羅平,林鴻生,方健輝,張文,蔡超辰
組織特征超聲成像技術(shù)量化健康跟腱和髕韌帶組織的信度研究①
羅平1,林鴻生2,方健輝3,張文3,蔡超辰4
目的 研究使用組織特征超聲成像技術(shù)量化健康跟腱和髕韌帶組織的信度。方法 2016年8月至2017年4月,測試者A和測試者B分別使用組織特征超聲成像技術(shù)量化評估43例受試者優(yōu)勢腿的健康跟腱和髕韌帶組織。測試者B使用同樣的方法測試另外22名受試者優(yōu)勢腿的健康髕韌帶組織,第二天重復(fù)測試。量化跟腱和髕韌帶組織,計算組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)(ICC)和最小可檢測變化值(MDD)。結(jié)果 不同測試者量化評估跟腱時ICC 0.492~0.735,MDD 0.3%~3.0%。不同測試者量化評估髕韌帶時ICC 0.383~0.678,MDD 0.3%~4.4%。量化評估髕韌帶時重測信度ICC 0.525~0.760,MDD 0.6%~5.3%。結(jié)論 組織特征超聲成像技術(shù)量化健康跟腱和髕韌帶組織的測試者間信度有待提高,重測信度優(yōu)良,測量誤差小。
組織特征超聲;跟腱;髕韌帶;信度
肌腱病是一種在運(yùn)動和代謝性疾病中常見的主要醫(yī)學(xué)問題,表現(xiàn)為局部敏感、疼痛和腫脹,導(dǎo)致肌腱局部和肌腱所在功能鏈的功能下降,可能是局部負(fù)荷過度所導(dǎo)致[1]。肌腱病中最常見的是跟腱炎和髕韌帶炎。盡管跟腱炎和髕韌帶炎發(fā)生率非常高,但是其確切的發(fā)病機(jī)理和有效的治療方法目前仍然沒有定論。許多研究表明,影像技術(shù)所呈現(xiàn)的肌腱病理優(yōu)于臨床癥狀發(fā)展的呈現(xiàn)[2]。因此,尋找一種量化肌腱組織的方法,從而探查跟腱炎和髕韌帶炎組織的早期變化[3],對于監(jiān)測、治療肌腱病非常有意義。
組織特征超聲(ultrasound tissue characterization,UTC)是一種新穎的成像技術(shù),能夠通過傳統(tǒng)B型超聲顯示跟腱和髕韌帶的三維立體影像。UTC成像技術(shù)最早用于評估歐美國家賽馬跟腱組織完整性,量化其組織[4]。肌腱病的高發(fā)生率可能與肌腱完整性的改變有關(guān)。目前,UTC成像技術(shù)用于歐美國家運(yùn)動愛好者和代謝性疾病患者等的跟腱和髕韌帶的研究,但在亞洲其研究目前仍是空白,且使用此技術(shù)對于量化評估肌腱組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整性的測試者間信度(inter-tester reliability,Inter-R)和重測信度(intra-tester reliability,Intra-R)目前不清晰。
本研究觀察UTC成像技術(shù)量化評估健康跟腱和髕韌帶組織完整性的Inter-R和Intra-R,以及其最小可檢測變化值(minimal detectable difference,MDD)。
1.1 一般資料
2016年8月至2017年4月,在廣東省體育醫(yī)院募集受試者65例,其中男性39例,女性26例;年齡22~65歲。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):未患過急慢性肌腱炎,未曾接受肌腱手術(shù),未服用過會影響肌腱的任何藥物,無其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)等疾病。
所有受試者均簽署知情同意書。按照世界衛(wèi)生組織年齡劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將受試者分為兩組。青年組(18~40歲,n=47),年齡22~33歲,平均25歲;平均身高168 cm,平均體質(zhì)量62 kg。中年組(41~65歲,n=18),年齡41~65歲,平均49歲;平均身高161 cm,平均體質(zhì)量59 kg。
1.2 方法
UTC(UM002-imaging,2014,The Netherlands)成像技術(shù)量化肌腱(目前只有兩個探頭分別用于量化評估跟腱和髕韌帶),使用相關(guān)報道所描述的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流程[4-6]。測試跟腱時,受試者俯臥于檢查床上,兩足懸空;測試髕韌帶時,受試者仰臥于檢查床上。踝關(guān)節(jié)和膝關(guān)節(jié)分別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化地背屈和屈曲,然后輕度牽拉(圖1~圖2)。偶合劑均勻地涂抹于皮膚、固定支架和傳感器上,高分辨率線性排列的傳感器(Smartprobe 10L5,Terason 2000,Teratech,USA)垂直于跟腱和髕韌帶的長軸,掃描長度超過肌腱的長度。有三個特征顯示為好的掃描結(jié)果:①在橫斷面影像中,肌腱處于中間并旋轉(zhuǎn)得當(dāng)(圖3);②在矢狀面影像中,肌腱清晰并且平行排列(圖4);③在冠狀面影像中,肌腱處于筆直狀態(tài)(圖5)。專設(shè)的配套軟件用于收集數(shù)據(jù)和分析數(shù)據(jù)。
UTC技術(shù)對三維立體肌腱的連續(xù)信號分出四種不同的超聲類型:Ⅰ型(高穩(wěn)定型),由完整的排列成一直線的纖維束構(gòu)成;Ⅱ型(中穩(wěn)定型),由少量和/或多數(shù)波浪形纖維束構(gòu)成;Ⅲ型(高變化型),由纖維基質(zhì)構(gòu)成;Ⅳ型(不斷地低強(qiáng)度和變化性分布型),由細(xì)胞基質(zhì)和/或流動的液體構(gòu)成。計算這四種超聲類型各自的比例,對肌腱進(jìn)行量化,從而反映肌腱的正常結(jié)構(gòu)和/或病理狀態(tài)[7]。
測試者A和測試者B分別經(jīng)過UTC成像技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)收集和數(shù)據(jù)分析的專項培訓(xùn)3個月后,按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流程使用UTC成像技術(shù)量化評估43名(青年組25名,中年組18名)受試者優(yōu)勢腿的跟腱和髕韌帶組織。測試者B使用同樣方法量化評估22名沒有患過急慢性肌腱炎的年輕受試者優(yōu)勢腿的髕韌帶組織,在隨后的一天再次測試。所有測試均為各測試兩次,取均值。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 23.0對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。計算組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)及其95%置信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI)。ICC(2,2)(雙向隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,絕對一致)用于計算Inter-R,ICC(3,1)(雙向混合效應(yīng)模型,一致性)用于計算Intra-R[8]。ICC〈0.40 認(rèn)為信度差,0.40~0.75 認(rèn)為信度良,ICC〉0.75認(rèn)為信度優(yōu)[5,9]。基于信度系數(shù)(reliability coefficients),計算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(the standard error of measurement,SEM,SEM=SD×1-ICC)和最小可檢測變化值(theminimaldetectabledifference,MDD,MDD=1.96×SEM×2)。
測試者A和測試者B使用UTC技術(shù)量化評估跟腱,ICC 0.492~0.735,MDD 0.3%~3.0%。見表1。
測試者A和測試者B使用UTC技術(shù)量化評估髕韌帶,ICC 0.383~0.678,MDD 0.3%~4.4%。見表2。
測試者B使用UTC技術(shù)兩次量化評估髕韌帶,ICC 0.525~0.760,MDD 0.6%~5.3%。見表3。
圖1 跟腱掃描
圖2 髕韌帶掃描
圖3 跟腱橫斷面影像
圖4 跟腱矢狀面影像
圖5 跟腱冠狀面影像
表1 優(yōu)勢腿跟腱測試Inter-R
表2 優(yōu)勢腿髕韌帶測試Inter-R
表3 優(yōu)勢腿髕韌帶測試Intra-R
在歐美一些發(fā)達(dá)國家,UTC成像技術(shù)是量化評估肌腱組織結(jié)構(gòu)的一種可靠和有效的手段[5],最早用于對賽馬跟腱的評估[4],目前用于對人肌腱的評估。因其能對肌腱進(jìn)行量化并有別于其他超聲只能定性而不能定量[10]的特點(diǎn)而受到重視,成為醫(yī)學(xué)界關(guān)注的評估技術(shù)熱點(diǎn)之一,在肌腱病的臨床治療和科學(xué)研究中逐漸凸顯出其獨(dú)特的應(yīng)用價值。
目前UTC技術(shù)在運(yùn)動醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域主要用于對正常肌腱和病態(tài)肌腱的組織結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行量化,從而對兩者進(jìn)行分辨[5,11];對慢性肌腱病的監(jiān)測[12-13];對肌腱病治療前后的評價[14-15]以及監(jiān)測運(yùn)動量對運(yùn)動員肌腱的影響[6-7,16-18]等。許多研究表明,代謝性疾病與肌腱結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系非常密切[19-22]。在歐美發(fā)達(dá)國家目前使用UTC成像技術(shù)檢測和監(jiān)測代謝性疾病患者肌腱的研究較少[17,23],此項技術(shù)還用于脂肪肝和心血管系統(tǒng)疾病等的監(jiān)測研究[24-27]。然而,UTC成像技術(shù)在亞洲目前還沒有被使用,量化評估健康跟腱和髕韌帶組織結(jié)構(gòu)的Inter-R和Intra-R以及其MDD目前不知。
UTC成像技術(shù)使用傳統(tǒng)的B型超聲技術(shù),通過收集到的穩(wěn)定連續(xù)的肌腱橫截面超聲影像,還原成肌腱的三維圖像,用以量化肌腱組織結(jié)構(gòu)。UTC成像技術(shù)所提示的與肌腱結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)的超聲影像,直接由肌腱中的膠原束和橫截面中大量的連續(xù)穩(wěn)定信號所決定。van Schie等使用UTC成像技術(shù)量化評估26例跟腱病和26例無跟腱病受試者的跟腱,計算跟腱Ⅰ型+Ⅱ型的百分比,從而得出Inter-R和Intra-R為優(yōu)(ICC〉0.95)[5],認(rèn)為UTC成像技術(shù)是量化評估肌腱的可靠方法[28]。
本研究中不同測試者分別量化評估健康跟腱和髕韌帶,分別計算跟腱和髕韌帶的Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型各自的百分比,得出Inter-R跟腱為良,測量誤差??;Inter-R髕韌帶為介于差和良之間,測量誤差小,但較量化評估跟腱時大。Intra-R髕韌帶介于良和優(yōu)之間,測量誤差小。本研究所得的Inter-R跟腱較國外一些研究報道為低,可能與操作者使用UTC成像技術(shù)的熟練程度、注意事項的把握程度、所選的測試區(qū)域不同和不同種族之間跟腱解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)微差別等有關(guān)。目前一些國外研究報道中,未見有相關(guān)的Inter-R髕韌帶、Intra-R髕韌帶和MDD的報道。
導(dǎo)致Intra-R較Inter-R好的原因推測如下。第一,雖然測試者A和測試者B經(jīng)過3個月的專項培訓(xùn),但在測試時不同測試者在使用傳感器時向下的壓力、傾斜的角度等都有細(xì)微的差別。第二,不同測試者對跟腱和髕韌帶的立體三維解剖認(rèn)識有差別,導(dǎo)致在跟腱和髕韌帶上所做的標(biāo)記點(diǎn)只是相近,而不是完全相同。第三,雖然不同測試者使用同樣的分析數(shù)據(jù)軟件,但所選的肌腱感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI)只是相近而不是完全相同。而測試跟腱時的Inter-R較測試髕韌帶時的Inter-R好,可能由于傳感器垂直于髕韌帶較垂直于跟腱更難所導(dǎo)致。
本研究建立使用UTC成像技術(shù)量化評估健康跟腱和髕韌帶組織完整性的MDD,測量誤差都較小,表明本研究對肌腱的Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型各自占測試所選用的肌腱ROI的百分比取兩次測試的平均值,是可取和準(zhǔn)確的,同時表明UTC成像技術(shù)是一種量化評估肌腱的準(zhǔn)確可行的方法。測試者需在量化評估不同肌腱時,考慮傳感器向下的壓力、傾斜的角度,受試者放松程度、所選的肌腱ROI和被測試肌腱相鄰關(guān)節(jié)角度等相關(guān)因素,并對此因素進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。但如何標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化還需進(jìn)一步的研究。
本文的受試者都為健康而無急慢性肌腱病,且受試者的數(shù)量較少,沒有進(jìn)行跟腱Intra-R研究和中年組的Intra-R研究,是本文的局限所在。
綜上所述,本研究建立組織特征超聲成像技術(shù)量化健康跟腱和髕韌帶組織方法中,Intra-R優(yōu)良,測量誤差小,但I(xiàn)nter-R有待進(jìn)一步提高。
[1]Scott A,Docking S,Vicenzino B,et al.Sports and exercise-related tendinopathies:a review of selected topical issues by participants of the second International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium(ISTS)Vancouver[J].Br J Sports Med,2013,47(9):536-544.
[2]Giombini A,Dragoni S,Di Cesare A,et al.Asymptomatic Achilles,patellar,and quadriceps tendinopathy:a longitudinal clinical and ultrasonographic study in elite fencers[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports,2013,23(3):311-316.
[3]Bashford GR,Tomsen N,Arya S,et al.Tendinopathy discrimination by use of spatial frequency parameters in ultrasound B-mode images[J].IEEE Trans Med Imaging,2008,27(5):608-615.
[4]van Schie HT,Bakker EM,Jonker AM,et al.Computerized ultrasonographic tissue characterization of equine superficial digital flexor tendons by means of stability quantification of echo patterns in contiguous transverse ultrasonographic images[J].Am J Vet Res,2003,64(3):366-375.
[5]van Schie HTM,de Vos RJ,de Jonge S,et al.Ultrasonographic tissue characterisation of human Achilles tendons:quantification of tendon structure through a novel non-invasive approach[J].Br J Sports Med,2010,44(16):1153-1159.
[6]Docking SI,Daffy J,van Schie HT,et al.Tendon structure changes after maximal exercise in the Thoroughbred horse:use of ultrasound tissue characterisation to detect in vivo tendon response[J].Vet J,2012,194(3):338-342.
[7]Rosengarten SD,Cook JL,Bryant AL,et al.Australian football players'Achilles tendons respond to game loads within 2 days:an ultrasound tissue characterisation(UTC)study[J].Br J Sports Med,2015,49(3):183-187.
[8]Leong HT,Ng GY,Leung VY,et al.Quantitative estimation of muscle shear elastic modulus of the upper trapezius with supersonic shear imaging during arm positioning[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e67199.
[9]Fleiss JL.Design and Analysis of Clinical Experiments[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,2011.
[10]Bleakney RR,White LM.Imaging of the Achilles tendon[J].FootAnkle Clin,2005,10(2):239-254.
[11]Docking SI,Cook J.Pathological tendons maintain sufficient aligned fibrillar structure on ultrasound tissue characterization(UTC)[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports,2016,26(6):675-683.
[12]Docking SI,Rosengarten SD,Daffy J,et al.Structural integrity is decreased in both Achilles tendons in people with unilateral Achilles tendinopathy[J].J Sci Med Sport,2015,18(4):383-387.
[13]Andersson G,Forsgren S,Scott A,et al.Tenocyte hypercellularity and vascular proliferation in a rabbit model of tendinopathy:contralateral effects suggest the involvement of central neuronal mechanisms[J].Br J Sports Med,2011,45(5):399-406.
[14]de Jonge S,de Vos RJ,Weir A,et al.One-year follow-up of platelet-rich plasma treatment in chronic Achilles tendinopathy:a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial[J].Am J Sports Med,2011,39(8):1623-1629.
[15]de Vos RJ,Heijboer MP,Weinans H,et al.Tendon structure's lack of relation to clinical outcome after eccentric exercises in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy[J].J Sport Rehabil,2012,21(1):34-43.
[16]Ark M,Docking SI,Akker-Scheek I,et al.Does the adolescent patellar tendon respond to 5 days of cumulative load during a volleyball tournament?[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports,2016,26(2):189-196.
[17]Wong AMY,Docking SI,Cook JL,et al.Does type 1 diabetes mellitus affect Achilles tendon response to a 10 km run?A case control study[J].BMC Musculoskelet Disord,2015,16(1):345.
[18]Docking SI,Rosengarten SD,Cook J.Achilles tendon structure improves on UTC imaging over a 5-month pre-season in elite Australian football players[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports,2016,26(5):557-563.
[19]Oliva F,Piccirilli E,Berardi AC,et al.Hormones and tendinopathies:the current evidence[J].Br Med Bull,2016,117(1):39-58.
[20]Abate M,Schiavone C,Salini V,et al.Occurrence of tendon pathologies in metabolic disorders[J].Rheumatology(Oxford England),2013,52(4):599-608.
[21]Ranger TA,Wong AMY,Cook JL,et al.Is there an association between tendinopathy and diabetes mellitus?A systematic review with meta-analysis[J].Br J Sports Med,2016,50(16):982-989.
[22]Abate M,Salini V,Schiavone C.Achilles tendinopathy in elderly subjects with type II diabetes:the role of sport activities[J].Aging Clin Exp Res,2016,28(2):355-358.
[23]De Jonge S,Rozenberg R,Vieyra B,et al.Achilles tendons in people with type 2 diabetes show mildly compromised structure:an ultrasound tissue characterisation study[J].Br J Sports Med,2015,49(15):995-999.
[24]Giglio V,Pasceri V,Messano L,et al.Ultrasound tissue characterization detectspreclinical myocardial structural changes inchildren affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,42(2):309-316.
[25]Di Bello V,Santini F,Di Cori A,et al.Obesity cardiomyopathy:is it a reality?An ultrasonic tissue characterization study[J].JAm Soc Echocardiogr,2006,19(8):1063-1071.
[26]Guimond A,Teletin M,Garo E,et al.Quantitative ultrasonic tissue characterization as a new tool for continuous monitoring of chronic liver remodelling in mice[J].Liver Int,2007,27(6):854-864.
[27]Acharya UR,Faust O,Molinari F,et al.Ultrasound-based tissue characterization and classification of fatty liver disease:A screening and diagnostic paradigm[J].Knowl Based Syst,2015,75:66-77.
[28]van Schie HT,Bakker EM,Jonker AM,et al.Ultrasonographic tissue characterization of equine superficial digital flexor tendons by means of gray level statistics[J].Am J Vet Res,2000,61(2):210-219.
Reliability of Ultrasound Tissue Characterization for Quantifing Integrity of Achilles Tendon and Patellar Tendon in People without Tendinopathy
LUO Ping1,LIN Hong-sheng2,FANG Jian-hui3,ZHANG Wen3,CAI Chao-chen4
1.Department of Sports Health Care,Guangdong Vocational Institute of Sport,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510663,China;2.Department of Clinic,Special Operation Academy,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510500,China;3.Guangdong Sports Hospital,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510100,China;4.Department of Rehabilitation Sciences,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong Kong 999077,China
Objective To investigate the reliability of ultrasound tissue characterization(UTC)for quantifing the integrity of achilles tendon and patellar tendon in subjects without tendinopathy.Methods From August,2016 to April,2017,testers A and B quantified integrity of achilles tendon and patellar tendon of dominant legs from 43 subjects without tendinopathy by UTC in random order respectively.Tester B quantified integrity of patellar tendon of dominant legs from other 22 subjects without tendinopathy by the same way,and repeated the measurements the next day.Interclass correlation coefficient(ICC)and the minimum detectable different(MDD)were calculated.Results The ICC of inter-rater reliability of achilles tendon assessment was 0.492 to 0.735,MDD was 0.3%to 3.0%.The ICC of inter-rater reliability of patellar tendon assessment was 0.383 to 0.678,MDD was 0.3%to 4.4%.The ICC of intra-rater reliability of patellar tendon assessment was 0.525~0.760,MDD was 0.6%to 5.3%.Conclusion The test-retest reliability of UTC for the quantification of integrity structure of achilles tendon and patellar tendon is satisfactory with little error,the inter-rater reliability need to be improved.
which is a accurate and feasible tool to quantify tendon by the same tester.
ultrasound tissue characterization;achilles tendon;patellar tendon;reliability
LUO Ping.E-mail:cptlp@163.com
R322.7
A
1006-9771(2017)10-1166-05
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2017.10.009
[本文著錄格式] 羅平,林鴻生,方健輝,等.組織特征超聲成像技術(shù)量化健康跟腱和髕韌帶組織的信度研究[J].中國康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2017,23(10):1166-1170.
CITED AS:Luo P,Lin HS,Fang JH,et al.Reliability of ultrasound tissue characterization for quantifing integrity of achilles tendon and patellar tendon in people without tendinopathy[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2017,23(10):1166-1170.
廣東省體育局2016-2017年科研項目(No.GDSS2016178)。
1.廣東體育職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院體育保健系,廣東廣州市510663;2.特種作戰(zhàn)學(xué)院門診部,廣東廣州市510500;3.廣東省體育醫(yī)院,廣東廣州市510100;4.香港理工大學(xué)康復(fù)治療科學(xué)系,香港999077。作者簡介:羅平(1979-),女,漢族,浙江臺州市人,碩士研究生,副教授、醫(yī)師,主要研究方向:運(yùn)動醫(yī)學(xué)。E-mail:cptlp@163.com。
2017-05-10
2017-08-01)