賈國(guó)榮 張建 程超 李翠翠 馮菲 邱爽 左長(zhǎng)京
200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科
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·論著·
18F-FDG PET/CT代謝參數(shù)在局灶性自身免疫性胰腺炎和胰腺癌鑒別診斷中的應(yīng)用
賈國(guó)榮張建程超李翠翠馮菲邱爽左長(zhǎng)京
200433上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科
【摘要】目的探討(18)F-FDG PET/CT代謝參數(shù)在局灶性自身免疫性胰腺炎(F-AIP)與胰腺癌(PC)鑒別診斷中的價(jià)值。方法收集2011年5月至2014年12月經(jīng)病理或臨床隨訪證實(shí)并行(18)F-FDG PET/CT檢查的10例F-AIP患者和20例同期經(jīng)病理學(xué)證實(shí)且性別、年齡相匹配的PC患者。采用50%最大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)攝取值(SUV(max))作為閾值勾畫感興趣區(qū),測(cè)量胰腺病灶SUV(max)、平均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)攝取值(SUV(mean))、腫瘤代謝體積(MTV)、糖酵解總量(TLG)、靶本比(TBR),并計(jì)算延遲前后各代謝參數(shù)的滯留指數(shù)(RI),分析PET/CT的形態(tài)學(xué)表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果F-AIP和PC均表現(xiàn)為局灶性代謝增高灶,F(xiàn)-AIP病灶位于胰頭6例、胰體尾4例,PC病灶位于胰頭12例、胰體尾8例。F-AIP組中2例主胰管擴(kuò)張,6例肝內(nèi)外膽管擴(kuò)張,8例縱隔淋巴結(jié)代謝增高,2例腹腔淋巴結(jié)腫大;PC組上述表現(xiàn)分別為8、5、5、14例。F-AIP組縱隔淋巴結(jié)腫大檢出率顯著高于PC組,腹腔淋巴結(jié)腫大檢出率顯著低于PC組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.05)。兩組胰管擴(kuò)張率及肝內(nèi)外膽管擴(kuò)張率的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。F-AIP組早期顯像胰腺病灶的SUV(max)、SUV(mean)、MTV值分別為5.37±0.88、3.48±0.66、21.79±15.60,延遲期顯像分別為6.45±1.51、4.23±1.10、19.36±14.63;PC組早期為8.31±3.08、5.41±1.95、9.26±8.35,延遲期為9.75±3.86、6.36±2.56、9.09±10.71。F-AIP組SUV(max)、SUV(mean)顯著低于PC組,MTV顯著高于PC組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.05)。SUV(max)、SUV(mean)、MTV的受試者工作特征曲線下面積(AUC)以早期SUV(mean)為最大,達(dá)到0.85,最佳診斷臨界值為4.45,診斷AIP的靈敏度為65%,特異度為90%。兩組患者TLG、TBR及各參數(shù)的RI差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論(18)F-FDG PET/CT的SUV(max)、SUV(mean)、MTV等代謝參數(shù)在F-AIP與PC的鑒別診斷中有一定的參考價(jià)值。
【關(guān)鍵詞】自身免疫疾?。灰认傺?;胰腺腫瘤;體層攝影術(shù),發(fā)射型計(jì)算機(jī);體層攝影術(shù),X線計(jì)算機(jī);脫氧葡萄糖;診斷,鑒別
自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis, AIP)是一種特殊類型的慢性胰腺炎,以胰腺局部或彌漫性腫大伴有胰管不規(guī)則狹窄、類固醇激素療效顯著為特征[1-2]。AIP根據(jù)組織病理學(xué)特征可分為兩型[3],Ⅰ型為淋巴漿細(xì)胞硬化型胰腺炎,Ⅱ型為導(dǎo)管中心型胰腺炎。Ⅰ型AIP常見于亞洲老年男性,與IgG4系統(tǒng)性疾病相關(guān),常見胰腺外器官浸潤(rùn)[1,4]。根據(jù)病灶的分布特點(diǎn)AIP又可分為彌漫性和局灶性[2,5]。AIP與胰腺癌(pancreatic cancer, PC)的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)類似,但預(yù)后不同,局灶型AIP(F-AIP)與PC的鑒別尤為困難,因此探討兩者的鑒別方法有重要臨床價(jià)值[1]。18F-FDG PET/CT是一種全身功能學(xué)顯像技術(shù),常用于良惡性病灶的鑒別及全身情況觀察[6]。本研究收集行該項(xiàng)檢查的F-AIP患者資料,分析其胰腺病灶代謝參數(shù)和胰外病灶形態(tài)特點(diǎn),以評(píng)價(jià)該檢查在F-AIP與PC鑒別診斷中的價(jià)值。
方法與材料
一、研究對(duì)象
收集2011年5月至2014年12月間在長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院行18F-FDG PET/CT檢查的F-AIP患者10例,并收集同期性別、年齡相匹配的PC患者20例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)PET/CT檢查前2周內(nèi)未行相關(guān)抗炎、抗腫瘤治療;(2)F-AIP是在PET/CT檢查后經(jīng)EUS-FNA發(fā)現(xiàn)IgG4陽性細(xì)胞或根據(jù)典型影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)或臨床隨訪6個(gè)月以上確診,PC經(jīng)手術(shù)病理或細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查確診。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):PET/CT檢查前2周內(nèi)行ERCP或FNA等有創(chuàng)檢查者。10例F-AIP患者均為男性,年齡45~67歲;活檢標(biāo)本中發(fā)現(xiàn)IgG4陽性細(xì)胞確診3例,根據(jù)影像及臨床隨訪確診7例。20例PC患者也均為男性,年齡45~66歲;EUS-FNA及細(xì)胞學(xué)確診11例,手術(shù)病理確診9例(8例導(dǎo)管腺癌,1例腺鱗癌)。
二、PET/CT檢查
采用西門子Biograph truepoint高分辨PET/CT儀進(jìn)行檢查。18F-FDG由上海原子科興藥業(yè)有限公司提供,放化純度>95%。受檢者檢查前禁食6 h以上,血糖值<11.1 mmol/L,按體重靜脈注射18F-FDG 3.70~5.55 MBq/kg。靜息45~60 min后行常規(guī)PET/CT掃描,6~7個(gè)床位,1個(gè)床位2.5 min,掃描范圍從顱頂至股骨中段。常規(guī)掃描結(jié)束后約40 min進(jìn)行延遲顯像,掃描范圍從膈頂?shù)诫p側(cè)腎臟以下平面,1個(gè)床位,2.5 min。掃描結(jié)束后數(shù)據(jù)傳至Multimodality后處理工作站TureD系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行圖像重建、融合,形成冠狀面、橫斷面、矢狀面斷層圖像及PET三維投影圖像。
三、圖像分析
采用后處理工作站The New 3D Freeform Isocontour Tool中的Contrast method,以50%最大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)攝取值(SUVmax)作為閾值勾畫PET/CT檢查感興趣區(qū)(ROI),測(cè)量SUVmax、平均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)攝取值(SUVmean)、腫瘤代謝體積(MTV)、糖酵解總量(TLG,TLG=SUVmean×MTV)、靶本比(TBR,TBR=胰腺病灶SUVmax/肝臟SUVmax),并計(jì)算SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV、TLG和TBR的滯留指數(shù)[RI,RI=(延遲后病灶值-延遲前病灶值)/延遲前病灶值×100%]。PET/CT診斷胰腺攝取增高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為胰腺內(nèi)結(jié)節(jié)狀或腫塊狀放射性濃聚,代謝高于肝臟或明顯高于周圍胰腺組織;縱隔及雙側(cè)肺門淋巴結(jié)攝取增高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為淋巴結(jié)代謝高于縱隔血池;腹腔內(nèi)淋巴結(jié)增大的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為淋巴結(jié)短徑≥5 mm;肝內(nèi)膽管擴(kuò)張的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為一級(jí)膽管分支直徑≥5 mm,肝外膽管擴(kuò)張為≥8 mm;胰管擴(kuò)張標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為主胰管直徑>3.0 mm。由2名經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的核醫(yī)學(xué)科醫(yī)師分別對(duì)每例融合圖像進(jìn)行獨(dú)立分析,測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)取兩者平均值,診斷不一致時(shí)以討論一致后的結(jié)果為準(zhǔn)。另外也統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組患者的CA19-9值。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
結(jié)果
一、一般情況
F-AIP組平均年齡為(59±8)歲,PC組為(54±7)歲。F-AIP患者就診原因?yàn)楦雇床贿m4例,腹痛合并黃疸1例,黃疸4例,B超體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺占位1例;PC患者就診原因?yàn)楦雇床贿m15例,黃疸4例,體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物異常1例。10例F-AIP患者中血漿IgG4水平升高3例,20例PC患者均無升高。F-AIP患者血CA19-9水平為(49.03±44.14)U/ml,其中4例升高,為37~200 U/ml(正常值<37 U/ml);PC患者CA19-9水平為(617.18±481.41)U/ml,其中16例升高,12例>200 U/ml。PC患者的血CA19-9水平顯著高于F-AIP患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-3.295,P=0.004)。10例F-AIP中6例病灶位于胰頭,2例位于胰體,2例位于胰尾;20例PC患者中12例病灶位于胰頭,3例位于胰體,5例位于胰尾。
二、影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)
F-AIP組中2例主胰管擴(kuò)張,6例肝內(nèi)外膽管擴(kuò)張;PC組中8例主胰管擴(kuò)張,5例肝內(nèi)外膽管擴(kuò)張,兩組間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。F-AIP組中8例縱隔淋巴結(jié)代謝增高,PC組中5例縱隔淋巴結(jié)腫大,F(xiàn)-AIP組顯著高于PC組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(K=0.512,P=0.006)。F-AIP組2例腹腔淋巴結(jié)腫大,PC組14例腹腔淋巴結(jié)腫大,F(xiàn)-AIP組顯著低于PC組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(K=0.455,P=0.016;圖1、2)。
三、胰腺病灶代謝參數(shù)
無論早期或延遲期顯像,兩組患者SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而TLG、TBR的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。F-AIP組SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV、TLG、TBR的RI分別為(18.99±12.01)%、(20.32±11.48)%、(-11.20±14.64)%、(6.32±17.38)%、(32.50±17.40)%,PC組分別為(16.04±37.76)%、(21.56±27.28)%、(-4.79±50.38)%、(10.30±47.62)%、(32.70±26.40)%,兩組差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為0.239、-0.136、-0.391、-0.254、0.086,P值均>0.05)。早期顯像中各項(xiàng)參數(shù)AUC大于延遲期顯像各參數(shù)AUC,以早期SUVmean的AUC最大,達(dá)到0.85。SUVmax最佳診斷臨界值為6.35,對(duì)應(yīng)的靈敏度為70%,特異度為90%;SUVmean最佳診斷臨界值為4.45,診斷AIP的靈敏度為65%,特異度為90%;MTV最佳診斷臨界值為16.39,對(duì)應(yīng)的靈敏度為60%,特異度為90%。
表1 F-AIP組和PC組雙時(shí)相18F-FDG PET/CT顯像的胰腺病灶代謝參數(shù)
圖1 F-AIP患者18F-FDG PET/CT顯像圖。1A.全身代謝圖;1B.胰腺病灶;1C.縱膈淋巴結(jié)代謝增高;1D.主胰管輕度擴(kuò)張
圖2 PC患者18F-FDG PET/CT顯像圖。2A.全身代謝圖;2B.胰腺病灶;2C.后腹膜淋巴結(jié)代謝輕度增高;2D.主胰管明顯擴(kuò)張
討論
目前影像學(xué)診斷AIP的常用方法為增強(qiáng)CT[7],其特征表現(xiàn)為胰腺臘腸樣腫脹,密度減低,動(dòng)脈期強(qiáng)化程度低于正常胰腺,持續(xù)強(qiáng)化,延遲期強(qiáng)化程度接近胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)[8-9]。其他征象包括延遲期輕度強(qiáng)化的胰腺周圍包膜樣環(huán)狀影、肝內(nèi)外膽管擴(kuò)張等。AIP患者胰腺病灶的常規(guī)MR圖像表現(xiàn)為T1等低信號(hào),T2等高信號(hào),強(qiáng)化特點(diǎn)同增強(qiáng)CT類似[10]。MRCP在顯示胰管不規(guī)則狹窄方面較CT有優(yōu)勢(shì),但在顯示病灶代謝情況和胰腺外器官侵犯方面,PET/CT作為一種全身功能學(xué)顯像技術(shù)與CT和MRI相比較有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
根據(jù)AIP病灶分布特點(diǎn),目前將AIP分為彌漫性、局灶性[2,5]。彌漫性AIP在PET/CT上表現(xiàn)為全胰腺FDG代謝增高,而PC常表現(xiàn)為局灶性攝取增高灶,二者易于鑒別[11-12]。但有兩種情況AIP與PC表現(xiàn)類似,需注意鑒別。其一,當(dāng)胰腺癌阻塞主胰管引起彌漫性胰腺炎時(shí),彌漫性AIP與PC難以區(qū)分[7]。本研究有2例PC伴有阻塞性胰腺炎,胰腺癌病灶和阻塞性胰腺炎病灶均表現(xiàn)為不同程度的FDG濃聚,但胰腺癌病灶的FDG濃聚程度高于阻塞性胰腺炎病灶,通過病灶FDG濃聚程度的差異可以輔助與彌漫性AIP的鑒別。其二,當(dāng)F-AIP發(fā)生于胰頭時(shí)[12],僅通過局部病灶的FDG濃聚特征難以與PC鑒別[7]。因此本研究探討胰腺病灶的代謝參數(shù)和胰外病灶形態(tài)特點(diǎn),以提高兩者的鑒別能力。
PET/CT檢查的SUV是一種最常用來評(píng)價(jià)糖酵解代謝情況的參數(shù),用于鑒別病變良惡性。Metser等[13]報(bào)道,超過半數(shù)的良性FDG代謝增高病灶表現(xiàn)為中度到顯著高代謝,炎癥是最常見的原因,但與腫瘤難以鑒別。Ozaki等[14]對(duì)15例AIP和26例PC的FDG代謝情況進(jìn)行了半定量比較,結(jié)果顯示兩組病例SUV值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此,由于腫瘤異質(zhì)性的特點(diǎn),SUVmax不能全面概括腫瘤的代謝情況, MTV、TLG能更好反映腫瘤整體代謝情況[15]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,PC組與F-AIP組胰腺病灶的SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而TLG的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本結(jié)果與Ozaki等的研究結(jié)果不同,可能因本研究對(duì)象為F-AIP,而Ozaki等的研究對(duì)象為各型AIP所致。本研究中F-AIP組的MTV較PC組大,可能對(duì)鑒別F-AIP與PC有一定的參考意義。TLG作為MTV值與SUV值的乘積,F(xiàn)-AIP較高的MTV值和較低的SUV值相乘最終導(dǎo)致TLG值與PC組無顯著性差異。
與PC組相比,F(xiàn)-AIP引起的胰管擴(kuò)張往往相對(duì)溫和[2],其病理原因可能是炎癥浸潤(rùn)造成的不規(guī)則狹窄引起的擴(kuò)張程度往往較腫塊壓迫造成的完全阻塞引起的擴(kuò)張程度較輕所致。本研究的F-AIP組胰管擴(kuò)張陽性率為20%,雖然低于PC組的40%,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,考慮與本研究樣本量較小、未對(duì)胰管擴(kuò)張程度進(jìn)一步分級(jí)有關(guān)。延遲掃描對(duì)F-AIP與PC無鑒別診斷價(jià)值可能因非感染性炎癥以及腫瘤異質(zhì)性是削弱雙時(shí)相研究診斷功能的因素之一[16]。
既往研究表明,92.2%的AIP患者表現(xiàn)為胰腺外病灶侵犯,包括唾液腺(47.5%)、肺門淋巴結(jié)(78.3%)、膽管壁增厚(77.8%)、后腹膜纖維化(19.8%)等[17]。當(dāng)AIP侵犯肝內(nèi)膽管及胰周、縱膈淋巴結(jié)時(shí),往往表現(xiàn)為FDG代謝增高[18]。Ozaki等[14]的結(jié)果顯示AIP組的肺門淋巴結(jié)顯示率顯著高于PC組。本研究的F-AIP組肺門淋巴結(jié)顯示率高于PC組,與Ozaki等的結(jié)果一致,其原因可能為亞洲人群好發(fā)I型AIP,為IgG4系統(tǒng)性疾病之一,而IgG4疾病易發(fā)生肺門淋巴結(jié)侵犯。AIP和PC均可侵犯腹腔淋巴結(jié),但PC的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率達(dá)37.2%[19]。本研究的PC患者腹腔淋巴結(jié)侵犯率也顯著高于F-AIP患者。
綜上所述,18F-FDG PET/CT的代謝參數(shù)SUVmax、SUVmean、MTV等可能為F-AIP與PC的鑒別提供有價(jià)值的信息。
參考 文 獻(xiàn)
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(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
Application of18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters in differentiating focal autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer
JiaGuorong,ZhangJian,ChengChao,LiCuicui,FengFei,QiuShuang,ZuoChangjing.DepartmentofNuclearMedicine,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of the metabolic parameters for differentiating focal autoimmune pancreatitis (F-AIP) and pancreatic cancer (PC) by dual time (18)F-FDG PET/CT scan. MethodsTen F-AIP patients and 20 PC patients in Changhai Hospital from May 2011 to November 2014 were enrolled in this study. All the AIP patients were histological confirmed or diagnosed by clinical follow up. The PC patients were histological confirmed and gender- and age-matched with F-AIP patients. 50% SUV(max) was set as the threshold to fine-tune the boundary of interest. The extracted parameters included SUV(max), SUV(mean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis(TLG), target-to-background ratio (TBR) and the retention indexes(RI) of all the parameters above. The PET/CT imaging features were also observed. Results The high metabolic lesions were observed in both F-AIP patients and PC patients. There were 6 F-AIP patients whose lesion was located in pancreas head, 4 F-AIP patients whose lesion was located in pancreas body and tail. There were 12 PC patients whose lesion was located in pancreas head, 8 PC patients whose lesion was located in pancreas body and tail. In F-AIP patients, 2 cases had dilated pancreatic duct, 6 had dilated biliary duct, 8 had increased metabolism in mediastinal lymph node and 2 had abdominal lymphadenopathy, which were 8, 5, 5 and 14 cases in PC patients. The positive rate of mdeiastinal lymphadenopathy in F-AIP patients was statistically higher than that in PC patients, while the positivity rate of abdominal lymphadenopathy in AIP patients was lower than that in PC patients. The difference was statistically significant (both P<0.05).There were no statistical differences on the positivity rate of the dilated pancreatic duct, intra-and extra-hepatic bile duct between two groups. SUV(max), SUV(mean) and MTV in F-AIP were 5.37±0.88, 3.48±0.66, 21.79±15.60 in early stage and 6.45±1.51, 4.23±1.10, 19.36±14.63 in delayed stage, and those in PC were 8.31±3.08, 5.41±1.95, 9.26±8.35 in early stage, and 9.75±3.86, 6.36±2.56, 9.09±10.71 in delayed stage. SUV(max) and SUV(mean) in F-AIP were lower than those in PC, whereas MTV were larger in F-AIP than that in PC. ROC curves for SUV(max), SUV(mean) and MTV were made. The AUC of SUV(mean) was the highest at 0.85, the cut-off value was 4.45, the corresponding sensitivity was 65% and the specificity was 90%. TLG, TBR and RI of all the parameters were not statistically different in F-AIP and PC. ConclusionsThe (18)F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters, such as SUV(max), SUV(mean), MTV, could be of special diagnostic significance in discriminating F-AIP from PC.
【Key words】Autoimmune disease;Pancreatitis;Pancreatic neoplasms;Tomography, emission-computed;Tomography, X-ray computed;Deoxyglucose;Diagnosis, differential
(收稿日期:2015-12-25)
Corresponding author:Zuo Changjing, Email:changjing.zuo@qq.com
通信作者:左長(zhǎng)京,Email:changjing.zuo@qq.com
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2016.02.005