上海市高考英語(yǔ)新題型介紹

許曉玲+王菊蓉

【編者按】浙江省和上海市是新高考綜合改革試點(diǎn)省市。本期我們特意邀約了上海市行知中學(xué)的兩位老師給大家介紹上海市高考英語(yǔ)新題型，并附上了學(xué)生習(xí)作點(diǎn)評(píng)?！八街梢怨ビ瘛?，希望能讓廣大高中教師和學(xué)生對(duì)上海市的英語(yǔ)高考改革有一個(gè)初步了解，從中得到些教學(xué)啟示。

一 題型介紹

從2017年1月春考開(kāi)始，上海市英語(yǔ)高考試卷的題型就做出了許多調(diào)整，其中之一便是筆試部分增加了概要寫(xiě)作（Summary Writing）（10分），從而使英語(yǔ)高考的寫(xiě)作數(shù)量從原來(lái)的一篇增加為兩篇。

在分析這一新題型前，不妨讓我們來(lái)回顧一下上海市英語(yǔ)高考卷部分題型的變化： 2005年閱讀部分增加了一篇選擇題形式的快速閱讀題（配對(duì)題）（4題，共8分），它要求學(xué)生快速閱讀文章并選出符合段落主旨的選項(xiàng)。2010年閱讀部分出現(xiàn)了一篇以填空題形式的回答問(wèn)題（4題，共8分），其中有4分是考查對(duì)文章信息點(diǎn)的歸納和總結(jié)，雖然有字?jǐn)?shù)限制，但這個(gè)信息點(diǎn)一般不涉及對(duì)文章的整體理解，只考查文章的部分內(nèi)容。而2017年概要寫(xiě)作這一新題型，不僅分值增加了，而且要求考生必須用自己的話(huà)在概括每一段的段落大意基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)整篇文章進(jìn)行概括。應(yīng)該說(shuō)，概要寫(xiě)作來(lái)源于之前這兩大老題型，但對(duì)考生的能力要求上又遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于它們。

目前概要寫(xiě)作所給定的語(yǔ)篇一般在300詞左右， 內(nèi)容豐富多樣， 包含故事、時(shí)政、科普等，體裁基本上為記敘文、說(shuō)明文和議論文，字?jǐn)?shù)要求在60詞以?xún)?nèi)。它主要考查考生以下的能力目標(biāo)：能理解作者的寫(xiě)作意圖；能理解句子、段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系；能用自己的語(yǔ)言概括所讀材料的主旨大意?？偠灾菍?duì)學(xué)生閱讀和寫(xiě)作綜合能力的考查。

二 概要寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

概要寫(xiě)作采用分析評(píng)分法，從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言?xún)蓚€(gè)維度進(jìn)行評(píng)分。

1. 本題總分為10分，其中內(nèi)容5分，語(yǔ)言5分。

2. 評(píng)分時(shí)應(yīng)注意的主要方面：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、信息呈現(xiàn)的連貫性和準(zhǔn)確性。

3. 詞數(shù)超過(guò)60，酌情扣分。

[檔次 內(nèi)容 語(yǔ)言 A 5 5 B 4 4 C 3 3 D 2 2 E 1 1 F 0 0 ]

各檔次給分要求：

1. 內(nèi)容部分：

A. 能準(zhǔn)確、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵蓋主要信息。

B. 能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏個(gè)別主要信息。

C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏部分主要信息。

D. 未能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，遺漏較多主要信息或留有過(guò)多細(xì)節(jié)信息。

E. 幾乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意義的相關(guān)信息。

F. 完全未作答或作答與本題無(wú)關(guān)。

2. 語(yǔ)言部分：

A. 能用自己的語(yǔ)言連貫、正確地表述。

B. 能用自己的語(yǔ)言較連貫、正確地表述，但有個(gè)別語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。

C. 基本能用自己的語(yǔ)言連貫、正確地表述，但連貫性較差，且有少量不影響表意的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。

D. 基本能用自己的語(yǔ)言表述，但連貫性較差，且嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤較多。

E. 幾乎不能用自己的語(yǔ)言連貫、正確地表述。

F. 完全未作答或作答與本題無(wú)關(guān)。

三 樣題和樣文

1. 樣題：Summary Writing （10%）

Directions： Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

I read what you wrote about “the good old days” with interest. Despite making some sensible points， to my mind your argument is wildly oversimplified in saying that the old days were better. All too often nowadays， we hear these black-and-white opinions about “globalization”. In my opinion， its a grey area and there are important benefits as well as some inevitable downsides as we move away from the good old days.

I feel that thriving cultures are not fixed and many of the best things come from cultures mixing. For example， many British people didnt take to the very spicy food introduced by Indian people. As a result， Indian food in Britain is not the same as an authentic curry from India， but for some， its even better. I took part in some market research recently and found out that even branded goods are often changed to suit local tastes. Did you know， for example， that McDonalds sell beer in France， lamb in India， and chili in Mexico？endprint

I found it hard to take in what you said about language. Did you really mean that English is “taking over the world”， as you put it？ I dont think so！ I agree that huge numbers of people now speak English. At the start of the 21st Century， about one and a half billion （1，500，000，000） people spoke English. That includes about 400 million speaking English as their first language and the rest speaking it as a second or third language. However， in many cases， a new type of English has been created. A kind of “global English” has taken off across the world. I think this is good in that it facilitates communication in an ever-shrinking， ever-more commercial world. People certainly dont want a single world language， but a new common “l(fā)ingua franca”—global language—has major advantages for global business， scientific research and tourism.

Some people—like you—may be saddened by the passing of the “old days”，but it seems to me that most people are welcoming the mixing of cultures and the new things that are being created all the time. （353 words）

2. 參考樣文：

The passage is meant to argue against the opinion that globalization does no good. Instead， the author thinks it has great advantages despite some disadvantages. On one hand， cultures mixing， resulting from globalization， will improve thins a lot. On the other hand， a “global English” brings convenience in almost every aspect. Thats why a majority of people embrace globalization. （59 words）

四 學(xué)生習(xí)作和點(diǎn)評(píng)

[學(xué)生習(xí)作1]

The author think mixed culture is better than simple cultures. Food in England is better than it in India. New things can be created by culture mixing. （27words）

點(diǎn)評(píng)1

建議給1.5分。首先，這篇概要內(nèi)容不完整，幾點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵信息都被遺漏?？梢钥闯鲈搶W(xué)生語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)很薄弱，文章意思沒(méi)看懂，理不清文章的思路和結(jié)構(gòu)。其次，這篇文章的語(yǔ)言很糟糕，都是簡(jiǎn)單句，且還有基本的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯表達(dá)也很有限，更談不上用自己的話(huà)傳達(dá)意義了。第一句他可能想表達(dá)的是“The author thinks mixing cultures are better than single culture/traditional culture”，可惜出現(xiàn)了“The author think”主謂沒(méi)有一致，和“mixed culture”（應(yīng)為mixing cultures）這樣的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤；想表達(dá)單一文化“single culture”，但又無(wú)法用精準(zhǔn)的詞來(lái)表達(dá)，只好寫(xiě)成了“simple cultures”。第二句是文章中所給的例子，在概要寫(xiě)作中是不需要的。第三句“New things can be created by culture mixing.”和原文表達(dá)的意思有出入，原文的意思是多元文化的融合使得許多事物的最好一面得以呈現(xiàn)，應(yīng)改為：“Culture mixing brings about the best sides of things.”此外，原文第三、四段的內(nèi)容在摘要中只字未提。

[學(xué)生習(xí)作2]

We get benefits from the good old days. The culture are fixed and it is more interesting. More people speak English. So a new English was created. So we want a global language. We are welcome the new thing and mixing culture. （42 words）endprint

點(diǎn)評(píng)2

建議給3分。這篇概要未能準(zhǔn)確概括文章的主旨大意，也遺漏了主要信息。語(yǔ)言上看似流暢，但出現(xiàn)了許多語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤和表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤，如“The culture are fixed”，主謂沒(méi)有一致，且原文中的mix（混合） 竟然被看成了“fix”（固定；修理）；“More people speak English. So a new English was created.”這句中的“So”應(yīng)為小寫(xiě)，且前面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)應(yīng)改為逗號(hào)；時(shí)態(tài)有誤，“was”應(yīng)改為“has been”。三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句“More people speak English. So a new English was created. So we want a global language.”所表達(dá)的邏輯關(guān)系也比較混亂，建議改為：“More and more people speak English， thus a global language has come into being.”最后一句“We are welcome the new thing and mixing culture.”中的 “welcome”（adj.）用法錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)為動(dòng)詞；“the new thing”和“culture”應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)“new things”和“cultures”。

[學(xué)生習(xí)作3]

The passage is meant to argue that globalization has more shortcomings than benefits. However， the writer has the opposite opinion. He thinks that the cultures mixing resulted from globalization brings about many good things. On the other hand， the global language， English has advantages in global business， scientific research and tourism. （51 words）

點(diǎn)評(píng)3

建議給6分。本概述能基本涵蓋全文的兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)：①全球化的好處；②通用語(yǔ)言——英語(yǔ)帶來(lái)各方面的便捷。可惜未對(duì)原文尾段進(jìn)行提煉概括。第一句對(duì)全文的理解與提煉出現(xiàn)表達(dá)上的錯(cuò)誤，與下文的兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)內(nèi)容相矛盾?？梢杂袃蓚€(gè)修改方案：①在第一句中“argue”后加入“against the opinion”；②把第一句中的“shortcomings”和“benefits”兩個(gè)名詞互換位置。但不管哪一種改法，第二句“However， the writer has the opposite opinion.”都顯得多余（redundancy）。此外，本概述還存在一些語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤：“resulted from”應(yīng)改為“resulting from”。修改后的概要如下：

The passage is meant to argue against the opinion that globalization has more shortcomings than benefits. The writer thinks that mixing cultures resulting from globalization brings about many good things. On the other hand， the global language， English， has advantages in global business， scientific research and tourism. However， most people give a warm hug to globalization. （56 words）

[學(xué)生習(xí)作4]

The passage argues against the opinion that the days before globalization is better， and points out two advantages of globalization. First， many things， such as traditional food， have been improved during the mix of cultures. Second， English has facilitated the communication between countries in all aspects instead of taking over the world. （52 words）

點(diǎn)評(píng)4

建議給7.5分。跟上面那篇概要習(xí)作一樣，本概述能基本涵蓋全文要點(diǎn)：①全球化的好處；②通用語(yǔ)言——英語(yǔ)帶來(lái)各方面的便捷。可惜同樣未對(duì)原文尾段進(jìn)行提煉概括。出現(xiàn)一些語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤或語(yǔ)言問(wèn)題：①“The passage argues against the opinion that the days before globalization is better”中的“is”改為“was”；②“during the mix of cultures”表達(dá)不精確，應(yīng)改為“due to/because of cultures mixing”則更好；③本概述若用“promoted”和“dominating”取代原文中的“facilitated”和“taking over”，則可實(shí)現(xiàn)“用自己的語(yǔ)言，正確表述原文中相關(guān)內(nèi)容”（參考上海市英語(yǔ)高考閱卷概要寫(xiě)作部分的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）之目的。可見(jiàn)，學(xué)生有一定的詞匯量并能靈活運(yùn)用是多么重要， 因此教師在平時(shí)教學(xué)中尤其要關(guān)注學(xué)生對(duì)近義詞的積累。修改后的概要如下：endprint

The passage argues against the opinion that the days before globalization was better， and points out two advantages of globalization. First， many things， such as traditional food， have been improved due to/because of cultures mixing. Second， English has promoted the communication between countries in all aspects instead of dominating the world as some people think. （52 words）

[學(xué)生習(xí)作5]

In the authors opinion， the advantages of globalization outweigh its disadvantages. Firstly， the cultures mixing has brought us many upsides. Secondly， although many people speak English， it is more than just a world language. Actually， the “global English” benefits business and promotes communication. In brief， although some mourn the passing of the good old days， most are open to globalization. （60 words）

點(diǎn)評(píng)5

建議給9分。本概述理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全文要點(diǎn)：①全球化利大于弊；②多元文化的融合帶來(lái)許多好處；③新環(huán)境下的英語(yǔ)帶來(lái)各方面的便捷。此外，本概述還用自己的話(huà)對(duì)結(jié)尾段進(jìn)行了提煉。語(yǔ)言表達(dá)自然流暢，基本沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上的錯(cuò)誤，并且在語(yǔ)言上有幾個(gè)亮點(diǎn)：用詞精準(zhǔn)，能夠用自己的語(yǔ)言去取代原文中相對(duì)應(yīng)的詞或詞組，如：“more than just a world language”“mourn the passing of ...”等；用“promote”和“are open to”分別取代了原文中的“facilitate”和“welcome”。本概述的不足之處：“The ‘global Englishbenefits business and promotes communication.”這句，若能改為“The “global English” benefits us in almost every aspects.”則更佳。修改后的概要如下：

In the authors opinion， the advantages of globalization outweigh its disadvantages. Firstly， cultures mixing has brought us many upsides. Secondly， although many people speak English， it is more than just a world language. Actually， the “global English” benefits us in almost every aspect. In brief， although some mourn the passing of the good old days， most are open to globalization. （60 words）endprint