李晨光闕嘉麗劉可嘉王浩月余劍
·論 著·
Netrin-1對(duì)大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)性腦梗死后同側(cè)丘腦血腦屏障保護(hù)作用☆
李晨光*闕嘉麗*劉可嘉*王浩月*余劍*
目的 觀察腦梗死后同側(cè)丘腦是否出現(xiàn)血腦屏障破壞,Netrin-1對(duì)血腦屏障破壞是否具有保護(hù)作用及其能否促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)。方法 Sprague-Dawley大鼠36只,建立右側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型,假手術(shù)(sham)組僅暴露右側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈,分為sham組、MCAO+PBS組及MCAO+ netrin-1組,每組6只。通過(guò)改良大鼠神經(jīng)功能缺損評(píng)分(modified neurological severity scores,mNSS)評(píng)價(jià)神經(jīng)功能,造模后第8天及第14天取材,HE染色觀察梗死灶,免疫熒光檢測(cè)occludin及albumin表達(dá)與分布,Western blot檢測(cè)occludin及ZO-1表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 mNSS評(píng)分見(jiàn)予以Netrin-1后于梗死后第8天及第14天評(píng)分降低(P<0.05)。HE染色見(jiàn)右側(cè)皮層梗死灶。Western blot見(jiàn)梗死后第8天開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)occludin減少(P<0.05),第14天occludin及ZO-1均明顯減少(P<0.05),免疫熒光見(jiàn)梗死后第8天及第14天occludin減少伴albumin血管外滲出;予以Netrin-1后,western blot及免疫熒光見(jiàn)梗死后第14天occludin增多(P<0.05),伴albumin滲出增多,ZO-1無(wú)明顯變化。結(jié)論 Netrin-1對(duì)大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)性腦梗死后同側(cè)丘腦血腦屏障破壞具有保護(hù)作用,并可促進(jìn)梗死后神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)。
腦梗死 Netrin-1血腦屏障 丘腦
腦梗死后,除原發(fā)梗死灶外,同側(cè)丘腦亦會(huì)發(fā)生血腦屏障的破壞[1],其與腦梗死后遠(yuǎn)隔部位繼發(fā)性損傷密切相關(guān),后者又影響腦梗死后神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù),并與持續(xù)性癡呆相關(guān)[2]。
Netrin-1是層粘連蛋白相關(guān)超家族Netrins家族中研究最廣泛的一種,最早作為軸突導(dǎo)向因子被人們所發(fā)現(xiàn),其在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中起著關(guān)鍵性作用[3-4]。其受體主要有DCC家族(含再生蛋白)、UNC5家族(UNC5H1、UNC5H2、UNC5H3/ RCM及UNC5H4)及整合素家族[3]。近來(lái),有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Netrin-1對(duì)原發(fā)梗死灶的血腦屏障破壞具有保護(hù)作用[5]。本課題組通過(guò)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)也發(fā)現(xiàn),Netrin-1對(duì)大鼠腦微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞在氧糖剝奪下的細(xì)胞活性具有保護(hù)性作用[6]。故我們擬采用動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),通過(guò)建立大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)性腦梗死模型,探究Netrin-1是否對(duì)梗死后同側(cè)丘腦血腦屏障的破壞具有保護(hù)作用。
1.1 動(dòng)物模型制備及給藥 購(gòu)買(mǎi)Sprague-Dawley大鼠(廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)動(dòng)物中心),體重70~90 g,采用雙腎雙夾法建立易卒中性腎性高血壓大鼠模型(stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats,RHRSP)[7]。3個(gè)月后,隨機(jī)選取收縮壓180 mmHg以上,無(wú)自發(fā)性卒中癥狀大鼠36只,分為3組:sham組、MCAO+PBS組及MCAO+Netrin-1組,每組分為造模后第8天及第14天兩個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn),每組每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)6只大鼠。MCAO+PBS組及MCAO+ Netrin-1組建立右側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞模型(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)[8],假手術(shù)(sham)組僅暴露右側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈,而不行電凝。建立MCAO后24 h,MCAO+Netrin-1組給予50 μg/mL Netrin-1(cat.No.1109-N1-025/CF;R&D System, Minneapolis,MN,USA),MCAO+PBS組予以等體積0.01 M PBS。Netrin-1及PBS均利用立體定位儀(坐標(biāo):前囟后0.8 mm,右側(cè)1.4 mm,硬膜下3.6 mm),皮下植入 Alzet微量滲透壓泵(cat.No. 1007D;Durect Corporation,Cupertino,CA,USA),通過(guò)側(cè)腦室持續(xù)泵入7 d[9]。
1.2 腦組織處理 大鼠于MCAO或假手術(shù)后第8天及第14天取材,予10%水合氯醛麻醉后,每組每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)其中3只予以經(jīng)升主動(dòng)脈灌注4%多聚甲醛內(nèi)固定后,開(kāi)顱取出腦組織,浸泡在4%多聚甲醛固定8 h,再依次予以20%及30%蔗糖溶液脫水各24 h后,予OCT包埋,冰凍切片機(jī)切片,片厚10 μm,烘干后放入-40℃冰箱保存?zhèn)溆?。剩?只予冰鹽水經(jīng)升主動(dòng)脈灌注,于冰上切取丘腦部位組織,放入液氮速凍后,放入-80℃冰箱保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.3 改良大鼠神經(jīng)功能缺損評(píng)分 改良大鼠神經(jīng)功能缺損評(píng)分(modified Neurological Severity Score, mNSS)包含運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)、感覺(jué)試驗(yàn)、平衡木試驗(yàn)及反射缺失及異?;顒?dòng)四個(gè)大項(xiàng)組成,每個(gè)大項(xiàng)包含若干小項(xiàng),最低0分,滿分18分,得分越高表示神經(jīng)功能受損越嚴(yán)重[10]。對(duì)測(cè)試者采用盲法,分別于梗死前、梗死后第1天、第8天及第14天4個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)分。
1.4 蘇木精—伊紅染色(hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE染色) 冰凍切片復(fù)溫水化后,予蘇木精染液染色,再予1%鹽酸乙醇分化后,自來(lái)水返藍(lán)。再予伊紅染液染色后,酒精梯度脫水,二甲苯透明后,予封片樹(shù)脂封片。顯微鏡下觀察。
1.5 免疫熒光 冰凍切片復(fù)溫后,予0.01 M PBS水化后,予枸櫞酸高溫修復(fù),再用含Triton X-100的封閉液室溫封閉1 h后,加一抗,為兔源性occludin(1:100,Invitrogen)和小鼠源性albumin(1: 300,Santa Cruz),濕盒中4℃孵育過(guò)夜。再予Alexa Fluor 555共軛的山羊抗兔(1:500,Cell Signaling Technology)及Alexa Fluor 488共軛的山羊抗小鼠(1:500,Cell Signaling Technology)二抗,室溫孵育1 h,最后予封片膠封片,于熒光顯微鏡下觀察。
1.6 Western blot丘腦組織加入RIPA裂解液裂解(裂解前加入PMSF),采用BCA試劑盒測(cè)出蛋白樣品濃度后,稀釋配平。蛋白行SDS-PAGE垂直電泳,每孔上樣量為30 μg,后用濕轉(zhuǎn)移法將樣品轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜。5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉1 h后,予兔源性一抗occludin(1:100,Invitrogen)、ZO-1(1: 100,Invitrogen)及 GAPDH(1:1000,Cell Signaling Technology),4℃孵育過(guò)夜。再予以HRP偶聯(lián)的山羊抗兔二抗,室溫孵育1 h。使用Miuipore發(fā)光劑,于化學(xué)發(fā)光成像系統(tǒng)中顯像。利用Quantity One軟件對(duì)圖像進(jìn)行光密度分析。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 使用SPSS 20對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以(±s)表示。兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組比較采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α= 0.05。
2.1 mNSS Sham、MCAO+PBS、MCAO+Netrin-1三組在梗死前mNSS評(píng)分均為0,Sham組于梗死后第1天、第8天及第14天也均得分為0。MCAO+ PBS及MCAO+Netrin-1組于梗死后第1天mNSS評(píng)分達(dá)最高值,但兩組間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,后逐漸下降。MCAO+Netrin-1組梗死后第8天及第14天mNSS評(píng)分均明顯低于MCAO+PBS組,且有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05)(圖1)。
圖1 Sham/MCAO前及Sham/MCAO后第1、8、14天mNSS評(píng)分。*:MCAO+PBS組與Sham組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);#:MCAO+Netrin-1組與MCAO+PBS組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);+:MCAO+Netrin-1組與sham組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)
2.2 HE染色 HE染色見(jiàn)Sham組腦組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整(圖2 A),MCAO組可見(jiàn)右側(cè)皮層梗死灶,皮層淺染,結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,余部位結(jié)構(gòu)完整(圖2 B)。
圖2 MCAO后第8天HE染色見(jiàn)右側(cè)皮層梗死灶。A:Sham。B:MCAO。標(biāo)尺=2mm
2.3 免疫熒光 梗死后第8天,相比于Sham組,MCAO+PBS組與MCAO+Netrin-1組,occludin大量減少,而組織中Albumin增多(圖3 A-I)。梗死后第14天,上述差異仍然存在,但相比于MCAO+ PBS組,MCAO+Netrin-1組occludin開(kāi)始增多,且組織中albumin減少(圖3 J-R)。
2.4 Western blot梗死后第8天,與Sham組比較,MCAO+PBS組occludin降低(P<0.05),ZO-1升高(P<0.05);與MCAO+PBS組比較,MCAO+ Netrin-1組ZO-1減少(P<0.05),而occludin無(wú)明顯差異。梗死后第14天,與Sham組比較,MCAO+ PBS組occludin與ZO-1均明顯降低(P<0.05);與MCAO+PBS組比較,MCAO+Netrin-1組occludin
增加(P<0.05),而ZO-1無(wú)明顯差異(圖4)。
圖3 Sham/MCAO后第8天及第14天右側(cè)丘腦occludin及albumin的表達(dá)。A~I:梗死后第8天:A~C:Sham;D~F:MCAO+PBS;G~I:MCAO+netrin-1;J~R:梗死后第14天:J~L:Sham;M~O:MCAO+PBS;P~R:MCAO+netrin-1。紅色:occludin,綠色:albumin。標(biāo)尺=50μm
在本研究中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)性腦梗死后,同側(cè)丘腦于梗死后第8天及第14天可發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的血腦屏障的破壞。而予以Netrin-1后,血腦屏障破壞減少,以梗死后14天最明顯,且明顯改善腦梗死后神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。
對(duì)于血腦屏障的評(píng)價(jià),本研究主要針對(duì)最重要的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞緊密連接蛋白o(hù)ccludin及ZO-1,前者是跨內(nèi)皮的細(xì)胞錨定蛋白,而后者存在與胞質(zhì)內(nèi),與錨定蛋白連接,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞間緊密連接[11]。在MCAO后第8天,只出現(xiàn)occludin的減少,而14天才出現(xiàn)occludin與ZO-1同時(shí)減少,這可能由于在反映細(xì)胞緊密連接破壞時(shí),occludin較ZO-1更為敏感[12]。血液中albumin滲出到血腦屏障,其被神經(jīng)元及膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞攝入后產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒性,這被認(rèn)為是腦梗死后遠(yuǎn)隔部位繼發(fā)性損傷的一種可能機(jī)制[13-15]。本研究中于梗死后第8天及第14天可見(jiàn)albumin的血管外滲出。說(shuō)明局灶性腦梗死后同側(cè)丘腦于梗死后第8天及第14天存在血腦屏障的破壞。當(dāng)予以外源性netrin-1后,于梗死后第8天及第14天出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)功能改善,梗死后第14天可觀察到occludin的增多及albumin滲出的減少,故認(rèn)為netrin-1能通過(guò)保護(hù)腦梗死后同側(cè)丘腦血腦屏障,從而改善腦梗死后神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。
研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),ZO-1于梗死后第8天出現(xiàn)了異常升高,予以Netrin-1后也于梗死后第8天出現(xiàn)異常減少,該現(xiàn)象暫無(wú)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告??紤]本實(shí)驗(yàn)所用實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物為高血壓大鼠,血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受長(zhǎng)期高血壓影響,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間緊密連接極性異常[16],考慮可能存在ZO-1調(diào)節(jié)異常。此外,ZO-1是一種胞質(zhì)蛋白,其主要作用是與occludin的胞內(nèi)部分結(jié)合,在空間上阻斷occludin的泛素化位點(diǎn),直接抑制內(nèi)皮再循環(huán),從而穩(wěn)定內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間緊密連接[17]。綜上,我們認(rèn)為,在評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞間緊密連接完整性時(shí),定量分析上occludin較ZO-1更加敏感及可靠,而ZO-1的胞內(nèi)分布可能較其定量分析更為可靠。但上述推論需通過(guò)進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)予以驗(yàn)證。
圖4 Western blot檢測(cè)sham/MCAO后第8天及第14天ZO-1及occludin表達(dá)。A:三組ZO-1、occludin及GAPDH蛋白表達(dá);B:Occludin半定量分析;C:ZO-1半定量分析。*:與Sham組比有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05);#:與MCAO+PBS組比有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異P<0.05
本研究尚未對(duì)netrin-1保護(hù)梗死后遠(yuǎn)隔部位血腦屏障的機(jī)制進(jìn)行深入探究。近年來(lái),有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)netrin-1能減少血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞分泌趨化因子,從而減少炎癥細(xì)胞對(duì)血腦屏障的破壞[5]。此外,許多研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)自噬在病理狀態(tài)下對(duì)血腦屏障具有調(diào)節(jié)作用[18-19],而本課題組已在體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)netrin-1對(duì)于大鼠腦微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的自噬具有調(diào)節(jié)作用,且自噬水平與細(xì)胞活性相關(guān)[6]。因此,炎癥、自噬等病理生理過(guò)程都有可能參與netrin-1對(duì)血腦屏障的調(diào)節(jié)功能,但這尚需進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。
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Netrin-1 Protects Blood-Brain Barrier Function in the Ipsilateral Thalamus following Focal Cerebral In-farction in Hypertensive Rats.
LI Chenguang,QUE Jiali,LIU Kejia,WANG Haoyue,YU Jian.Department of Neurology,The First Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yat-sen University,the National Key Clinical Department,National Key Discipline,Guangdong Provincial Key Discipline,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases,the Southern China International Cooperation Base for Early Intervention and Functional Rehabilitation of Neurological Diseases,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center for Major Neurological Disease Treatment, Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Translational Research Center for Major Neurological Diseases(2014B030301035), Guangzhou 510080,China.Tel:020-87332200.
Objective To observe the disruption of blood-brain barrier in the ipsilateral thalamus following focal cerebral infarction.And to figure out whether netrin-1 can prevent the disruption of blood-brain barrier and promote the nerve function deficient recovery.Methods 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)or sham operation.There are three groups:sham group,MCAO+PBS group and MCAO+netrin-1 group,and there are 6 rats in each group.The nerve function deficient recovery was assessed by modified Neurological Severity Score(mNSS).Rats were decapitated and their brains were removed at 8thand 14thdays post MCAO or sham operation.The territory of infarction was detected by HE staining.The expression and distribution of occludin and albumin were detected by immunofluorescence.And the level of occludin and ZO-1 were detected by western blot.Results The mNSS showed the decrease in the 8thand 14thday after MCAO(P<0.05).The HE staining showed the territory of infarction in the right cerebral cortex.Western blot showed the decrease of occludin in the 8thday after MCAO,and occludin and ZO-1 decreased significantly in the 14thday after MCAO.Immunofluorescence showed the the decrease of occludin in the 14thday after MCAO,with extravasation of albumin.After the administration of netrin-1,both western blot and immunofluorescence showed the increase of occludin in the 14thday (P<0.05),with less extravasation of albumin.ZO-1 showed not significant difference.Conclusions Netrin-1 prevents the disruption of blood-brain barrier in the ipsilater thalamus and promote the nerve function deficient recovery following focal cerebral infarction in hypertensive rats.
Cerebral infarction Netrin-1 Blood-brain barrier Thalamus
R743.3
A
2016-08-27)
(責(zé)任編輯:李立)
10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2017.03.003
☆國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(編號(hào):81371276);廣東省自然科學(xué)基金(編號(hào):2014A030313065);廣東省重大神經(jīng)疾病診治研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(編號(hào):2014B030301035)
* 中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)科,衛(wèi)計(jì)委國(guó)家臨床重點(diǎn)???,廣東省臨床重點(diǎn)專科,廣東省重大神經(jīng)疾病診治研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,華南神經(jīng)疾病早期干預(yù)及功能修復(fù)研究國(guó)際合作基地,廣東省神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)重大疾病診治工程技術(shù)研究中心,廣州市重大神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究與轉(zhuǎn)化中心(廣州510080)
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