周蘭芳(綜述),汪建中(審校)
(1.南昌大學(xué)研究生院醫(yī)學(xué)部2015級(jí); 2.江西省人民醫(yī)院口腔科,南昌 330006)
下頜種植覆蓋義齒能有效提高下頜總義齒的固位、穩(wěn)定性及患者滿意度,因此在下頜牙槽嵴低平的無牙頜修復(fù)中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。本文就其以下方面的臨床研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述。
目前,下頜種植覆蓋義齒修復(fù)以1~4顆種植體支持設(shè)計(jì)多見。kronstrom等[1-2]通過采用一或兩顆種植體支持設(shè)計(jì)的臨床隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)比較了這兩種修復(fù)方案種植體存留率和邊緣骨吸收等參數(shù),3年和5年的隨訪觀察結(jié)果表明,兩者差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Bryant等[3]在86例無牙頜患者下頜隨機(jī)植入一或兩顆種植體,修復(fù)五年后發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的種植體存留率和患者滿意度差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但單顆種植體覆蓋義齒出現(xiàn)附著體折裂是兩顆種植體覆蓋義齒的兩倍。
Karbach等[4]在30例無牙頜患者下頜植入四顆種植體八周后,隨機(jī)分成安裝兩個(gè)Locator附著體組和四個(gè)Locator附著體組,三個(gè)月后模式互換,發(fā)現(xiàn)患者對(duì)于安裝四個(gè)Locator附著體的滿意度顯著高于兩個(gè)。Stoker等[5]對(duì)110例參與臨床隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)的患者進(jìn)行了平均修復(fù)8.3年后的回訪,其中兩植體球帽式覆蓋義齒組36例,兩植體桿卡式覆蓋義齒組37例,四植體桿卡式覆蓋義齒組37例。發(fā)現(xiàn)兩顆種植體組的邊緣骨吸收少于四顆種植體組。de Souza等[6]在下頜覆蓋義齒兩或四顆微種植體支持與兩顆標(biāo)準(zhǔn)種植體支持的臨床隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)患者對(duì)四顆微種植體評(píng)價(jià)最高。但值得注意的是,微種植體的存留率低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)種植體。
1或2顆種植體支持的下頜覆蓋義齒通常選用的附著體有球帽、Locator、套筒冠以及磁性附著體,在多顆種植體支持的設(shè)計(jì)中,除上述附著體外還常選用桿卡附著體。
Krennmair等[7]做了Locator和球帽的臨床交叉試驗(yàn),1年的臨床觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩種附著體固位的下頜種植覆蓋義齒在患者滿意度和種植體周圍情況上沒有差異,Locator需要更多的后期維護(hù)。但Marilena等[8]的關(guān)于球帽、Locator以及磁性附著體運(yùn)用于下頜兩植體覆蓋義齒的五年隨訪研究卻有不同結(jié)論。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)球帽附著體的后期維護(hù)要求最高、Locator次之、磁性附著體最低。Elsyad等[9]回顧性研究了無牙頜患者下頜采用球帽或套筒冠固位的覆蓋義齒修復(fù)對(duì)上頜骨改建的影響。四年隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)套筒冠組比球帽組有著顯著更高的松軟牙槽嵴發(fā)生率、前段牙槽骨吸收,并且球帽組的上頜義齒固位力顯著高于套筒冠組。
Mumcu等[10]回顧性研究了62例下頜種植覆蓋義齒修復(fù)病例,依據(jù)種植體數(shù)目和附著體類型不同分成5組,分別是2顆種植體支持的球帽式覆蓋義齒、2顆種植體支持的Locator式覆蓋義齒、3顆種植體支持的球帽式覆蓋義齒、3顆種植體支持的桿卡式覆蓋義齒和4顆種植體支持的桿卡式覆蓋義齒。修復(fù)3年后的患者滿意度和生活質(zhì)量調(diào)查結(jié)果表明:患者滿意度不受種植體數(shù)量和附著體類型的影響,4顆種植體支持的桿卡式覆蓋義齒具有更高的生活質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。在39例4顆種植體支持的下頜覆蓋義齒研究中,Cordaro等[11]比較了CAD-CAM研磨桿和Locator,發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩種附著體患者滿意度相似,桿卡附著體因衛(wèi)生維護(hù)更復(fù)雜使其種植體周慢性炎癥的發(fā)生率增加。
種植覆蓋義齒的負(fù)載方式有傳統(tǒng)負(fù)載、早期負(fù)載和即刻負(fù)載等。近年來不少學(xué)者通過病例的隨訪觀察及各項(xiàng)臨床評(píng)估研究了下頜種植覆蓋義齒早期/即刻負(fù)載的安全性、成功率等問題。
Elsyad等[12-13]的研究認(rèn)為兩顆種植體支持的下頜覆蓋義齒推薦即刻負(fù)載是不成熟的,因?yàn)榧纯特?fù)載出現(xiàn)了更多的邊緣骨吸收和種植體失敗。在Schincaglia等[14]的研究中盡管即刻負(fù)載也出現(xiàn)了更多的種植體失敗,但即刻負(fù)載組的種植體邊緣骨吸收低于傳統(tǒng)負(fù)載組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,該研究認(rèn)為下頜兩植體Locator式覆蓋義齒即刻修復(fù)是一種合適的方案。對(duì)于早期負(fù)載,Turkyilmaz等[15]通過7年的隨訪觀察比較了下頜兩植體覆蓋義齒傳統(tǒng)和早期負(fù)載的種植體周情況,結(jié)果無明顯差異,研究認(rèn)為下頜兩植體覆蓋義齒術(shù)后一周早期負(fù)載是一種安全的治療方案。關(guān)于即刻和早期負(fù)載的比較,Ter Gunne等[16]將40名下頜種植覆蓋義齒修復(fù)患者隨機(jī)分成2組,一組采用術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)即刻負(fù)載,另一組于術(shù)后6周早期負(fù)載。3年的隨訪觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)即刻負(fù)載組的臨床和影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果較早期負(fù)載組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Maryod等[17]對(duì)36例下頜種植覆蓋義齒即刻/早期負(fù)載(術(shù)后兩周)修復(fù)病例隨訪3年,研究認(rèn)為早期負(fù)載更可取。
無論何種方案的下頜種植覆蓋義齒修復(fù),機(jī)械并發(fā)癥和生物并發(fā)癥都不容忽視。Meijer等[18]對(duì)150例無牙頜下頜兩植體覆蓋義齒修復(fù)患者做了種植體周圍黏膜炎和種植體周圍炎的10年臨床隨訪。發(fā)現(xiàn)種植體周圍黏膜炎的5、10年發(fā)病率分別為51.9%、57%,種植體周圍炎的5、10年發(fā)病率分別為16.9%、29.7%。Raedel等[19]對(duì)23名下頜兩植體桿卡式覆蓋義齒的10年影像學(xué)資料研究發(fā)現(xiàn),咀嚼中心的平均骨吸收是1.5 mm,后段牙槽嵴骨吸收率平均每年1.02%,強(qiáng)烈建議定期檢查義齒基托的適合性。Geckili等[20]通過62例下頜種植覆蓋義齒修復(fù)4年病例的臨床觀察發(fā)現(xiàn):邊緣骨吸收不受種植體數(shù)量、附著體類型、年齡、性別的影響,但與最大咬合力關(guān)系密切。
盡可能恢復(fù)患者口頜功能、滿足其心理需求是臨床醫(yī)療的目標(biāo)。Farias等[21]通過臨床隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)研究了下頜傳統(tǒng)義齒與兩植體桿卡式覆蓋義齒修復(fù)對(duì)咀嚼效率的影響,結(jié)果顯示兩組的咀嚼效率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但覆蓋義齒組的咀嚼體驗(yàn)更好、滿意度顯著更高。但在Yunus等[22]的研究中下頜種植覆蓋義齒比傳統(tǒng)義齒具有更高的咀嚼效率、滿意度以及口腔相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。Sun等[23]測(cè)定了50名下頜兩植體覆蓋義齒修復(fù)患者術(shù)前1個(gè)月和術(shù)后6個(gè)月的咀嚼效率,結(jié)果顯示患者的咀嚼效率和口腔相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量顯著提升。
Elsyad等[24]對(duì)三種下頜種植覆蓋義齒進(jìn)行了咀嚼效率和咬肌肌電圖的交叉試驗(yàn),這三種義齒分別是兩植體球帽式覆蓋義齒(2BOD)、兩植體桿卡式覆蓋義齒(2ROD)、四植體桿卡式覆蓋義齒(4ROD)。結(jié)果顯示所有種植覆蓋義齒與傳統(tǒng)全口義齒比較時(shí)咀嚼效率和肌電圖效應(yīng)值都顯著增高,在這三種種植覆蓋義齒的相互比較中,4ROD的效應(yīng)值都顯著更高,2BOD與2ROD之間沒有顯著差異。研究提示四植體覆蓋義齒比兩植體覆蓋義齒存在功能上的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
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