鄧飛其 莫浩藝
摘要
本文回顧了近年來隨機(jī)微分方程數(shù)值方法的穩(wěn)定性的研究成果.作為相關(guān)話題,收斂性問題也有所涉獵.以經(jīng)典It型隨機(jī)微分方程、
中立型隨機(jī)泛函微分方程、Markov跳隨機(jī)微分方程和Poisson跳隨機(jī)微分方程為代表,主要介紹了幾類數(shù)值方法穩(wěn)定性研究的成果.
這些方法包括常見的 EulerMaruyama 方法、Backward EulerMaruyama方法、θ方法、分步方法等.文中
分析了關(guān)于穩(wěn)定性等價(jià)性定理經(jīng)典論文的學(xué)術(shù)思路,提出了隨機(jī)微分方程數(shù)值計(jì)算與仿真所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)及所要解決的問題.關(guān)鍵詞隨機(jī)微分方程;數(shù)值格式;穩(wěn)定性;仿真
中圖分類號P393
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼A
1華南理工大學(xué)自動化科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,廣州,510640
2廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)院,廣州,510006
1典型數(shù)值方法及其收斂性
由于大多數(shù)隨機(jī)微分方程解析解的顯式表達(dá)式都很難得到,快速高效的數(shù)值算法對于隨機(jī)微分方程的應(yīng)用
顯得格外重要.對于隨機(jī)微分方程數(shù)值解的研究,大體來說可以分為兩類:有限時(shí)間的收斂性和隨著時(shí)間變量
趨于無窮的漸近性.本節(jié)主要是對有限時(shí)間的收斂性的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行回顧.
其中向量n=Yn+f(Yn)Δ+g(Yn)Δ.通過重復(fù)運(yùn)用Taylor展式,對方程f和g展開的階數(shù)越高,所獲得格式的收斂階數(shù)會越高,可以達(dá)到15階或20階,但其形式也更復(fù)雜,從而影響其廣泛應(yīng)用.請參見專著[1].
針對不同模型和精度,格式的構(gòu)造和分析有許多后續(xù)進(jìn)展,取得了豐富的成果,這里不一一列舉.例如,Liang等[4]研究了一類線性隨機(jī)Volterra積分方程,在Lipschitz條件下,證明了EM方法是1階強(qiáng)收斂的;Wang等[5]分析了帶有加性噪聲的半線性隨機(jī)偏微分方程隱式Euler方法的弱收斂性.
在眾多數(shù)值算法中,EM型算法由于結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、易于編程等特點(diǎn)受到很多學(xué)者的關(guān)注[69].它是所有隨機(jī)微分方程數(shù)值算法里最簡單的一種.經(jīng)典的Euler型算法,即EM算法,是常微分方程的向前Euler算法的自然推廣.上面提到,在全局Lipschitz條件下,經(jīng)典的EM方法是強(qiáng)05階收斂的,但是當(dāng)漂移項(xiàng)或擴(kuò)散項(xiàng)不滿足全局Lipschitz條件時(shí),EM方法將不收斂.Hutzenthaler等[10]對于這種不收斂性(發(fā)散性)給出了嚴(yán)格的證明.
那么,針對非Lipschitz方程,各類格式是否也可用?精度又如何?為此,學(xué)者們開展了系列的探討.例如,為了處理一類漂移項(xiàng)不滿足全局Lipschitz條件的隨機(jī)微分方程,特別是當(dāng)漂移項(xiàng)滿足多項(xiàng)式增長時(shí),Hutzenthaler等[11]提出了具有05階強(qiáng)收斂性的Tamed(馴服) Euler方法.簡單來說,Tamed Euler方法在經(jīng)典的EM算法基礎(chǔ)上增加了對漂移項(xiàng)的控制,它的格式如下:
同時(shí),該文還利用類似的技巧提出了具有1階強(qiáng)收斂性的Balanced Milstein方法.
我們注意到,上述不同種類Euler型算法雖然結(jié)構(gòu)不同,但是證明思路多是先證明數(shù)值解和解析解的p階矩有界,然后再根據(jù)不同的算法格式證明強(qiáng)收斂性和收斂階.這種證明思路或多或少借鑒了文獻(xiàn)[7].在文獻(xiàn)[7]中,作者給出了在已知Euler型數(shù)值解矩有界時(shí)推導(dǎo)收斂性和收斂速率的技巧.
另一種利用數(shù)值解局部收斂性推導(dǎo)全局收斂性的技巧也非常重要.在全局Lipschitz條件以及Khasminskii條件下,數(shù)值解的全局誤差可以由局部誤差推導(dǎo)出的結(jié)論,可分別在文獻(xiàn)[20]和文獻(xiàn)[21]中找到.
綜上所述,當(dāng)我們想構(gòu)造顯式的Euler型方法來數(shù)值逼近漂移項(xiàng)和擴(kuò)散項(xiàng)不滿足全局Lipschitz條件的隨機(jī)微分方程時(shí),采用的方法主要是在經(jīng)典的EM方法基礎(chǔ)上利用一些約束方式來控制漂移項(xiàng)和擴(kuò)散項(xiàng).一個(gè)很自然的問題是:以上這些理論上具有05階(或者1階)強(qiáng)收斂性的方法孰優(yōu)孰劣?對于這個(gè)開放性問題,也許文獻(xiàn)[22]中關(guān)于最優(yōu)強(qiáng)收斂系數(shù)K1的討論是一個(gè)思路.
2數(shù)值方法的穩(wěn)定性
我們先來談?wù)勎⒎址匠虜?shù)值計(jì)算格式的穩(wěn)定性的來源.
微分方程的數(shù)值計(jì)算格式穩(wěn)定性概念的提出源于計(jì)算數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)?shù)值計(jì)算舍入誤差傳播問題的考慮.
眾所周知,由于計(jì)算工具限制等各種原因,在數(shù)值計(jì)算過程中,舍入誤差在所難免,某一步計(jì)算的舍入誤差一定會隨計(jì)算格式帶入往后各步,也就是說,舍入誤差將向后傳播.
如果計(jì)算格式對該誤差具有敏感性,則該誤差將隨格式進(jìn)行傳播,被累計(jì)、被放大,甚至產(chǎn)生蝴蝶效應(yīng).當(dāng)年,費(fèi)肯鮑姆就是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)用數(shù)字計(jì)算格式時(shí)出現(xiàn)了初值誤差而發(fā)現(xiàn)了混沌現(xiàn)象.如果格式對該誤差不敏感,則該誤差的影響將被逐漸消除,無積累效應(yīng),不被嚴(yán)重放大.即在一定條件下得到控制,從而被最終屏蔽.基于此考慮,在計(jì)算數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域提出了微分方程數(shù)值計(jì)算格式的穩(wěn)定性概念,用以描述計(jì)算格式對舍入誤差的敏感性.如果一個(gè)格式對舍入誤差敏感,
則稱格式不穩(wěn)定;否則,稱其穩(wěn)定.所以,微分方程數(shù)值計(jì)算格式的穩(wěn)定性,是一個(gè)定性概念.
微分方程數(shù)值計(jì)算格式穩(wěn)定,意味著計(jì)算格式可以自行消化舍入誤差,不在傳播中因累計(jì)而放大.
最常見的數(shù)值計(jì)算格式穩(wěn)定性概念是絕對穩(wěn)定性,在此不贅述.
本文所述計(jì)算格式穩(wěn)定性概念與此相同.在系統(tǒng)與控制科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,我們同樣需要考慮格式的收斂性(逼近度)和穩(wěn)定性.我們的目的是:如何將計(jì)算格式用于系統(tǒng)仿真,并通過系統(tǒng)仿真分析(原)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性.
在隨機(jī)系統(tǒng)數(shù)值計(jì)算方面,數(shù)值方法的收斂性和穩(wěn)定性是學(xué)者們主要討論的兩大類內(nèi)容.由于大部分隨機(jī)系統(tǒng)的非線性性和耦合性,很難求出其解析解.所以通過離散化的數(shù)值方法來研究系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性是一種有效的途徑,它是窺探系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和性態(tài)的一種手段.目前探討的問題主要是:
1)在一定條件下,比照連續(xù)模型與離散格式的穩(wěn)定性,看看離散格式是否復(fù)制了連續(xù)模型的穩(wěn)定性質(zhì);
2)連續(xù)模型與離散格式的穩(wěn)定性的邏輯互推.
本文將主要討論幾類It隨機(jī)微分方程數(shù)值方法的穩(wěn)定性.數(shù)值方法的穩(wěn)定性主要包括:矩意義下的漸近穩(wěn)定、p階矩指數(shù)穩(wěn)定、幾乎必然指數(shù)穩(wěn)定、依概率穩(wěn)定、A穩(wěn)定等[2]
.其研究內(nèi)容和方法要比確定型常微分系統(tǒng)豐富很多.下面,先介紹本文討論的幾大類穩(wěn)定性定義,其中p>0.
值得指出,對連續(xù)模型解的穩(wěn)定性也有類似于上面的定義,只需要在上述定義中將數(shù)值解Xk換成解析解x(t),k→∞替換為t→∞即可.在這些穩(wěn)定性定義中,p階矩指數(shù)穩(wěn)定可推出漸近穩(wěn)定,而在文獻(xiàn)中,一般同時(shí)關(guān)注幾乎必然指數(shù)穩(wěn)定與矩指數(shù)穩(wěn)定性,但實(shí)際上它們之間并無必然聯(lián)系,因此,都是分開單獨(dú)推證得出相關(guān)結(jié)論.如果附加一定的條件,比如線性增長條件,則由p階矩指數(shù)穩(wěn)定可推出幾乎必然指數(shù)穩(wěn)定[2].一般而言,p階矩指數(shù)穩(wěn)定可以通過估計(jì)解的矩E|x(t,x0)|p來得到,這時(shí)需要借助某個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)腖yapunov函數(shù)V(t,x)來估計(jì)EV(t,x(t)),因此Lyapunov方法是研究矩穩(wěn)定的一個(gè)很有效的方法.與矩指數(shù)穩(wěn)定性不同,幾乎必然指數(shù)穩(wěn)定是一種軌道穩(wěn)定,它依賴于解的軌道估計(jì),通常有下面三種方法可推出幾乎必然指數(shù)穩(wěn)定:1)由解的矩指數(shù)穩(wěn)定,利用Chebyshev不等式推出解的幾乎必然指數(shù)穩(wěn)定;2)利用非負(fù)半鞅收斂定理,直接證明解的幾乎必然指數(shù)穩(wěn)定;3)通過指數(shù)鞅不等式和BorelCantelli引理證明解的幾乎必然指數(shù)穩(wěn)定.
文獻(xiàn)中,對隨機(jī)微分方程數(shù)值解穩(wěn)定性的研究,一般采用直接的推證方法,很少套用Lyapunov穩(wěn)定性定理,但其中
同樣含有Lyapunov函數(shù)或者泛函的思想方法.
下面,從模型推廣與方法創(chuàng)新的角度,分別介紹幾類It型隨機(jī)微分方程數(shù)值方法穩(wěn)定性研究所取得的進(jìn)展.
21中立型隨機(jī)泛函微分方程
經(jīng)典的It隨機(jī)微分方程(SDE)已經(jīng)被許多學(xué)者研究[24,2630].隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展,實(shí)踐中的許多領(lǐng)域,如生物工程、機(jī)械工程等都涉及到時(shí)間滯后的現(xiàn)象.由于時(shí)滯帶的存在,系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)的變化不僅與當(dāng)前的時(shí)間狀態(tài)相關(guān),而且還與過去的歷史狀態(tài)有關(guān).從而,誕生了描述這類系統(tǒng)的隨機(jī)時(shí)滯微分方程:
中提出,其意義是將確定中立型泛函微分方程推廣到隨機(jī)中立型泛函微分方程.后來,Mao[3233]分別討論了中立型泛函型隨機(jī)微分方程解析解的均方指數(shù)穩(wěn)定性以及運(yùn)用
Razumikhin技術(shù)證明解的指數(shù)穩(wěn)定性.其后,相關(guān)學(xué)者開展一系列出色的研究工作,如Liao等[34]研究了中立型隨機(jī)時(shí)滯微分方程解析解的幾乎必然指數(shù)穩(wěn)定性;Luo等[35]為了克服文獻(xiàn)[36]中要求函數(shù)滿足線性增長條件和
時(shí)滯為常數(shù),提出局部Lipschitz條件,建立了相應(yīng)的穩(wěn)定性定理,證明了中立型時(shí)滯微分方程解析解的指數(shù)均方穩(wěn)定性;
如果隨機(jī)θ方法滿足假設(shè)1和假設(shè)2.那么,研究θ方法的p階矩指數(shù)穩(wěn)定性可以得到方程(27)解的p階矩指數(shù)穩(wěn)定性.這類結(jié)果揭示了:數(shù)值格式的穩(wěn)定性與連續(xù)模型穩(wěn)定性在邏輯上可以互推.因此,這是目前數(shù)值研究中不多見的一種研究思路,
其進(jìn)一步的研究,也相當(dāng)具有挑戰(zhàn)性.
4對逼近度方法學(xué)術(shù)思路的分析
從終極目標(biāo)看,我們的研究目的是提供可靠的理論保障,使我們能從系統(tǒng)仿真結(jié)果推斷系統(tǒng)的漸近性態(tài),如穩(wěn)定性.因此,需要先確定系統(tǒng)解析解與數(shù)值解穩(wěn)定性可以從邏輯上互推的性質(zhì),提供嚴(yán)密的理論依據(jù).顯然,為實(shí)現(xiàn)這類互推,需要建立兩種解之間的關(guān)聯(lián),否則,不可能存在互推.而這種關(guān)聯(lián),用逼近度描述正好合適,其原因在于:1)我們設(shè)計(jì)方程求解的數(shù)值格式,分析其逼近度是最主要的一項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作,對我們的需要來說,是順手的事;2)符合互推穩(wěn)定性的需要.所以,在毛學(xué)榮教授及其合作者的系列論文中,提出了這類假設(shè),即數(shù)值格式具有高于零階的逼近度,其實(shí)就是局部截?cái)嗾`差、收斂性[9596].當(dāng)然,我們也注意到,這類假設(shè)直接涉及方程的解析解和數(shù)值解本身,而問題是:我們并不具體知道它們.正是因?yàn)榉匠屉y以求解,我們才借助數(shù)值計(jì)算與仿真.所以,其實(shí)這類條件本身是不能直接驗(yàn)證的.因此,需要采用其他條件對此予以保證,例如Lipschitz條件.在Mao[98]提出一般理論之前,以前的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)直接采用Lipschitz條件,高于零階的逼近度是其自然推論.從這個(gè)角度來看,采用Lipschitz條件而不是采用逼近度的假設(shè),更加符合研究結(jié)果的描述與驗(yàn)證.但是,如果有Lipschitz條件,則當(dāng)然有了高于零階的逼近度,所以,逼近度條件其實(shí)更弱.這里,為清晰和比較起見,我們不妨稱逼近度方法所得結(jié)果為命題,而采用Lipschitz條件的結(jié)果為判據(jù).
5隨機(jī)微分方程數(shù)值計(jì)算與仿真所面臨的的挑戰(zhàn)
51關(guān)于等價(jià)性結(jié)論與數(shù)值仿真結(jié)果的意義與運(yùn)用
通過數(shù)值仿真真的可以確定系統(tǒng)解析解的穩(wěn)定性嗎? 難!
實(shí)際上,當(dāng)我們在一定條件下建立了解析解與數(shù)值解之間的穩(wěn)定性等價(jià)性定理,我們所得的是系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性之間的等價(jià)性,是系統(tǒng)與系統(tǒng)之間的互推關(guān)系,是集合與集合之間的互推關(guān)系,而不是兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)個(gè)別解之間的互推關(guān)系.原理上,我們的仿真一次只確定一個(gè)解的漸近性態(tài),而一般地,基于一個(gè)解的漸近性態(tài),例如就是指數(shù)漸近穩(wěn)定性,我們還是不足以推斷整個(gè)數(shù)值格式的穩(wěn)定性,更不能推斷關(guān)于解析解的任何性質(zhì),哪怕我們就是想推斷一個(gè)解的性質(zhì),那也不能,因?yàn)闆]有依據(jù).那么,我們?nèi)绾螐姆抡娼Y(jié)果確定數(shù)值格式以及原系統(tǒng)解析解系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性呢? 首先,我們需要有等價(jià)性結(jié)論作基礎(chǔ); 其次,我們需要確證數(shù)值格式穩(wěn)定.在假設(shè)第一個(gè)問題已有結(jié)論的前提下,我們來看第二個(gè)問題,即確定數(shù)值格式穩(wěn)定的難度.為討論方便,我們先放下隨機(jī)微分方程,回到確定型方程.簡單說,這個(gè)問題其實(shí)就是差分格式通解的構(gòu)成問題.如果差分格式的通解可以由若干互不相關(guān)的特解構(gòu)成,例如就是線性組合,而我們又能確定若干互不相關(guān)的特解的漸近性態(tài),那問題就解決了.所以,如果我們的格式是n階常系數(shù)線性差分格式,則需要n個(gè)互不相關(guān)的特解的漸近性態(tài),也就是說:我們需要n個(gè)初值線性無關(guān)的特解的仿真結(jié)果.當(dāng)然,如果n=1,一個(gè)仿真結(jié)果就夠了.但是,如果方程再略微復(fù)雜,則難以有如此明確的結(jié)論,問題的難度也陡增.例如,如果我們的格式是非線性格式、隨機(jī)格式,因?yàn)橐话悴淮嬖陉P(guān)于通解構(gòu)成的基礎(chǔ)理論,我們就不完全知道需要用多少個(gè)特解來確定通解(即便是存在所謂的通解).因此,也就不知道需要用多少個(gè)仿真來確定格式的穩(wěn)定性.我們認(rèn)為:可以用多少個(gè)、用什么樣的仿真結(jié)果確定數(shù)值格式的穩(wěn)定性從而可以推斷原系統(tǒng)解析解的穩(wěn)定性是一個(gè)具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問題.
52面向漸近穩(wěn)定性的等價(jià)性結(jié)論
因?yàn)橥茖?dǎo)的需要,目前的等價(jià)性結(jié)論都是面向指數(shù)穩(wěn)定性的.但是,實(shí)際上,數(shù)字計(jì)算與仿真提供的是具有直觀屬性的數(shù)字與圖形.一般地,從一個(gè)仿真結(jié)果很難看出一個(gè)數(shù)值解是否真的就是指數(shù)穩(wěn)定,只能看出是否是漸近穩(wěn)定.只有面向漸近穩(wěn)定性的等價(jià)性結(jié)論才有實(shí)用價(jià)值.因此,我們需要建立面向漸近穩(wěn)定性的等價(jià)性結(jié)論,而這,其論證難度陡增,也是今后可以考慮但具有相當(dāng)難度的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)課題.
結(jié)束語與致謝:
由于時(shí)間、篇幅和水平所限,本文所綜述的工作只是相關(guān)工作中的一點(diǎn)點(diǎn),難免掛一漏萬,敬請諒解.
在本文寫作過程中,吳付科教授、宋明輝教授、宗小峰博士、劉暐博士、付余老師、楊慧子博士及趙桂華老師等給予了大力指導(dǎo)、支持與協(xié)助.在此,向?yàn)楸疚膶懽鹘o予了支持的所有師生表示衷心的感謝.
參考文獻(xiàn)
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Abstract
In this paper,a survey is given for the investigation on the stability of numerical schemes of stochastic differential equations in the past years.As a related topic,the convergence of the schemes is involved.The paper introduces the achieved results by literatures for the classical It stochastic differential equations,stochastic functional differential equations of the neutral type, and the stochastic differential equations with Markov or Poisson jumps.The involved numerical schemes include the EulerMaruyama scheme,the Backward EulerMaruyama scheme,the θ scheme,and the splitstep scheme,etc.The paper analyzes the academic thoughts in some classical literatures on the stability equivalence theorems and proposes some problems and challenges for further investigations on the numerical computations and simulations of stochastic differential equations at the end of the paper.
Key wordsstochastic differential equations;numerical schemes;stability;simulations