=noeffortagainstgravity,limbfalls;4=nomovement;9=amputation,jointfu-sion0.4±0.60.3±0.7 6.Motorleg(6a:leftleg;6b:rightleg)0=nodrift,legholds30degreespositionforfull5seconds;1=drift,legfallsbytheendofthe5secondperiodbutdoesnothitbed;2=someeffortagainstgravity;legfallstobedby5seconds,buthassomeeffortagainstgravity;3=noefforta-gainstgravity,legfallstobedimmediately;4=nomovement;9=amputation,jointfusion0.4±0.70.3±0.6 7.Limbataxia0=absent;1=presentinonelimb;2=presentintwolimbs0.1±0.50.1±0.5 8.Sensory0=normal;1=mildtomoderatesensoryloss;2=severetototalsensoryloss0.3±0.70.3±0.4 9.Bestlanguage0=noaphasia;1=mildtomoderateaphasia;2=severeaphasia;3=mute,globalaphasia0.2±0.40.2±0.7 10.Dysarthria0=normal;1=mildtomoderate;2=severe;9=intubatedorotherphysicalbarrier0.2±0.50.1±0.6 11.Ignore0=normal;1=visual,touching,listening,spaceorpersonalignore;2=seriouspartialbodyignore0.2±0.60.2±0.4 Totalscores4.74±2.703.58±3.10
GroupnFirstNIHSSscoreImprovementrate NormalHcygroup124.30±2.980.47±0.31 HighHcygroup194.74±2.700.24±0.42a
aP<0.05,vsnormal Hcy group.
CVST是缺血性腦血管病的一種少見類型,占全部腦卒中0.5%~3.0%[8],文獻報道每年腦靜脈竇血栓形成的發(fā)病率為3/100萬~4/100萬[9]。其死亡率較高,病因復雜,早期確診,及時治療能夠顯著改善預后。
引起腦靜脈竇血栓疾病可分為非感染性與感染性兩大類,前者多為顱腦外傷、嚴重貧血、消耗性疾病、妊娠、高凝狀態(tài)、嚴重脫水等原因。后者多繼發(fā)于頭面部感染及化膿性腦膜炎、腦膿腫、敗血癥等。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CVST患者常伴有繼發(fā)性或遺傳性易栓癥,各種原因的易栓癥是導致CVST的重要原因[10],如因子V Leiden基因、凝血酶原G20210A基因的突變,抗磷脂抗體綜合征及高同型半胱氨酸血癥等。一項Meta分析表明HHcy可導致靜脈血栓發(fā)生率的增加[5],Martinelli等[4]的研究說明高同型半胱氨酸血癥可導致腦靜脈血栓形成的風險增加大約4倍。
Hcy是蛋氨酸代謝的中間產物,對人體內同型半胱氨酸水平的影響因素有遺傳因素、飲食營養(yǎng)缺乏、年齡與性別、腎功能損傷及藥物等。血Hcy水平與飲食有著密切關系,飲食中攝入葉酸、維生素B12和維生素B6越少,其Hcy的濃度就越高。
本研究通過對腦靜脈竇血栓患者的病例-對照研究,觀察對象入院Hcy等指標,以及NIHSS評分等預后評估指標。通過結果我們發(fā)現(xiàn),CVST組與對照組之間年齡、性別均無顯著性差異,但CVST組血Hcy水平較對照組顯著升高,提示高同型半胱氨酸血癥與腦靜脈竇血栓的發(fā)病之間有著密切的聯(lián)系,可能是腦靜脈竇血栓形成的重要危險因素。
高Hcy通過破壞血管內皮、促進血小板聚集、凝血因子V活性增加、凝血酶原激活及抑制組織纖溶酶原激活物與內皮細胞的結合等途徑導致靜脈血栓的形成[11]。CVST患者中高Hcy組與正常Hcy組相比較,兩組入院時神經功能缺損NIHSS評分無顯著差異,治療方法相同,但好轉率高Hcy血癥組顯著低于正常Hcy組,提示高同型半胱氨酸血癥與腦靜脈竇血栓的預后不佳有關。這可能與高Hcy可致患者腦內小動脈廣泛受損,側支循環(huán)不佳,不利于神經功能恢復。
盡管,由于CVST發(fā)病率較低,對于Hcy與CVST之間的關系仍有待大樣本研究及長期隨訪,但臨床醫(yī)生對于高Hcy患者,應考慮有CVST可能。在CVST治療中對于伴有高Hcy者,均應通過補充維生素(如葉酸、維生素B12和維生素B6)減低血Hcy水平,利于改善預后。總之,高同型半胱氨酸血癥是腦靜脈竇血栓形成的危險因素,伴有高同型半胱氨酸血癥的CVST患者預后不佳,因此對所有的CVST患者均應常規(guī)檢測血Hcy水平,積極干預Hcy具有重要的臨床意義。
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Therelationshipbetweentheplasmahomocysteinelevelsandtheprognosisofcerebralvenoussinusthrombosis
JIAZhuopeng,JINLin,CHEHongmin
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,FirstAffiliatedHospitalofXi'anMedicalUniversity,Xi'an710077, China
ObjectiveThe relationship between the plasma homocysteine levels and the prognosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis were discussed.MethodsThe blood homocysteine (Hcy) data of 31 patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and 30 cases of healthy controls were collected. These CVST patients were divided into high Hcy and normal Hcy group and the neural function defects were evaluated. The blood Hcy levels of different groups were compared, and the effect of Hcy on the prognosis of patients with CVST was analyzed.ResultsHcy level in CVST group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and while the levels of folic acid and vitamin B12were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.01); compared with normal Hcy group, the prognosis of high Hcy group was poorer than that of the normal Hcy group (P<0.05).ConclusionHigh homocysteine level is a risk factor for the cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. The patients with CVST complicated by high homocysteine levels have the poor prognosis.
Homocysteine; Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; Risk factors; Prognosis
1671-2897(2017)16-225-04
賈卓鵬,碩士研究生,主治醫(yī)師,E-mail: kenny19781004@163.com
*通訊作者: 賈卓鵬,碩士研究生,主治醫(yī)師,E-mail: kenny19781004@163.com
R 651
A
2016-09-16;
2016-11-10)