張麗華++張海波+白雪珂++霍西茜++劉佳敏+蔣立新
[摘要] 目的 評(píng)價(jià)2001~2011年中國(guó)中西部城市醫(yī)院急性心肌梗死(AMI)早期(入院24 h內(nèi))適宜服用β受體阻滯劑的住院患者中β受體阻滯劑的應(yīng)用趨勢(shì)并探討其使用影響因素。 方法 本研究利用兩階段抽樣方法,首先采用簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣方法確定中西部城市地區(qū)協(xié)作醫(yī)院,然后根據(jù)研究要求,選取2001、2006、2011年住院病歷,利用系統(tǒng)隨機(jī)抽樣方法,確定研究病歷,進(jìn)行中心性數(shù)據(jù)提取。利用加權(quán)計(jì)算方法評(píng)估中西部城市醫(yī)院總體情況。采用Logistic回歸模型分析影響β受體阻滯劑使用的因素。 結(jié)果 705例β受體阻滯劑早期使用絕對(duì)適宜人群納入研究。2001、2006、2011年,β受體阻滯劑在入院24 h內(nèi)的使用率分別為55.5%、74.6%和62.6%(趨勢(shì)P值=0.5927)。入院時(shí)有胸部不適癥狀(OR值為2.22,95% CI:1.21~4.08)的患者更傾向于早期服用β受體阻滯劑。 結(jié)論 我國(guó)中西部城市地區(qū)醫(yī)院,入院后24 h內(nèi)適宜使用β受體阻滯劑的AMI患者中,2001~2011年整體使用顯著不足,且無(wú)改善趨勢(shì),亟需采取措施,加強(qiáng)醫(yī)生對(duì)指南的理解及依從性,改善患者預(yù)后。
[關(guān)鍵詞] β受體阻滯劑;急性心肌梗死;趨勢(shì)
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R542.22 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)11(c)-0069-05
Early beta-blocker use in acute myocardial infarction in Central-Western Urban China in 2001, 2006, 2011
ZHANG Lihua ZHANG Haibo BAI Xueke HUO Xiqian LIU Jiamin JIANG Lixin
China Oxford Centre for International Health Research Cardiovascular Institute State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Fuwai Hospital and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
[Abstract] Objective To assess trends of early beta-blocker use during hospitalization for ideal patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to analyze factors associated with not being treated in Central-Western Urban China from 2001 to 2011. Methods Two-stage random sampling design was used to create a representative sample of patients in Central-Western Urban China admitted to hospital for AMI. In the first phase, a simple random-sampling procedure was used to identify participating hospitals. In the second stage, a systematic sampling approach was applied for selecting patients admitted to each participating hospitals for AMI in 3 years (2001, 2006 and 2011). Then clinical information was obtained via central medical record abstraction for each patients. Weight calculation was used for each year to represent the overall situation. Logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with early beta-blocker use. Results Finally 705 ideal candidates were included in study. Beta-blocker was used 55.5% in 2001, 74.6% in 2006, and 62.6% in 2011 (P=0.5927 for trend). Chest discomfort (OR=2.22,95% CI: 1.21-4.08) was found as the predictor of non-treatment. Conclusion The use of early beta-blocker therapy in Central-Western Urban China is suboptimal for ideal AMI patients who could definitely benefit from it. Patterns of use have not changed over time. It is urgent to implement strategy to improve clinician guidance adherence and quality of care for AMI.endprint
[Key words] Beta-blocker therapy; Acute myocardial infarction; Trends
我國(guó)正面臨著急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)帶來(lái)的沉重疾病負(fù)擔(dān)[1-2],AMI患者盡早口服β受體阻滯劑,可降低死亡率[3-5],國(guó)內(nèi)外指南明確推薦其在適宜人群中盡早應(yīng)用[6-12]。我國(guó)中西部城市地區(qū)心血管疾病負(fù)擔(dān)嚴(yán)重且衛(wèi)生資源有限[13]。確保療效明確且價(jià)格低廉的β受體阻滯劑的廣泛應(yīng)用,對(duì)于降低疾病負(fù)擔(dān)有重要意義。但是,中西部城市AMI患者中β受體阻滯劑藥物的使用情況及其使用影響因素有哪些,目前尚屬未知。本文利用冠心病醫(yī)療結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)和臨床轉(zhuǎn)化研究-回顧性急性心肌梗死研究(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“China PEACE回顧性AMI研究”)數(shù)據(jù),分析2001~2011年我院中西部城市醫(yī)院AMI患者入院24 h內(nèi)β受體阻滯劑使用的變化趨勢(shì)和相關(guān)影響因素。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究設(shè)計(jì)
China PEACE回顧性AMI研究的研究方案設(shè)計(jì)文章前期已發(fā)表[14]。簡(jiǎn)言之,研究選用兩階段隨機(jī)抽樣的方法,第一階段,通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣確定中西部城市地區(qū)協(xié)作醫(yī)院;第二階段,選取2001、2006、2011年3個(gè)特定年份,在協(xié)作醫(yī)院中采用系統(tǒng)隨機(jī)抽樣方法,抽取出院診斷為AMI的病歷。研究采用統(tǒng)一定義和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及集中式病歷信息提取,以確保數(shù)據(jù)可靠性及準(zhǔn)確率>98%[14]。China PEACE回顧性AMI研究所有協(xié)作醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)均同意開(kāi)展此項(xiàng)研究。本研究已在臨床研究登記平臺(tái)ClinicalTrials.gov中完成注冊(cè),編號(hào)為NCT01624883。
1.2 對(duì)象
本文的研究隊(duì)列為在我國(guó)中西部城市醫(yī)院接受住院診治,且出院診斷為AMI的患者。從隨機(jī)抽樣所獲得的AMI病例中排除不適宜評(píng)價(jià)β受體阻滯劑在入院24 h內(nèi)使用情況的病例,包括轉(zhuǎn)入、入院24 h內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)出或死亡或出院,或參加COMMIT研究(因不確定使用β受體阻滯劑活性藥物還是安慰劑)的患者,以及β受體阻滯劑禁忌證人群。此外,根據(jù)COMMIT研究[15]結(jié)果,排除過(guò)早使用β受體阻滯劑將導(dǎo)致休克風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加的患者,包括年齡>70歲、入院收縮壓<120 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)或入院心率>110 次/min的患者,最終獲得β受體阻滯劑早期使用的理想人群。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SAS 9.2統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,分別計(jì)算2001、2006、2011年AMI患者在入院24 h內(nèi)β受體阻滯劑加權(quán)的使用率。每一個(gè)研究對(duì)象所占的抽樣權(quán)重與其所在醫(yī)院內(nèi)抽樣比例和該醫(yī)院在整個(gè)中西部城市地區(qū)所占的抽樣比例成反比。研究中的數(shù)據(jù)差異采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn)方法進(jìn)行比較,并對(duì)2001~2011年該β受體阻滯劑早期應(yīng)用變化進(jìn)行趨勢(shì)檢驗(yàn)。利用Logistic回歸方法分析β受體阻滯劑早期應(yīng)用的影響因素,報(bào)告比值比(OR)及95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI)。所有統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷均采用雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 研究流程
本研究共納入705份病歷進(jìn)行分析,具體篩選流程詳見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 研究對(duì)象特征
本研究人群平均年齡為62歲,男性患者占82.7%,接受早期β受體阻滯劑治療的人群與未接受該治療的人群基線(xiàn)特征見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 β受體阻滯劑使用情況
2001~2011年我國(guó)中西部城市醫(yī)院AMI住院患者中,β受體阻滯劑在入院24 h內(nèi)的加權(quán)使用率分別為55.5%、74.6 %和62.6%(趨勢(shì)P值=0.5927)。見(jiàn)圖2。
2.4 影響β受體阻滯劑早期應(yīng)用的因素
多因素分析顯示,入院有胸部不適癥狀者(OR值為2.22,95% CI:1.21~4.08)更傾向于接受β受體阻滯劑。
3 討論
本研究首次利用我國(guó)中西部城市醫(yī)院代表性的AMI患者樣本,揭示2001~2011年中西部城市醫(yī)院早期β受體阻滯劑適宜人群中使用率顯著不足,且無(wú)明顯增加趨勢(shì)。針對(duì)本研究結(jié)果,亟需進(jìn)一步采取改善措施,將有助于進(jìn)一步改善預(yù)后。本研究中,中西部城市醫(yī)院AMI患者中β受體阻滯劑使用率和全國(guó)平均水平相近(約為2/3)[16],且10年間無(wú)明顯變化。而與2006年相比,2011年使用率反呈下降趨勢(shì)。然而,與此同時(shí),中西部城市地區(qū)醫(yī)院AMI患者在新技術(shù)(如介入治療)、費(fèi)用相對(duì)較高的藥物(如他汀等)的應(yīng)用卻有大幅增長(zhǎng)[17-19]。因此,推測(cè)經(jīng)濟(jì)原因可能不是限制β受體阻滯劑類(lèi)藥物使用的原因,但是對(duì)于限制其使用的原因,仍值得反思,需進(jìn)一步探討。
分析早期β受體阻滯劑使用的影響因素,發(fā)現(xiàn)除入院時(shí)胸痛為影響β受體阻滯劑的因素,其他年齡、性別、高血壓等疾病史及入院時(shí)血壓、心率等特征均與院內(nèi)使用β受體阻滯劑無(wú)明顯關(guān)聯(lián),而研究中仍有接近40%的患者未使用該藥物,提示不使用β受體阻滯劑并不與患者特定因素有關(guān),而可能與醫(yī)生診療觀(guān)念有關(guān),部分醫(yī)生可能未能正確解讀循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)和指南,過(guò)渡擔(dān)心藥物副作用[20-21]。因此,本研究提示加強(qiáng)醫(yī)生對(duì)于β受體阻滯的認(rèn)識(shí),將指南的推薦及循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)應(yīng)用于臨床,仍是一項(xiàng)迫在眉睫的任務(wù)。
本研究存在一些不足之處。首先,本研究為回顧性研究,所有病歷信息提取均依賴(lài)于醫(yī)生對(duì)病歷信息記錄的準(zhǔn)確性和完整性。然而,本研究采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中心性數(shù)據(jù)提取的方法,保證提取信息正確率>98%。第二,醫(yī)生可能未在病歷中記錄某些患者對(duì)β受體阻滯劑存在不耐受或禁忌證,存在低估β受體阻滯劑的使用率的可能性。但是以上原因均不能解釋約近40%的AMI患者未使用β受體阻滯劑。本研究采用嚴(yán)格排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),獲得β受體阻滯劑使用的絕對(duì)適宜人群,但β受體阻滯劑使用率仍較低。endprint
本研究提示,2001~2011年我國(guó)中西部城市地區(qū)AMI住院患者早期β受體阻滯劑的使用率無(wú)明顯提高,仍有改善空間。如何優(yōu)化β受體阻滯劑在AMI患者中的應(yīng)用,縮小臨床實(shí)踐與循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)和指南推薦之間的差距,改善患者預(yù)后,仍是一項(xiàng)巨大挑戰(zhàn)。
志謝
感謝中國(guó)牛津國(guó)際醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心研究團(tuán)隊(duì)和美國(guó)Yale-New Haven Hospital Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation在研究設(shè)計(jì)方面的合作貢獻(xiàn)。感謝皮軼、劉佳敏、烏漢、杜雪、關(guān)文池、鄭昕、郭遠(yuǎn)林、楊陽(yáng)、孫穎、王思銘、李麗等參與數(shù)據(jù)采集。感謝Harlan M Krumholz,F(xiàn)rederick A Masoudi,John A Spertus,Yongfei Wang,Xiao Xu,Nihar R Desai,Joseph S Ross,Khurram Nasir,Zhenqiu Lin,Shuxia Li,Haiqun Lin等對(duì)于研究數(shù)據(jù)分析提出的寶貴建議。
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(收稿日期:2017-06-13 本文編輯:程 銘)endprint