汪波 蔡遜 劉勇 陳垂繼
單孔法與三孔法腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)療效對(duì)比分析
汪波 蔡遜 劉勇 陳垂繼
目的探討單孔法與三孔法腹腔鏡疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)治療腹股溝疝的療效差異。方法回顧性地收集自2011年6月至2016年6月于我科就診并行腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)的205例病人的臨床資料。按照擬行手術(shù)方式不同(是否中轉(zhuǎn)更改手術(shù)方式不作為影響分組因素),將本次研究納入的205例病人分為單孔組129例和三孔組76例,比較組間病人性別構(gòu)成、年齡分布、平均體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、手術(shù)時(shí)間、中轉(zhuǎn)手術(shù)率(單孔法轉(zhuǎn)三孔法或腹腔鏡法轉(zhuǎn)傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)放手術(shù))以及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的差異。結(jié)果組間一般資料比較顯示,兩組病人性別構(gòu)成、平均年齡、平均BMI及疝類型(單側(cè)、雙側(cè))差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);單孔組手術(shù)時(shí)間為(55.3±22.8)min,三孔組為(49.4±14.9)min,組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.06);單孔組無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)行三孔法手術(shù)病例,兩組中轉(zhuǎn)行傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)放手術(shù)率基本接近,組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.98);兩組術(shù)后尿潴留、切口感染發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),而單孔組病人術(shù)后疼痛程度相對(duì)較輕,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間相對(duì)較短,與三孔組相比,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);兩組病人總體住院費(fèi)用,單孔組為(2.21±0.65)萬(wàn)元,三孔組為(2.55±0.89)萬(wàn)元,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組病人術(shù)后血腫形成、皮下氣腫、慢性疼痛發(fā)生率相比,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),但與三孔組相比,單孔組的上述并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均有降低趨勢(shì)。結(jié)論單孔法腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)是一種臨床應(yīng)用相對(duì)安全且衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)指標(biāo)表現(xiàn)更具優(yōu)勢(shì)的新興微創(chuàng)手術(shù)方式,更好地吻合了加速康復(fù)外科的理念,值得臨床進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
單孔法;三孔法;腹腔鏡;腹股溝疝
三孔法腹腔鏡腹膜前腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)已經(jīng)成為臨床應(yīng)用率較高的手術(shù)方式之一,技術(shù)方面相對(duì)比較成熟,并作為腹股溝疝微創(chuàng)治療的主要術(shù)式廣泛推廣。而近年來(lái)經(jīng)臍單孔腹腔鏡下腹膜前腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)廣受關(guān)注。然而關(guān)于該兩種術(shù)式對(duì)腹股溝疝療效是否存在差異尚無(wú)數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明,本研究旨在探討單孔法與三孔法腹腔鏡疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)治療腹股溝疝的療效差別。
一、臨床資料
1.一般資料 本次研究共收集自2011年6月至2016年6月于我科就診并行腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)的病人205例,其中男性190例,女性15例;按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)分為單孔組和三孔組,年齡8~86歲,平均(55.36±18.01)歲;體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)為17.3~41.7 kg/m2,平均(26.5 ±14.3)kg/m2。
術(shù)后慢性疼痛定義為持續(xù)時(shí)間>3個(gè)月的疼痛[1],按照第8版《外科學(xué)》[2]定義,術(shù)后尿潴留是指在未留置導(dǎo)尿的情況下,術(shù)后6~8 h尚未自行排尿,或者雖有自行排尿,但尿量甚少,次數(shù)頻繁,同時(shí)恥骨上叩診發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯濁音區(qū)即可確診為術(shù)后尿潴留。
疝復(fù)發(fā)[3]:疝復(fù)發(fā)定義為病人再次入院診斷為復(fù)發(fā)或雖未再次入院,但病人確認(rèn)已經(jīng)專業(yè)醫(yī)務(wù)人員診斷為復(fù)發(fā)。本組病人隨訪時(shí)間為2~12個(gè)月,平均(8.6±4.2)個(gè)月。
2.病人分組及觀察指標(biāo) 根據(jù)手術(shù)方式不同將本組病人分為單孔組129例,三孔組76例,比較組間病人性別、年齡、BMI、疝情況(單側(cè)疝、雙側(cè)疝)、手術(shù)時(shí)間(min)、中轉(zhuǎn)手術(shù)率(單孔法轉(zhuǎn)三孔法或腹腔鏡法轉(zhuǎn)傳統(tǒng)手術(shù))、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率(術(shù)后切口感染、疝復(fù)發(fā)、切口疝、尿潴留、慢性疼痛)、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及總體住院費(fèi)用等指標(biāo)的差異。
3.病人納入、排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 參考既往研究報(bào)道[48],結(jié)合我科技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)將本次研究的病人納入、排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定為,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①診斷明確的腹股溝疝病人;②病人全身狀況良好,能耐受全身麻醉和手術(shù);③病人知情同意,微創(chuàng)手術(shù)意愿強(qiáng)烈;④病人既往無(wú)下腹部手術(shù)史。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①難復(fù)性疝、嵌頓梗阻性疝、復(fù)發(fā)疝;②全身狀況較差,不能耐受麻醉和手術(shù)者;③嚴(yán)重凝血功能障礙;④服用免疫抑制劑、抗腫瘤藥物;⑤微創(chuàng)要求不明顯病人。
二、手術(shù)方法[4]
三孔法腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)手術(shù)過(guò)程大致為:病人均取仰臥位,采用氣管插管全身麻醉,術(shù)者站病人對(duì)側(cè),于臍下做長(zhǎng)約1.5cm弧形切口,切開(kāi)腹直肌前鞘,分離至后鞘與腹直肌間隙,再用手指鈍性分離擴(kuò)大間隙,穿刺置入12mm Trocar,建立氣腹,腹腔鏡直視下于臍下分別穿刺置入兩枚5mm Trocar,進(jìn)一步分離腹膜前間隙,良好暴露髂血管、腹膜前間隙。疝囊較小的病人,可完全剝離;疝囊較大且存在粘連致密者,可于疝囊頸部結(jié)扎,腹壁化精索血管、輸精管,充分顯露Doom三角,選取合適的補(bǔ)片,平鋪并覆蓋恥骨肌孔,緩慢釋放CO2氣體,使用釘合器固定補(bǔ)片,切口縫合。
單孔組手術(shù)方法大致為:于臍下緣行長(zhǎng)約2.0cm弧形切口,切開(kāi)患側(cè)腹直肌前鞘,分開(kāi)腹直肌后以手指在后鞘前方鈍性分離以擴(kuò)大間隙,置入單孔腹腔鏡手術(shù)裝置,建立氣腹,連接Trocar,置入腹腔鏡,另外兩孔分別置入分離鉗及短頭抓鉗,具體手術(shù)過(guò)程同前。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
一、病人分組及組間一般情況比較
組間一般資料比較結(jié)果顯示,兩組病人性別構(gòu)成、平均年齡、平均BMI及疝類型(單側(cè)、雙側(cè))差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),詳見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組間一般情況比較
二、兩組病人間手術(shù)及圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)比較
術(shù)中指標(biāo)相比,單孔組手術(shù)時(shí)間為(55.3± 22.8)min,三孔組為(49.4±14.9)min,組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.06);單孔組無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)行三孔法手術(shù)病例,兩組中轉(zhuǎn)行傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)放手術(shù)率基本接近,組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.98);本組共中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)8例;術(shù)后切口感染2例,疝復(fù)發(fā)4例,切口疝1例,尿潴留14例,慢性疼痛10例。兩組術(shù)后尿潴留、切口感染發(fā)生率差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);而單孔組病人術(shù)后疼痛程度相對(duì)較輕,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間相對(duì)較短,與三孔組相比,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);兩組病人總體住院費(fèi)用相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。詳見(jiàn)表2。
三、兩組病人間術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及疝復(fù)發(fā)率比較
兩組病人術(shù)后血腫形成、皮下氣腫、慢性疼痛發(fā)生率相比,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),但與三孔組相比,單孔組的上述并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均有降低趨勢(shì);兩組病人術(shù)后疝復(fù)發(fā)率相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。詳見(jiàn)表3。
表2 組間病人手術(shù)及圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)比較[例(%)]
表3 組間術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及疝復(fù)發(fā)率比較[例(%)]
近年來(lái)關(guān)于單孔腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)的研究已成為疝與腹壁外科的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,相關(guān)報(bào)道認(rèn)為與傳統(tǒng)三孔法腹腔鏡手術(shù)相比,單孔法腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)采用更少的手術(shù)切口,在未明顯增加手術(shù)操作難度的情況下,術(shù)后疼痛更輕,病人恢復(fù)更快,大大減少了穿刺相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且手術(shù)切口經(jīng)臍進(jìn)行,術(shù)后瘢痕隱蔽,美容效果更好,病人滿意度較高[9-13]。然關(guān)于單孔法與三孔法兩種手術(shù)方式的手術(shù)安全性、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)指標(biāo)等方面的等效性或者差異比較,尚無(wú)可靠研究結(jié)果可循,這無(wú)疑大大制約了單孔法臨床推廣的可信力和說(shuō)服力。
從本研究結(jié)果來(lái)看,在性別構(gòu)成、平均年齡、平均BMI及疝類型(單側(cè)、雙側(cè))方面兩者差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),即兩組病人一般情況基本一致的前提下,與三孔組相比,單孔組的手術(shù)完成時(shí)間雖相對(duì)較長(zhǎng),但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.06)。同時(shí),必須指出的是,我科單孔腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)開(kāi)展的時(shí)間較三孔法晚,而該組病例包含了我科初期單孔腹腔鏡疝修補(bǔ)病例,因此,手術(shù)操作的熟練程度無(wú)疑對(duì)手術(shù)時(shí)間存在較大的影響。所以,如果排除學(xué)習(xí)曲線初期病例或按照連續(xù)采樣的方法繼續(xù)增加樣本量,兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間上的差異有望進(jìn)一步縮小,甚至翻轉(zhuǎn),從而得到說(shuō)服力更強(qiáng)的研究結(jié)果。雖然本組病人包含了學(xué)習(xí)曲線初期的病例,但就手術(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)率來(lái)看,單孔組無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)行三孔法病例,而且,兩組中轉(zhuǎn)行傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)放手術(shù)率基本接近,組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.98)。同時(shí),兩組病人術(shù)后尿潴留、切口感染發(fā)生率差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);而單孔組病人術(shù)后疼痛程度相對(duì)較輕,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間相對(duì)較短,與三孔組相比,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);兩組病人總體住院費(fèi)用相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組病人術(shù)后血腫形成、皮下氣腫、慢性疼痛發(fā)生率相比,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),但與三孔組相比,單孔組的上述并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均呈降低趨勢(shì);就本研究結(jié)果來(lái)看,兩組術(shù)后疝復(fù)發(fā)率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Ma等[14]、Markar等[15]以及Champagne等[16]的研究也得出類似結(jié)果。
從該研究結(jié)果我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然作為一種新興的微創(chuàng)手術(shù)方式,但與目前技術(shù)相對(duì)更為成熟、臨床應(yīng)用率更高的三孔法腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)相比,單孔法在手術(shù)的安全性、有效性方面基本與三孔法等價(jià),而術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率不僅沒(méi)有升高,反而呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì);而且,單孔組病人術(shù)后住院時(shí)間更短,盡管兩組病人總體住院費(fèi)用的差異并無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但單孔組有所降低。在加速康復(fù)外科成為外科學(xué)重要議題的今天,這一結(jié)果對(duì)支持該術(shù)式的臨床推廣具有重要意義。
綜上所述,單孔法腹腔鏡腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù),是一種臨床應(yīng)用相對(duì)安全,且衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)指標(biāo)表現(xiàn)更具優(yōu)勢(shì)的新興微創(chuàng)手術(shù)方式,更好地吻合了加速康復(fù)外科的理念。然限于單中心、回顧性、小樣本、初期應(yīng)用結(jié)果研究,本研究結(jié)果的外延性受限,仍需多中心、大樣本研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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Curative effectiveness of single-hole vs.three-hole laparoscopy for inguinal hernia repair
Wang Bo*,Cai Xun,Liu Yong,Chen Chuiji.*Department of General Surgery,Wuhan General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army,Wuhan 430070,China
Cai Xun,Email:caiwenqian@sina.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the difference in the curative effectiveness of single-hole vs.three-hole laparoscopy for inguinal hernia repair.MethodsThe clinical data of 205 patients diagnosed as having inguinal hernia undergoing laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in our department from June 2011 to June 2016 were retrospectively collected.205 patients were divided into single-(129 cases)and three-hole(76 cases)groups,and the differences in patients'sex structure,age distribution,the average BMI,operation time,transit operation rate(conversion of single-hole method to three-hole method or laparoscopy to the traditional open surgery)and the incidence of postoperative complications were compared between two groups.ResultsThere were no significant differences in gender structure,average age,average BMI and hernia type(unilateral or bilateral)(P>0.05 for all)between two groups.The operation time in the single-hole group was relatively long(single-hole group vs.threehole group:55.3±22.8 vs.49.4±14.9 min),but the difference showed no statistically significant difference between two group(P=0.06),and there was no significance difference in conversion rate between two groups(P=0.98).There was no significance difference in postoperative urinary retention and infection of incision between two groups,but postoperative pain degree was milder,and postoperative hospital time was shorter in the single-hole group than in the three-hole group with the differencebeing statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in general hospitalization cost between two groups(single-hole group vs.three-hole group:2.21±0.65 vs.2.55±0.89)(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence postoperative hematoma formation,subcutaneous emphysema,and chronic pain between two groups(P>0.05),but as compared with the threehole group,incidence of complications in single-hole group had a decreased trend.ConclusionsSinglehole laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair is relative safe,and has more advantages on health economic indicators and minimally invasive surgery,which matches the concept of fast track surgery better and is worth of further clinical study.
Single-hole;Three-hole;Laparoscope;Inguinal hernia
R656.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2017.01.015
2016-08-27)
430070 武漢,中國(guó)人民解放軍武漢總醫(yī)院普通外科(汪波,蔡遜,劉勇);第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)員旅(陳垂繼)
蔡遜,Email:caiwenqian@sina.com