姚媛
高考英語單項(xiàng)填空題和閱讀中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),現(xiàn)對此結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行歸納,供同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)參考。
定義:英語中的基本語序和漢語一樣,即主語在前,謂語在后。有時(shí)為了語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要或是為了修辭的需要,將謂語的全部或一部分放在主語之前,這種語序叫倒裝。
分類:倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝兩大類。前者指整個(gè)謂語部分放在主語之前,后者只將謂語的一部分(助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)放在主語之前。
一、全部倒裝
1.表示地點(diǎn)、方向或時(shí)間的副詞放在句首,并且主語是名詞時(shí)。常見的副詞有:here, there, up, down, out, in, away, then, now,nearby等。
Here comes the bus.
Off went the man. 那個(gè)人走了。
Away flew the bird. 那只鳥飛走了。
Now comes my turn. 現(xiàn)在輪到我了。
From the window came sound of music. 音樂聲從窗戶傳來。
In came my father, safe and sound. 我父親安然無恙的走了進(jìn)來。
注意:主語是代詞時(shí)不倒裝。
There he comes.
2.表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語放在句首,主語為名詞時(shí)。常見的動(dòng)詞有be, stand, sit, lie等。
On the ground lay an old sick goat. 地上躺著一只又老又病的山羊。
In the middle of the lake lie two islands. 湖中央坐落著兩個(gè)島嶼。
On the floor are piles of old books and newspapers.
地板上放著一堆堆的舊書報(bào)。
Under that tree sits a beautiful girl, who is dressed in white.
那顆樹下坐著個(gè)穿白色衣服的漂亮女孩。
3.There be結(jié)構(gòu)。除be動(dòng)詞之外,常見的動(dòng)詞有:live, stand, lie, exist (存在), used to 等。
There are three people in my family. 我家有三口人。
There lived an old man long long ago. 很久以前哪兒住著一位老人。
There exist different opinions on this question. 就此問題存在不同觀點(diǎn)。
注意:(1)此結(jié)構(gòu)中be 動(dòng)詞不能用實(shí)意動(dòng)詞have/has (有),但可以有助動(dòng)詞have/has構(gòu)成的完成時(shí)。
There have been a foreign teacher since 2009 in our school.
我們學(xué)校自從2009年就有一個(gè)外教。
(2)主謂一致適用就近原則。
There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.
桌上有一支鋼筆、兩本書和好些鉛筆。
4.在系表結(jié)構(gòu)中,有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表語將其置于句首,引起全部倒裝。
即:(形容詞、ed分詞、ing分詞、介詞短語)+be+主語
Hanging on the wall is a nice picture. 墻上掛著一副好畫。
Present at the meeting was Professor Li.李教授出席了會(huì)議。
Tied to the tree is a poor monkey. 一只可憐的猴子被系在了樹上。
5.直接引語中間或后邊表示“某人說” 等意思時(shí),常見動(dòng)詞有say, ask, answer, reply等。
“Sit down, please.” said the teacher. “請坐下,”老師說。
"Where are you from?” asked Linda. “你來自哪里?”琳達(dá)問。
二、部分倒裝
1.疑問句中,一般須部分倒裝。
Are you going with your friends?
What do you think about the movie? 你認(rèn)為這場電影怎么樣?
注意:當(dāng)對句子的主語提問時(shí),一般不用倒裝語序。
What happened last night? 昨天晚上發(fā)生了什么事?
2.當(dāng)含有否定或半否定意義的副詞或短語放在句首時(shí),這類詞如:not, never, seldom, little, hardly, rarely, neither, not until, not only…but also…, at no time/by no means/on no account/in no case(絕不), no sooner… than…, hardly/scarcely…when…(一……就……)等。
Seldom did that men go out.
Little does he cares about what others think.
Not until yesterday did I know the news. 直到昨天我才知道這個(gè)消息。
Not only was the teacher strict with us, but also he cared for us.
這個(gè)老師不但對我們嚴(yán)格要求,而且也關(guān)心我們。
No sooner had she heard the news than she fainted.
她一聽到這個(gè)消息就暈了過去。
注意:(1) 否定主語時(shí)不倒裝。 Not many people come to the party.
(2) not…until…結(jié)構(gòu)變倒裝句時(shí),要將not until 放在一起置于句首,并且主句倒裝而從句不倒裝 (狀語為從句時(shí)),如:
I didnt leave until he came back. 直到他回來我才離開。
倒裝句為:Not until he came back did I leave.
3.“only +副詞/介詞短語/從句(做狀語)”放在句首時(shí),句子(主句)要倒裝。
Only then did I realize I was wrong. 直到那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到我錯(cuò)了。
Only at work does he feel happy. 只有在工作中他才感到幸福。
Only by studying hard can you memorize words. 只有通過努力學(xué)習(xí)你才能記下單詞。
Only when he returned did we find out the truth. 只有當(dāng)他回來,我們才查明了真相。
4.so...that中so+adj./adv.放在句首,或such...that中such+n. 位于句首,表示程度時(shí),主句要倒裝。
So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him clearly.
他說的如此大聲以至于每個(gè)人都能聽清楚。
So inviting was the chocolate that she forgot she was on a diet.
這個(gè)巧克力如此誘人以至于她忘了她正在節(jié)食。
Such a funny story did he tell us that we all laughed.
他給我們講了一個(gè)非常好笑的故事,以至于我們都笑了。
5.虛擬語氣條件句中含有were, had, should時(shí),可將其提前并把if省略,構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Were I you, I would have done it better. 如果我是你,我會(huì)做的更好一些
Had he worked harder, he would have got thought the exams.
要是他以前學(xué)習(xí)刻苦些,他就能通過考試了。
Should she do it, she would do it in a different way.
如果她做這件事,她會(huì)用一種不同的方法。
6.由連接詞so, neither/nor 引導(dǎo)的句子, 指前面所說的肯定或否定的情況也適合其他人(或物),譯為“也……”,或“也不……”。
He is lazy and so is his son. 他很懶,他兒子也是。
Tom can ride a bicycle; so can I. 湯姆會(huì)騎自行車,我也會(huì)。
John has never been late, nor have I. 約翰從未遲到過,我也沒有過。
注意:(1)若說的是同一人或物時(shí),不用倒裝。
--Maggie had a wonderful time at the party.
--So she did and so did I. (她是,我也是)
(2)若兩個(gè)句子的主語或謂語不一致時(shí),用so it is with… 或it is the same with…。
He doesnt study hard and fails again, so it is with his deskmate.
7.“動(dòng)詞/形容詞/名詞+as +主語+謂語”,或“However +adj./ adv. +主語+謂語”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中構(gòu)成特殊倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Pretty as she is, she is not clever. 她雖漂亮,但不聰明。
Try as he might, he couldnt open the box.
他雖努力嘗試,可還是打不開這個(gè)盒子。
However busy you are, you should spend some time reading the newspaper.
無論你有多忙,都應(yīng)花些時(shí)間讀報(bào)紙。
8.may用來表示祝愿時(shí),一般用部分倒裝。如:
May you succeed. 祝你成功!
May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你。
May our friendship last for good!祝愿我們的友誼長存!