程芳芳 張紅燕 夏婷 孟靈
內鏡超聲引導下細針穿刺如何獲取高質量的樣本
程芳芳 張紅燕 夏婷 孟靈
內鏡超聲引導下細針穿刺抽吸術(endoscopic ultrasonography guided fine needle aspiration, EUS-FNA)是臨床上獲取胃腸道及其鄰近器官病變和淋巴結組織樣本用于病理學診斷的首選方法[1]。在其他常規(guī)影像學檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)病變后,臨床上通常采用EUS-FNA獲取目標細胞或組織行最終的病理診斷。目前文獻所報道的EUS-FNA的診斷準確率為65%~96%[2]。多種因素如病變的位置、大小,現(xiàn)場是否有病理醫(yī)師及操作醫(yī)師的個人經驗均可影響EUS-FNA的準確性[3]。然而,目前對于能夠獲得最大準確性和最少穿刺針數(shù)的最佳EUS-FNA穿刺技術仍然存在爭議。本文就EUS-FNA如何獲取高質量樣本的相關技術進行探討。
1.常規(guī)穿刺針:目前臨床上使用的穿刺針有19G、22G、25G 3種不同型號。在實際臨床工作中,需要根據(jù)不同情況,如是否能夠獲得最終診斷、能否易于到達病變部位、并發(fā)癥是否最低等因素選擇合適大小的穿刺針。目前認為不同的穿刺針對EUS-FNA的樣本獲取的質量影響不大[4-10],但最新一項涉及144例患者的前瞻性隨機對照研究顯示,對實性腫瘤采用25G針穿刺樣本準確性高達95.8%,優(yōu)于22G穿刺針[11],因此穿刺針型號的選擇仍需進一步的研究。
2.組織針(ProCore):ProCore針是新近出現(xiàn)的以達到組織活檢為目的的在EUS引導下穿刺的穿刺針。ProCore主要特點是在穿刺針的前端存在一個反向斜面。目前有多篇文獻評價了EUS引導下ProCore針穿刺的可行性及安全性[12-13]。最近一項Meta分析對ProCore針和常規(guī)穿刺針的差異進行了探討[14]。該項Meta分析納入9項研究共578例患者,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)樣本的充足性、診斷準確性及核心樣本率差異并無統(tǒng)計學意義,但ProCore針獲得診斷所需要的針道數(shù)要低于常規(guī)穿刺針。
1.負壓吸引:負壓吸引在EUS-FNA穿刺過程中的作用仍然不明確。有文獻認為持續(xù)的低負壓吸引能夠獲得較好的細胞量和樣本質量[15]。2006年的一項Meta分析認為負壓吸引并不能提高EUS-FNA的穿刺樣本質量[16]。2009年Puri等[17]做的一項前瞻性隨機對照試驗評價10 ml負壓和無負壓吸引對最終穿刺樣本量的影響。該研究共納入了52例患者,研究結果顯示,與無負壓組相比,10 ml負壓能夠得到較多的樣本量,且不會增加樣本的血污染程度。另外,負壓組的穿刺樣本的診斷敏感性和陰性預測值均高于無負壓組。最新的一項前瞻性研究采用22G或25G針對85例患者分別采用10 ml負壓和無負壓進行穿刺,結果顯示,10 ml負壓穿刺的準確性和敏感性均高于無負壓組,但10 ml負壓組樣本的血污染程度要高于無負壓組[18]。Kudo等[19]使用25G穿刺針對34例患者分別采用10 ml和50 ml負壓穿刺,發(fā)現(xiàn)與低負壓相比,高負壓能獲得更多的樣本,但該研究未評價兩者獲取樣本的血污染情況。
2.慢提拉法(slow-pull):是指穿刺針在病變組織中反復提插穿刺時緩慢地抽出穿刺針針芯,在穿刺針中行成微負壓的穿刺方法,以達到增加樣本量和減少樣本血污染的目的。Nakai等[20]對93例胰腺實性占位病變分別采用slow-pull法和負壓吸引(10 ml或20 ml)穿刺,發(fā)現(xiàn)用25G針穿刺時與負壓吸引相比,slow-pull法雖然得到的穿刺樣本細胞量較少,但其最終診斷準確性高(90.0%比67.9%),且樣本血污染程度較輕。但用22G針中穿刺的兩組差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。Kin等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),22G穿刺針采用slow-pull法穿刺能夠獲得充足的質量較高且血污染較少的樣本,但slow-pull法與20 ml負壓最終診斷準確性相同。
3.有無針芯:穿刺針中的針芯是為了防止穿刺針在進入病變組織之前混入胃腸道的組織,影響最終診斷的準確性。然而針芯的存在會增加勞動成本、延長手術時間和增加鎮(zhèn)靜藥物的劑量。Sahai等[22]在2010年進行了一項前瞻性對照試驗,對135個病變分別采用有針芯和無針芯針進行了309次穿刺,有針芯針獲得的樣本含量較少,且血污染情況較重,因此認為有針芯的針穿刺不能提高診斷的準確性。一項涉及3078例患者的大樣本研究及最新一項多中心隨機對照試驗則認為有無針芯對EUS-FNA穿刺的樣本含量、血污染情況無影響[23-24]。
4.扇形穿刺:是指在EUS-FNA穿刺過程中,穿刺針從病變左邊呈扇形向右邊穿刺,直到到達病變右邊邊緣。與傳統(tǒng)的中心區(qū)域穿刺相比,扇形穿刺針道的準確性高且樣本血污染較輕。Bang等[25]設計了一項隨機對照試驗比較扇形穿刺法和標準穿刺法獲取樣本的差異。該試驗納入54例患者,其中26例采用標準穿刺法,28例采用扇形穿刺法,兩者診斷準確性和并發(fā)癥差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。但是與標準穿刺法相比,扇形穿刺法獲得的樣本達到診斷目的所需的穿刺針數(shù)較少。
5.濕抽法(wet-suction):是指在穿刺靶向病變之前移除針芯,在穿刺針內注以5 ml無菌生理鹽水,然后注入3 ml無菌生理鹽水用的10 ml注射器中,接到穿刺針的近端,負壓吸引病變。Attam等[26]設計了一項前瞻性單盲隨機對照試驗評價濕抽法穿刺與常規(guī)穿刺法獲取樣本質量的差異。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與常規(guī)穿刺法相比,濕抽法能獲得較多的樣本量,而血污染情況無差異。但該研究未對兩者不同的穿刺方法最終的診斷準確性進行比較。
獲得足夠的樣本是建立準確診斷的前提??焖佻F(xiàn)場病理亦評估(rapid on-site evaluation, ROSE)的作用在于現(xiàn)場給穿刺樣本實時反饋,以達到提高最終診斷的準確性、減少穿刺針道數(shù)的目的。然而,目前ROSE的臨床作用仍然存在爭議。兩篇Meta分析結果認為,ROSE的應用能夠顯著提高穿刺樣本量[27-28]。但Matynia等[27]的研究認為ROSE需要更多的針道數(shù),而Schmidt等[28]的研究則發(fā)現(xiàn)ROSE并不能提高EUS-FNA的檢出率。最新的一項前瞻性隨機對照試驗顯示,ROSE除了可以降低穿刺針道數(shù)以外,并不能提高穿刺樣本的充足性及最終診斷的準確性[29],并且有無ROSE穿刺所需的操作時間、并發(fā)癥、需要重復穿刺率及最終費用也無差異。
另外,由于人員及資金條件受限,多數(shù)醫(yī)療單位也無法實現(xiàn)ROSE。為此,Iwashita等[30]最近對宏觀現(xiàn)場評價(macroscopic on-site evaluation, MOSE)的作用進行了探討。研究對111例病變采用19G穿刺針進行EUS-FNA穿刺。MOSE顯示91.1%的例數(shù)存在宏觀可見核心樣本(macroscopic visible core, MVC),中位長度為8 mm。ROC曲線顯示診斷的臨界值為4 mm,曲線下面積達0.893。研究者認為以4 mm作為臨界值可作為樣本充足性判斷從而提高EUS-FNA的診斷收益。因此在ROSE沒有條件實現(xiàn)的情況下,MOSE亦能夠獲得樣本進行質量評價,以達到提高診斷準確性的目的。
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(本文編輯:屠振興)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2017.04.021
200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學長海醫(yī)院消化內科
張紅燕,Email:13601609798@163.com
2016-06-23)