?!∮瘢瑥埳賻?,彭騫騫,2,張敏紅,周 瑩,夏九龍,3,刁華杰,3,馮京海*
(1.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,動物營養(yǎng)學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193;2.河北工程大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,邯鄲 056021; 3.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動物科技學(xué)院,哈爾濱 150030)
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產(chǎn)蛋及喂料行為對蛋雞體核和體表溫度的影響
常玉1,張少帥1,彭騫騫1,2,張敏紅1,周瑩1,夏九龍1,3,刁華杰1,3,馮京海1*
(1.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,動物營養(yǎng)學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193;2.河北工程大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,邯鄲 056021; 3.東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動物科技學(xué)院,哈爾濱 150030)
本試驗(yàn)旨在研究產(chǎn)蛋和喂料行為對蛋雞體核和體表溫度的影響及晝夜變化。選取34周齡京紅蛋雞12只,每2只為一籠,飼養(yǎng)于環(huán)境控制艙內(nèi)(溫度維持20 ℃,相對濕度60%),實(shí)行16L:8D的光照制度,每日飼喂2次。使用微型溫度記錄儀每3 min測定1次蛋雞體核和體表溫度,連續(xù)測定48 h。使用數(shù)字紅外錄像機(jī)觀察并記錄蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋和喂料時間。經(jīng)重復(fù)測量方差分析得出:1)產(chǎn)蛋行為顯著影響蛋雞體核溫度(P<0.001),對體表溫度有影響趨勢(P=0.082)。其中產(chǎn)蛋過程中平均體核溫度比產(chǎn)蛋前和產(chǎn)蛋后分別提高0.21 ℃和0.37 ℃ (P<0.01);體表溫度比產(chǎn)蛋前有升高趨勢(P=0.058)。2)喂料行為對蛋雞體核(P=0.01)和體表溫度(P=0.006)均有顯著影響。與喂料前1 h相比,喂料后1~2 h蛋雞平均體核、體表溫度升高0.12 ℃和0.35 ℃(P<0.05),2 h后體溫恢復(fù)正常(P>0.05)。3)蛋雞白天不同時間段內(nèi)(11:00-12:00、15:00-16:00、19:00-20:00)體核和體表溫度無顯著差異(P>0.05),但顯著高于夜間(23:00-24:00、03:00-04:00)體溫(P<0.01)。產(chǎn)蛋及喂料行為顯著提高蛋雞的體核、體表溫度。以體溫為指標(biāo)研究和評價(jià)蛋雞溫?zé)岘h(huán)境舒適程度時,應(yīng)避免產(chǎn)蛋、喂料行為的干擾。
蛋雞;體核溫度;體表溫度;產(chǎn)蛋;喂料
溫?zé)岘h(huán)境是影響蛋雞生產(chǎn)的主要因素之一[1-3],研究、監(jiān)測家禽溫?zé)岘h(huán)境下的舒適狀態(tài)對于家禽的健康生產(chǎn)至關(guān)重要[4]。體表溫度間接反映家禽的可感散熱,隨環(huán)境溫度升高,家禽體表溫度呈非線性增加[5];家禽體核溫度在一定范圍內(nèi)維持基本恒定,當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度升高到一定程度后,家禽體核溫度快速升高[6-7]。因此,研究、監(jiān)測家禽體溫隨環(huán)境溫度變化的規(guī)律,可用于家禽溫?zé)岘h(huán)境舒適狀態(tài)的評價(jià)[8-11]。隨著微型溫度無線傳感器以及熱紅外成像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,研究人員可以在無人為干擾的條件下實(shí)時、準(zhǔn)確的監(jiān)測家禽的體核、體表溫度[9,12-13],但是還需要進(jìn)一步了解家禽自身生理行為對體溫的影響,才能準(zhǔn)確反映體溫與環(huán)境溫度之間的關(guān)系。H.Kadono等[14]在白來航雄性雞腹部埋植溫度無線傳感器,記錄并繪制深層體溫隨時間變化的折線圖,觀察到其深層體溫在產(chǎn)蛋及喂料時存在波動,其他研究人員在白來航蛋雞[15-17]、火雞[18]和肉雞[13]上也有相似發(fā)現(xiàn)。上述研究只是觀察到體核溫度的波動,并不清楚產(chǎn)蛋、喂料行為對體核溫度影響的程度及影響時間。另外產(chǎn)蛋、喂料行為如何影響家禽的體表溫度目前尚不清楚。
本試驗(yàn)研究產(chǎn)蛋和喂料行為對蛋雞體核和體表溫度的影響,為進(jìn)一步研究溫?zé)岘h(huán)境對蛋雞體溫調(diào)節(jié)的影響規(guī)律,評定蛋雞溫?zé)岘h(huán)境舒適狀態(tài)提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。
1.1試驗(yàn)動物與試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
選取34周齡健康、體重相近的京紅高產(chǎn)蛋雞12只,每2只1籠,每籠為1個重復(fù),飼養(yǎng)于同一環(huán)境控制艙內(nèi),環(huán)控艙溫度維持在(20±1) ℃,濕度為(60±7)%。適應(yīng)1周后,使用微型溫度記錄儀每3 min測定1次蛋雞體核和體表溫度,連續(xù)測定48 h。使用數(shù)字紅外錄像機(jī)觀察并記錄蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋和喂料時間。
1.2飼養(yǎng)管理與試驗(yàn)飼糧
試驗(yàn)在中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所動物營養(yǎng)學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室昌平試驗(yàn)基地環(huán)境控制艙內(nèi)進(jìn)行,環(huán)境溫、濕度自動控制。試驗(yàn)期蛋雞的飼養(yǎng)管理以及產(chǎn)蛋高峰期的日糧配制參考《峪口京紅商品蛋雞飼養(yǎng)管理手冊》。采用16L:8D的光照制度,07:00點(diǎn)開燈喂料,16:00第二次喂料,23:00關(guān)燈。高峰期日糧組成和營養(yǎng)成分見表1。試驗(yàn)期蛋雞自由飲水。
1.3測定指標(biāo)與方法
1.3.1體核和體表溫度的測定試驗(yàn)開始前5 d,在每籠中選擇一只蛋雞,剪除背部正中5 cm2的羽毛,將微型溫度記錄儀(DS1922L,Maxim,San Jose,CA,U.S.精確度±0.5 ℃)綁縛在蛋雞背部,使其緊密貼合在蛋雞背部皮膚上,測量蛋雞背部體表溫度。試驗(yàn)開始前2 d,將相同的溫度記錄儀投放到同一只蛋雞口中,用手捻動蛋雞嗉囊,使溫度記錄儀通過食道進(jìn)入肌胃,測量蛋雞的體核溫度。
溫度記錄儀事先設(shè)定好開始時間為試驗(yàn)開始當(dāng)天的06:00,記錄頻率為每3 min記錄1次,連續(xù)記錄48 h后,取出溫度記錄儀導(dǎo)出數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。通過早期觀察,綁縛和投喂微型溫度記錄儀均不影響蛋雞的正常采食、飲水和產(chǎn)蛋。溫度記錄儀使用前利用北京市海淀區(qū)計(jì)量檢測所校正過的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水銀溫度計(jì)進(jìn)行校正,校正方法參考J.Purswell等的操作[19]。
1.3.2蛋雞的行為觀察使用數(shù)字紅外錄像機(jī)(model:BN-IPC4-3MD,北京)觀察蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋和采食時間,最大分辨率為1 920×1 080,拍攝視頻由NVR 存儲。
表1試驗(yàn)期蛋雞日糧組成及營養(yǎng)水平(干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ))
Table 1Experimental diet composition and nutrient level (DM basis) %
1.預(yù)混料為每千克飼糧提供:VA 8 000 IU,VD33 000 IU,VE 10 IU,VK 2 mg,VB120.04 mg,VB14.5 mg,VB22.5 mg,VB63 mg,泛酸 5 mg,煙酸20 mg,葉酸0.3 mg,生物素0.1 mg,膽堿500 mg,Mn(MnSO4·5H2O) 80.00 mg,Zn(ZnSO4·7H2O) 65 mg,F(xiàn)e (FeSO4·7H2O) 80 mg,Cu(CuSO4·5H2O) 8 mg,I(KI) 0.5 mg,Se(Na2SeO3)0.3 mg。2.計(jì)算值
1.Premix provided the following nutrients per kilogram of diet:VA 8 000 IU,VD33 000 IU,VE 10 IU,VK 2 mg,VB120.04 mg,VB14.5 mg,VB22.5 mg,VB63 mg,pantothenic acid 5 mg,nicotinic acid 20 mg,folic acid 0.3 mg,biotin 0.1 mg,choline 500 mg,Mn(MnSO4·5H2O) 80.00 mg,Zn(ZnSO4·7H2O) 65 mg,F(xiàn)e (FeSO4·7H2O) 80 mg,Cu(CuSO4·5H2O) 8 mg,I(KI) 0.5 mg,Se(Na2SeO3)0.3 mg.2.Calculated values
1.4數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
不同時間點(diǎn)蛋雞體核和體表溫度數(shù)據(jù)采用spss 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件中PROC GLM過程進(jìn)行單因素重復(fù)測量方差分析,P<0.05為差異顯著標(biāo)準(zhǔn),0.05
2.1蛋雞體核和體表溫度變化觀察
圖1、圖2為1只蛋雞48 h內(nèi)體核和體表溫度變化的折線圖。由圖1觀察到,蛋雞的體核溫度在開關(guān)燈、產(chǎn)蛋以及喂料時均有波動。由圖2可見,蛋雞的體表溫度在開關(guān)燈時存在較大波動,而在產(chǎn)蛋和喂料時的波動并不明顯。
2.2產(chǎn)蛋行為對蛋雞體核和體表溫度的影響
本試驗(yàn)將產(chǎn)蛋前10 min~產(chǎn)蛋后20 min內(nèi)的體溫進(jìn)行平均,代表產(chǎn)蛋過程(-10 min ~+20 min)中的體溫,將這之前30 min的平均體溫代表產(chǎn)蛋前(-40 min~-10 min)的體溫,之后30 min的平均體溫代表產(chǎn)蛋后(+20 min~+50 min)的體溫。
由表2可知,產(chǎn)蛋行為對蛋雞體核溫度有顯著影響(P=0.001),對蛋雞體表溫度有影響趨勢(P=0.082)。產(chǎn)蛋時蛋雞體核溫度比產(chǎn)蛋前和產(chǎn)蛋后升高0.21和0.37 ℃ (P<0.01),體表溫度與產(chǎn)蛋前相比有升高的趨勢(P=0.058)。
2.3喂料行為對蛋雞體核和體表溫度的影響
由蛋雞體溫晝夜變化折線圖可以看出,喂料可能影響蛋雞體溫,為此本試驗(yàn)將下午喂料前1 h,喂料后1 h、1~2 h、2~3 h內(nèi)的體溫進(jìn)行平均,比較喂料前后體溫的變化(表3)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),喂料行為對蛋雞體核(P=0.01)和體表溫度(P=0.006)均有顯著影響。其中與喂料前1 h相比,喂料后1~2 h蛋雞的體核溫度升高0.12 ℃(P<0.05),體表溫度升高0.35 ℃(P<0.05),喂料2 h之后體核和體表溫度均又恢復(fù)到喂料前水平(P>0.05)。
2.4蛋雞不同時間點(diǎn)體核和體表溫度的變化
由上面的結(jié)果可以看出,產(chǎn)蛋和喂料行為均會影響蛋雞的體核和體表溫度。本試驗(yàn)蛋雞基本在10:00前完成產(chǎn)蛋,因此從11:00開始,每隔3 h(避開16:00喂料的影響)選取1 h的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行平均,比較這5個時間段的體溫變化。
圖1 1只蛋雞48 h體核溫度變化Fig.1 Change of core temperature in 48 h in a laying hen
圖2 1只蛋雞48 h體表溫度變化Fig.2 Change of skin temperature in 48 h in a laying hen
表2產(chǎn)蛋對蛋雞體核和體表溫度的影響
Table 2Effects of oviposition on core and skin temperature of laying hens
項(xiàng)目Item產(chǎn)蛋前Pre-laying產(chǎn)蛋時Egg-laying產(chǎn)蛋后Post-layingP值P-value體核溫度/℃Coretemperature41.24±0.1841.45±0.23***41.08±0.160.001體表溫度/℃Skintemperature39.02±0.2939.30±0.13*38.90±0.350.082
*.0.05
表3喂料對蛋雞體核和體表溫度的影響
Table 3Effects of feeding on core and skin temperature of laying hens
項(xiàng)目Item喂料前1h1hbeforefeeding喂料后1h1hafterfeeding喂料后1~2h1-2hafterfeeding喂料后2~3h2-3hafterfeedingP值P-value體核溫度/℃Coretemperature41.19±0.1741.28±0.18*41.31±0.14**41.20±0.150.010體表溫度/℃Skintemperature38.76±0.3239.04±0.30***39.11±0.29**38.98±0.230.006
由圖3、圖4 可以看出,不同時間段蛋雞體核(P<0.01)和體表溫度(P<0.01)均有顯著變化。與11:00-12:00相比,15:00-16:00以及19:00-20:00的體核和體表溫度均沒有顯著差異(P>0.05),而23:00-24:00以及3:00-4:00的體核和體表溫度均極顯著降低(P<0.01)。
**.P<0.05;***.P<0.01。圖4同**.P<0.05;***.P<0.01.The same as Figure 4圖3 蛋雞體核溫度的晝夜變化Fig.3 Diurnal variation of core temperature of laying hens
圖4 蛋雞體表溫度的晝夜變化Fig.4 Diurnal variation of skin temperature of laying hens
3.1產(chǎn)蛋行為對蛋雞體核和體表溫度的影響
根據(jù)錄像機(jī)記錄的產(chǎn)蛋時間結(jié)合溫度記錄儀采集的體核溫度數(shù)據(jù),本試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋前體核溫度逐漸升高,到產(chǎn)蛋后5~10 min體核溫度達(dá)到最高點(diǎn),這與H.Kadono等[17]的研究結(jié)果相似。
本試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)蛋時(-10~+20 min)蛋雞體核溫度比產(chǎn)蛋前和產(chǎn)蛋后分別升高0.24 ℃和0.37 ℃,體表溫度升高0.28 ℃和0.40 ℃。通過觀察體核溫度隨時間變化的折線圖,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)白來航蛋雞[16]和羅德島紅雞[20]產(chǎn)蛋時體核溫度存在短暫的升高。本試驗(yàn)通過錄像機(jī)觀察到,在產(chǎn)蛋前蛋雞基本不采食,而是不斷尋找合適的環(huán)境來產(chǎn)蛋,產(chǎn)蛋過程中泄殖腔括約肌和尾部豎毛肌收縮,尾羽張開,因此蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋時體溫短暫升高可能與肌肉的劇烈活動有關(guān)。L.W.Bobr等[21]也同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋雞在產(chǎn)蛋過程中肌肉活動加劇且體溫升高。
3.2喂料對蛋雞體核和體表溫度的影響
H.Wilson等[22]觀察到肉種雞在喂料2 h后直腸溫度有升高趨勢。H.Kadono等[17]也觀察到白來航蛋雞喂料后深層體溫存在波動。本試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),喂料后1~2 h蛋雞的體核和體表溫度均顯著升高,2 h后又恢復(fù)到喂料前水平。經(jīng)視頻觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),喂料后蛋雞集中采食,采食頻率加快,可能使采食量在短時間內(nèi)明顯增加。采食是調(diào)控體溫的一個重要機(jī)制,在采食過程中蛋雞的活動量增加,活動產(chǎn)熱升高[23],同時由于食后熱增耗[24-25],導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)熱量增加。這可能是導(dǎo)致蛋雞在喂料2 h內(nèi)體溫升高的原因。
3.3不同時間點(diǎn)蛋雞體核和體表溫度的變化
本試驗(yàn)避開產(chǎn)蛋和喂料行為的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)光照期不同時間點(diǎn)蛋雞的體核和體表溫度無顯著差異。J.Cain和W.Wilson[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除在產(chǎn)蛋時蛋雞深層體溫有較大波動外,光照期其他時間變化不明顯。P.Kettlewell等[13]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)光照期肉雞的體溫除在關(guān)燈前有短暫的升高外,其他時間均無明顯變化。而H.Kadono等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)白來航蛋雞的深層體溫在光照期有較大波動,這是由于不同時間點(diǎn)蛋雞采食量的不均衡造成的。
本試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),光照期體核和體表溫度顯著高于黑暗期,體核溫度晝夜相差0.3~0.9 ℃,體表溫度晝夜相差1.5~2 ℃。J.Cain和W.Wilson[16]通過觀察深層體溫隨時間變化的折線圖發(fā)現(xiàn),白來航蛋雞光照期深層體溫比黑暗期高0.6 ℃左右。P.Kettlewell等[13]用同樣方法也發(fā)現(xiàn)肉雞光照期深層體溫比黑暗期高0.4 ℃左右,另外,在火雞[18]上也存在類似變化。蛋雞夜間體溫下降可能是由于蛋雞在黑暗期的活動減少而引起的。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鳥類白天活動量大,體溫升高,而夜間靜止時體溫降低[26]。另外,B.Bhatti等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)黑暗期蛋雞采食量較少,可能是導(dǎo)致蛋雞體溫下降的一個重要因素。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鳥類限食的情況下,代謝率降低,體溫下降[28]。H.Kadono等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)在全天光照的條件下,蛋雞采食量增加,體溫隨之升高,反之亦然。因此,光照期蛋雞的體核和體表溫度顯著高于黑暗期,可能與蛋雞的活動量和采食量的變化有關(guān)。蛋雞體溫、活動和采食行為的變化可能受松果體的調(diào)控[29]。松果體可以規(guī)律性地釋放褪黑激素[30],且釋放受到光周期的影響,在光照期釋放量減少,黑暗時釋放量增加[31-32]。有研究表明,褪黑激素的減少會使動物個體活動增加,睡眠減少[33-34]。因此,光照可能通過松果體調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)褪黑激素的含量,從而促進(jìn)蛋雞在光照期的活動、采食行為,導(dǎo)致體溫升高。
產(chǎn)蛋時(-10~+20 min)蛋雞的體核溫度顯著升高0.21~0.37 ℃,體表溫度也存在升高趨勢。喂料后1~2 h蛋雞體核和體表溫度顯著升高0.12和0.35 ℃。蛋雞白天不同時間點(diǎn)體核和體表溫度無顯著差異,但顯著高于夜間。因此,以體溫為指標(biāo),研究和評價(jià)蛋雞溫?zé)岘h(huán)境舒適程度時,應(yīng)考慮產(chǎn)蛋和喂料行為的干擾,盡量選擇11:00-20:00進(jìn)行。
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(編輯郭云雁)
Effects of Oviposition and Feeding Behavior on Core and Skin Temperature of Laying Hens
CHANG Yu1,ZHANG Shao-shuai1,PENG Qian-qian1,2,ZHANG Min-hong1,ZHOU Ying1,XIA Jiu-long1,3,DIAO Hua-jie1,3,F(xiàn)ENG Jing-hai1*
(1.StateKeyLaboratoryofAnimalNutrition,InstituteofAnimalScience,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100193,China;2.CollegeofAgriculture,HebeiUniversityofEngineering,Handan056021,China;3.SchoolofAnimalScienceandTechnology,NortheastAgriculturalUniversity,Harbin150030,China)
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of oviposition and feeding behavior on core and skin temperature of laying hens and diurnal variation of core and skin temperature of laying hens.Twelve Jing Hong laying hens aged 34 weeks were assigned to 6 cages,one cage included 2 birds and were kept at environmental control chambers(ambient temperature:20 ℃,relative humidity:60%).All hens were exposed to 16L:8D until the end of experiment and fed twice a day.Miniature temperature data loggers were used to measure the core and skin temperature,and the data was recorded every 3 minutes,which lasted 48 h.The time of oviposition and feeding were recorded by digital infrared video camera.The analysis results by repeated measurement showed as follows:1) Oviposition had effect on the core temperature(P<0.001) and the skin temperature (P=0.082).Thereinto,the core temperature of egg-laying period was 0.21 ℃ higher than that of pre-laying (P<0.01) and 0.37 ℃ higher than that of post-laying (P<0.01).Compared with the pre-laying period,the skin temperature of egg-laying period had a tendency to increase(P=0.058).2) Feeding had significant effect on the core(P=0.01) and skin temperature(P=0.006).Compared with the core and skin temperature of the 1 h before feeding,the core and skin temperature of the 1-2 h after feeding increased 0.12 ℃ (P<0.05) and 0.35 ℃(P<0.05),respectively;2 h after feeding,the core and skin temperature were back to normal.3) During the day(11:00-12:00,15:00-16:00,19:00-20:00),the core and skin temperature had no significant differences(P>0.05),which significantly higher than that during the night(23:00-24:00,03:00-04:00,P<0.01).In conclusion,the oviposition and feeding behavior significantly improved the core and skin temperature.Therefore,evaluating the comfortable level on the basis of body temperature in laying hens,the interference of oviposition and feeding should be avoided.
laying hen;core temperature;skin temperature;oviposition;feeding
10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2016.10.013
2015-10-22
國家“十二五”科技支撐課題(2012BAD39B02);中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(ASTIP-IAS07)
常玉(1992-),女,河南洛陽人,碩士生,主要從事家禽環(huán)境與營養(yǎng)研究,E-mail:aa2013qingtian@126.com
馮京海,副研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail:fjh6289@126.com
S831.4
A
0366-6964(2016)10-2045-07