中考英語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)題的命題角度與對策

張鵬

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是各地中考英語試題中必考的知識(shí)點(diǎn)，也是考查的重點(diǎn)。然而，初中英語時(shí)態(tài)多達(dá)八種，并且近幾年中考在考查時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，形式靈活多樣，多體現(xiàn)在上下文語境中，而且寓多個(gè)考點(diǎn)于一題，這樣無形中增加了試題的難度，使得一些考生總感覺時(shí)態(tài)題不可捉摸，無規(guī)律可循。本文擬結(jié)合典型試題，對中考時(shí)態(tài)題的命題角度逐一剖析，并提出相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對策略，旨在幫助同學(xué)們快速提升解答該類試題的能力。

一、巧抓時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞，快解時(shí)態(tài)題

由于絕大多數(shù)的中考英語試卷，同時(shí)具有畢業(yè)檢測與升學(xué)選拔的雙重功效，所以對時(shí)態(tài)的考查在很大程度上還是停留在識(shí)記和簡單應(yīng)用的層次上。為此，命題人在命題時(shí)，往往會(huì)借助一些關(guān)鍵的時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞來給考生以解題的“暗示”。所以，同學(xué)們在解題時(shí)，應(yīng)該抓住關(guān)鍵“時(shí)間類標(biāo)志詞”，從而達(dá)到快解時(shí)態(tài)題的“神效”。

【真題1】（2015年陜西卷）Many city people____their bikes to work every day.

A.ride

B.will ride

C.rode

D.have ridden

【分析】由時(shí)間狀語every day可知，該句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故選A。

【真題2】（2015年武漢卷）-A nice carl Isit yours？

-No，it isn't.I____it from afriend of mine two days ago.

A.borrow

B.have borrowed

C.will borrow

D.borrowed

【分析】由時(shí)間狀語two days ago可知，該句用一般過去時(shí)。故選D。

【真題3】（2015年黃石卷）The writer and speaker____a speech on Chinese culture in the hall now.

A.are giving

B.is giving

C.will give

D.has given

【分析】由時(shí)間狀語now可知，該句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。故選B。

【真題4】（2015年齊齊哈爾卷）Alice____for the bus at seven yesterday evening.

A.waited

B.was waiting

C.is waiting

【分析】由時(shí)間狀語at seven yesterdayevening可知，該句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。故選B。

【真題5】（2015年福州卷）So far，the AHB（亞投行）____57 countries to be the founding members.

A.attracted

B.has attracted

C.will attract

【分析】由時(shí)間狀語so far可知，該句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故選B。

【真題6】（2015年龍東卷）By the time I got back to school，the bell____

A.rang

B.has rung

C.had rung

【分析】由時(shí)間狀語“By the time…”可知，該句用過去完成時(shí)。故選C。

【真題7】（2015年撫順卷）-Why are you so happy？

-My friend____me next month.

A.visits

B.was visiting

C.will visit

D.visited

【分析】由時(shí)間狀語next month可知，該句用一般將來時(shí)。故選C。

【知識(shí)錦囊】動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一般都有其相應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語，請同學(xué)們熟記下列時(shí)態(tài)所對應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語。

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：often，always，usually，some-times，never，once a week，twice a year，every year/week/day等；

一般過去時(shí)：then，just now，yesterday，last night，a few days ago，in the following/next few months等；

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：now，right now，at this mo-ment，this week，these days等；

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：then，at that time，this time yesterday，from 8 to 10 yesterday morning等；

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：already，just，yet，never，re-cently，lately，up to/till now，so far，in the past/last few months/years，“for+一段時(shí)間”以及“since+表示過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)”等；

過去完成時(shí)：before，by，by the time，by the end of last month/year等；

一般將來時(shí)：tomorrow，next Friday/week/year，in the future，“in+一段時(shí)間”等；

過去將來時(shí)：the next day/week/month/year/evening，the following month等。

【應(yīng)試對策】中考測試動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)必須與句中時(shí)間狀語一致時(shí)，常在題干中加入具體的交際情景，以測試學(xué)生對動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)知識(shí)的實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力。因此，同學(xué)們要敏銳捕捉句中的時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞，并且結(jié)合具體的語境，來確定動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。

二、巧抓主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)，快解時(shí)態(tài)題

考查主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)是各地中考命題的熱點(diǎn)，特別是將其放在比較真實(shí)的語境中進(jìn)行考查。有時(shí)，命題者為了增加試題的難度，還會(huì)將兩種從句進(jìn)行糅合，來考查學(xué)生對時(shí)態(tài)的辨析能力。

【真題1】（2015年濰坊卷）Next month were going somewhere interesting as soon as the holi-day____

A.will begin

B.has begun

C.begins

D.is beginning

【分析】本題考查時(shí)間狀語從句中時(shí)態(tài)的正確使用。主句是一般將來時(shí)，所以as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。故選C。

【真題2】（2015年孝感卷）We will go to Tian' anmen Square to watch the raising.of na-tional flag if it____tomorrow.

A.will rain

B.rains

C. doesn't rain

D.won't rain

【分析】本題考查條件狀語從句中時(shí)態(tài)的正確使用。主句是一般將來時(shí)，因此，if引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。故選C。

【真題3】（2015年南充卷）We don't know when____next week.Please call me when he arrives.

A.will he arrive

B.does he arrive

C.he will arrive

D.he arrives

【分析】本題考查賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)。在賓語從句中，如果主句使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句可以根據(jù)需要選用任何一種時(shí)態(tài)。再由時(shí)間狀語next week可知，從句只能用一般將來時(shí)。另外，賓語從句一律使用陳述語序。故選C。

【真題4】（2015年無錫卷）Too many people were absent.The chairperson warned that he____the meeting if necessary.

A.would cancel

B.cancelled

C.would start

D.started

【分析】本題考查賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)。在賓語從句中，主句用一般過去時(shí)，從句應(yīng)使用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)；if necessary相當(dāng)于if it was neces-sary，因此，從句只能用過去將來時(shí)。故選A。

【真題5】（2015年雅安卷）The teacher toldus that the sun____in the east.

A.had risen

B.has risen

C.rose

D.rises

【分析】本題考查賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)。在賓語從句中，主句使用一般過去時(shí)，但從句敘述的是客觀真理，所以從句仍然使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故選D。

【應(yīng)試對策】在根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)原則解題時(shí)，要把握好以下兩點(diǎn)：

（1）在時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。

（2）解答賓語從句與主句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)題時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該熟知以下規(guī)則：如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)需要，選用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)；如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)，賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞選用過去時(shí)態(tài)的某一種形式；如果賓語從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作等，不管主句用什么時(shí)態(tài)，從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

三、巧抓試題的語境，快解時(shí)態(tài)題

隨著課改的深入和中考命題手法的不斷創(chuàng)新，近年來中考試題對時(shí)態(tài)考查的要求也越來越高，大部分試題趨向情境化。這就對學(xué)生的語言基本功和語言運(yùn)用的能力提出了較高的要求。

【真題1】（2015年菏澤卷）-Hi，Wang Ning！How's the weather in Heze now？

-lt is terrible.It____all the morning.

A.rains

B.is raining

C.rained

【分析】句意為：——喂，王寧！現(xiàn)在菏澤的天氣怎么樣？——很糟糕。整個(gè)上午一直在下雨。由問句的語境可知，答句中“下雨”這個(gè)動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在一直在進(jìn)行，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。選B。

【真題2】（2015年南京卷）-When will Uncle Sam come to see us？

-He'Il visit us this weekend.He____me that by e-mail.

A.told

B.is told

C. will tell

D.was going to tell

【分析】句意為：——山姆叔叔何時(shí)來看我們？——他將在這個(gè)周末來看我們。他通過電子郵件告訴我的。根據(jù)語境可知，“告訴”是發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作，故用一般過去時(shí)。選A。

【真題3】（2015年江西卷）-Do you haveany plans for tonight？

-Yes，I____at the new Italian restau-rant in town.

A.eat

B.have eaten

C.ate

D.am going to eat

【分析】句意為：——你今晚有計(jì)劃嗎？——是的。我打算在鎮(zhèn)上新開業(yè)的意大利餐館用餐。根據(jù)語境可知，“用餐”這一動(dòng)作還沒有發(fā)生，故用一般將來時(shí)。選D。

【真題4】（2015年江西卷）-Ben and Sue aren't home，are they？

-No.They____to London on business.

A.have gone

B.go

C.have been

D.will go

【分析】句意為：-Ben和Sue不在家里，對嗎？——是的。他們?nèi)惗爻霾盍?。根?jù)“不在家”可知他們?nèi)惗剡€沒回來，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。選A。

【應(yīng)試對策】想要準(zhǔn)確地解答語境型時(shí)態(tài)題，首先要通讀試題，認(rèn)真領(lǐng)悟語境，來捕捉有效的解題信息。在此基礎(chǔ)上，可以快速剔除兩個(gè)最弱的干擾項(xiàng)。接著再結(jié)合語境，綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)的時(shí)態(tài)方面的知識(shí)，對剩下的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較，最終確定最佳答案。

鞏固練習(xí)：

從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。

1.Believe it or not.The cat____eating fish very much.

A.like

B.will Iike

C.is liking

D.likes

2.We were in Hawaii last week and____ great fun there.

A.have

B.had

C.will have

D.have had

3.Our physics teacher told us that light____faster than sound.

A.travel

B.travels

C.traveled

D.will travel

4.The boys shouted excitedly when they____to the top of the mountain at last.

A.climbed

B.are climbing

C.climb

D.has climbed

5.Look！Hundreds of children and teachers____trees on the hill.

A.planted

B.plant

C.have planted

D.are planting

6.-Did you notice your mother go out amoment ago？

-No，I didn't.I____TV then.

A.have watched

B.am watching

C.was watching

D.watched

7.-May I speak to the headmaster？

-Sorry，he____a meeting now.Can I take a message？

A.is having

B.had

C.has

D.will have

8.-Can your mother drive？

-Yes，and she usually____me to school.

A.drove

B.is driving

C.drives

D.has driven

9.Look at the clouds！It____soon，I'm afraid.

A.rains

B.was raining

C.is raining

D.is going to rain

10.The children____computer games from 7 to 8 last night.

A.were playing

B.play

C.played

D.are playing

11.Andy told me they____bike riding the next day.

A.would go

B.will go

C.have gone

D.would be

12.There____a sports meeting in our school in half a month.

A.would have

B.will have

C.will be

D.would be

13.-I____the Palace Museum tomor-row.

-Have a good trip！

A.visit

B.visited

C.am going to visit

D.have visited

14.-Can you tell me when Miss Green____for New York？

-Next Wednesday.

A.left

B.is leaving

C.had left

D.has left

15.Mr.Zhang____us a message as soon as he arrives in Shanghai.

A.sends

B.will send

C.is sending

D.sent

16.-Has Wendy handed in her application form？

-I'm not sure.She told me that she wanted to check again and____it in soon.

A.will hand

B.would hand

C.has handed

D.had handed

17.Tom isn't at home.He____to the town with his father.

A.has been

B.has gone

C.goes

D.will go

18.My brother____in the factory for three years before he joined the army.

A.has worked

B.had worked

C.works

D.will work

19.-What are you going to do tomorrow？

-Well，we____yet.

A.haven't decided

B.hadn't decided

C.don't decide

D.didn't decide

20.-Mrs.Chen____the English-Chinese dictionary for about twenty years，but it is still new.

-How careful she isl

A.has bought

B.has borrowed

C.has had

D.was having

21.I____an e-mail to my pen pal when Susan called me last night.

A.wrote

B.will write

C.am writing

D.was writing

22.By the time my parents reached homeyesterday，I____the dinner already.

A.had cooked

B.cooked

C.have cooked

D.was cooking

23.-Hi， Mary.Where is your father？

-Look！He____his car over there.

A.washes

B.is washing

C.will wash

D.has washed

24.Mike____the bookshop.I have to wait for him.

A.was going to

B.was in

C.has been to

D.has gone to

25.I'll go shopping with my good friends if it____fine tomorrow.

A.is

B.is going to be

C.will be

D.was

26.-I"ve got the final Harry Potter book.

-Really？It's very interesting.I____it twice already.

A.am reading

B.have read

C.was reading

D.will read

27.-Who cleaned the blackboard yester-day，Dick？

-John____.

A.has done

B.does

C.did

D.cleans

28.Catherine____the letter before her mother came into her bedroom.

A.finishes

B.has finished

C.had finished

D.will finish

29.-What did the physics teacher say just now？

-He said that the earth____round the sun.

A.go

B.goes

C.went

D.will go

30.We don't know the number of people who____of cancer so far.

A.die

B.died

C.are dying

D.have died

Key：

1-5 DBBAD

6-10 CACDA

11-15 ACCBB

16-20 BBBAC

21-25 DABDA

26-30 BCCBD