3組術(shù)前尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查結(jié)果差異無顯著性(P>0.05),術(shù)后12周A組8只犬、B組10只犬在儲(chǔ)尿期觀察到逼尿肌不穩(wěn)定收縮波,對(duì)照組未出現(xiàn),A、B組逼尿肌壓力、最大膀胱容量、殘余尿明顯高于對(duì)照組和術(shù)前,膀胱最大順應(yīng)性明顯低于對(duì)照組和術(shù)前(P<0.05),A、B組間差異無顯著性(P>0.05),對(duì)照組術(shù)后與術(shù)前比較差異均無顯著性(P>0.05)。
3 討論
BOO是引發(fā)OAB的常見原因,且該類模型的建立方法較為簡(jiǎn)單,目前OAB研究模型通常采用該方法建立[1~3]。常用的建模動(dòng)物如大鼠、家兔等[4],難以進(jìn)行膀胱鏡檢等相關(guān)腔內(nèi)手術(shù)操作。比格犬性情溫順,與人親近,生理生化指標(biāo)及遺傳性狀穩(wěn)定,是國際通用實(shí)驗(yàn)用犬,且其體型較大,易進(jìn)行手術(shù)操作,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和人比較相近,是神經(jīng)泌尿科學(xué)的重要模型[5],因而我們選用犬來建模。雄犬陰莖有骨性結(jié)構(gòu),膀胱鏡不易插入,且尿液可由輸精管返流入精囊腺,引起膀胱壓力降低,影響膀胱功能的評(píng)估,因此本實(shí)驗(yàn)選用雌犬作為建模動(dòng)物。目前BOO模型的制作方法有以下幾種:經(jīng)恥骨后途徑結(jié)扎膀胱頸口[6]、經(jīng)會(huì)陰途徑結(jié)扎球部尿道、在近端尿道套上環(huán)圈建立梗阻模型[7]及對(duì)模型動(dòng)物注射睪酮誘導(dǎo)前列腺增生造成BOO模型[8],后兩種方法研究者未進(jìn)一步評(píng)估是否形成BOO。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用恥骨后途徑結(jié)扎膀胱頸和經(jīng)尿道途徑結(jié)扎尿道法制作模型,并對(duì)所建模型進(jìn)行鑒定和比較,期待為今后開展經(jīng)自然通道進(jìn)行微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療OAB提供一種操作簡(jiǎn)單、成功率高的建模方法。

表1 BOO犬術(shù)前與術(shù)后12周尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢測(cè)結(jié)果
雌犬尿道口位于陰道腹側(cè)壁宮頸口遠(yuǎn)端,仰臥位時(shí)尿道口位于陰道口下方,距離陰戶外口4~6 cm,發(fā)情期距離會(huì)縮短。我們觀察到幾乎所有雌犬尿道旁都有一個(gè)先天性假道,易導(dǎo)致插導(dǎo)尿管失敗,所以操作時(shí)最好有一名獸醫(yī)在場(chǎng)進(jìn)行解剖指導(dǎo)。建模后應(yīng)密切觀察犬是否出現(xiàn)感染等并發(fā)癥,及時(shí)給予對(duì)癥處理。模型A組中1只犬于術(shù)后6天切口感染,表現(xiàn)為精神萎靡、耳朵耷拉、毛發(fā)不整潔無光澤、見人后精神狂躁、出現(xiàn)攻擊性舉動(dòng)、拒食、用身體摩擦地面等反常舉止,最終因全身感染、拒食死亡。因此,為防止術(shù)后感染,應(yīng)常規(guī)使用抗生索。如有下腹膨脹,考慮尿潴留時(shí),可用手壓迫犬下腹部協(xié)助排尿,必要時(shí)可予導(dǎo)尿。后期由于尿潴留不適犬的性情會(huì)變得煩躁,為了協(xié)助排尿,喜用后肢摩擦地面或者喂養(yǎng)籠,易出現(xiàn)后肢潰爛,若處理不及時(shí),可導(dǎo)致全身感染死亡。對(duì)于模型A組及對(duì)照組術(shù)中應(yīng)盡量縮小操作范圍,只需將近膀胱頸部尿道前壁與周圍脂肪組織及疏松結(jié)締組織進(jìn)行分離即可;術(shù)后還應(yīng)著腹繃帶,佩戴伊麗莎白圈,防止犬舔咬切口。同時(shí)還應(yīng)每天檢查清洗切口,噴適量的噴貝復(fù)劑或聚維酮碘,不要用刺激性大的碘伏和酒精。經(jīng)尿道結(jié)扎途徑,犬可通過舔咬或尿液腐蝕,致結(jié)扎線脫落,因此應(yīng)定期觀察犬尿線的粗細(xì)來判斷結(jié)扎線是否脫落。A、B兩組模型在術(shù)后2周內(nèi)即可出現(xiàn)尿頻等不適癥狀,表現(xiàn)為犬雙后肢頻繁屈曲,做出排尿動(dòng)作及舔咬尿道口等,此時(shí)應(yīng)注意鑒別尿頻是因?yàn)槊谀蛳蹈腥具€是梗阻引起,及時(shí)取尿液進(jìn)行尿常規(guī)及尿培養(yǎng)以明確病因。目前對(duì)動(dòng)物取尿液的方法大致有以下幾種:擠壓膀胱,膀胱穿刺及留置導(dǎo)尿管等,操作都相對(duì)麻煩。我們采用特制的接尿器[9],成功收取犬的尿液進(jìn)行尿常規(guī)等檢驗(yàn)。在排除泌尿系感染的情況下,模型A組最早于術(shù)后6天即可出現(xiàn)尿頻,模型B組最早于術(shù)后9天出現(xiàn)尿頻。本實(shí)驗(yàn)在觀察犬尿頻時(shí)也是采用在犬腰部佩戴接尿器,每隔半小時(shí)觀察一次接尿器內(nèi)是否有尿液,記錄排尿次數(shù)及尿量。
恥骨后途徑建模方法需切開下腹部,分離尿道,此法操作繁瑣,且易損傷輸尿管及膀胱周圍血管叢,引起術(shù)后切口感染的幾率較大。經(jīng)尿道途徑荷包縫扎部分尿道,只需用卵圓鉗稍微牽拉暴露尿道即可,無手術(shù)切口,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,涉及的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)少,操作簡(jiǎn)單,手術(shù)時(shí)間短,術(shù)后感染等并發(fā)癥少,建模成功率高于恥骨后途徑。此外,在結(jié)扎膀胱頸或尿道時(shí)一定要寧松勿緊,避免造成急性梗阻而導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物死亡。我們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)中用F8導(dǎo)尿管作支撐,可較好地避免出現(xiàn)急性尿路梗阻。除B組第一例模型因初次采用該方法建模,對(duì)犬尿道解剖及假道不甚清楚,術(shù)中操作時(shí)間過長(zhǎng),對(duì)犬尿道鉗夾時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)過重,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)尿道水腫,導(dǎo)致急性尿潴留,給予導(dǎo)尿及硫酸鎂濕敷后好轉(zhuǎn),其余動(dòng)物均未出現(xiàn)急性尿潴留。
在行尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢測(cè)時(shí),不同的麻醉藥物會(huì)對(duì)檢測(cè)結(jié)果有一定的影響。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中常用麻醉劑如戊巴比妥鈉、硫噴妥鈉、氯胺酮+地西泮等均可明顯抑制排尿反射,測(cè)壓曲線隨麻醉深淺而波動(dòng),還可誘發(fā)正常動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生無抑制性收縮[10]。速眠新Ⅱ?yàn)樗傩樽硭?,其主要成分賽拉唑有中樞肌松作用,而?duì)外周神經(jīng)肌肉傳遞無阻滯作用,醒后犬可立即站立行走,僅步態(tài)不穩(wěn),故我們認(rèn)為此藥適合用于犬行尿動(dòng)力學(xué)檢測(cè)前的麻醉[11]。同時(shí)配合催醒藥蘇醒靈3號(hào),可使犬快速蘇醒,測(cè)得的尿動(dòng)力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)可最大程度接近犬真實(shí)狀態(tài)。
本研究表明,經(jīng)恥骨后和經(jīng)尿道途徑兩種方法都能成功建立BOO模型,但經(jīng)尿道途徑操作簡(jiǎn)便,手術(shù)時(shí)間短,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少,更適合作為今后研究經(jīng)尿道腔內(nèi)微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療OAB的建模方法。
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(修回日期:2015-09-26)
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠群)
Comparison of Retropubic Bladder Neck Partial Ligation and Transurethral Urethral Partial Ligation in the Establishment of Bladder Outlet Obstruction Model in Dogs
LiLei,WuYue,ZhangGuofei,etal.
DepartmentofUrology,SixthAffiliatedHospitalofXinjiangMedicalUniversity,Urumqi830002,China
Correspondingauthor:WuYue,E-mail:xjjg_wuyue@126.com
Objective To compare two methods for establishing an animal model of overactivity bladder caused by bladder outlet obstruction in beagle dogs. Methods Twenty-six healthy female beagles were randomly divided into three groups, which were group A (n=10), group B (n=10), and control group (n=6). The group A was given a retropubic approach midprostatic obstruction. The group B was given an urethral partial ligation through transurethral way. The control group underwent just exposure of the bladder neck without midprostatic obstruction through retropubic approach. Urodynamic study was carried out in these groups after 12 weeks. Results The operation time of the group B (10.7±3.9 min) was shorter than the control group (15.2±2.1) min, which was further shorter than the group A (18.4±3.2 min) (F=67.97,P=0.02). Urinary dynamics test showed no significant difference among the 3 groups before the operation of (P>0.05). At 12 weeks after the operation, 8 dogs from the group A and 10 dogs from group B were found with detrusor contraction wave in urine storage period, while the control group did not appear. The detrusor pressure, maximum bladder capacity, residual urine in the group A and group B were significantly higher than the control group and before operation (P<0.05). The bladder compliance in the group A and group B was significantly lower than the control group and before operation (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the group A and B (P>0.05), and there was no significant difference in the control group between preoperation and postoperation (P>0.05). Conclusions Both retropubic and transurethral approaches can be used to successfully establish bladder outlet obsteuction in female beagles. As compared to retropubic approach, the transurethral approach has advantages such as shorter operation time, better reproducibility and stability of the animal models, which is suitable for studying transurethral intracavitary treated by minimally invasive surgery.
Bladder outlet obstruction; Retropubic approach; Transurethral; Overactivity bladder; Dog
新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金(2014211C133)
A
1009-6604(2016)01-0064-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2016.01.018
2015-06-22)
**通訊作者,E-mail:xjjg_wuyue@126.com