動(dòng)詞不定式考點(diǎn)面面觀

王標(biāo)

動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式。其結(jié)構(gòu)是“to+動(dòng)詞原形”，否定形式為“not+to+動(dòng)詞原形”。動(dòng)詞不定式在句中不充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)，不受主語(yǔ)的限制，但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。動(dòng)詞不定式是全國(guó)各地區(qū)中考的必考點(diǎn)之一。現(xiàn)結(jié)合最近幾年的中考真題，全面梳理動(dòng)詞不定式的考點(diǎn)。

一、動(dòng)詞不定式做主語(yǔ)

1.動(dòng)詞不定式直接做主語(yǔ)。如：

To swim in the river is dangerous.在河里游泳是很危險(xiǎn)的。

To ask the teacher for help is necessary.向老師尋求幫助是有必要的。

2.下列特殊句型中的動(dòng)詞不定式做真實(shí)主語(yǔ)。

“It is+adj.+for sb.to do sth.”意為“做某事對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)是……的”。其中句中的形容詞多為描述性的詞語(yǔ)，不對(duì)人或物的品格進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，如difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，impossible等。

【典例1】（2015年雅安卷）It is important____ people____good manners.

A.for；to learn

B.of；to learn

C.for；learn

D.of；learn

【解析】A。句中的important是描述性形容詞，因此用介詞for，后接動(dòng)詞不定式做真實(shí)主語(yǔ)。故選A。

“It is+adj.+of sb.to do sth.”意為“做某事對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)是……的”。其中句中的形容詞用于描述人的性格、品質(zhì)，如kind，good，mce，right，wrong，clever，careless，polite，foolish等。

【典例2】（2012年欽州卷）-Let me help you carry the box，Granny.

-Thank you，Li Lei.It's very mce____you____me.

A.of；to help

B.for；to help

C.of；helping

D.for；helping

【解析】A。句中的形容詞mce是表示人的品質(zhì)的形容詞，因此后接介詞ofoof后面的動(dòng)詞不定式做句子的真實(shí)主語(yǔ)。故選A。

3."It's a/one's+n.（task/duty/job）…+to do sth.”意為“做某事是……的任務(wù)/職責(zé)/工作”。如：

It's my duty to save patients.治病救人是我的職責(zé)。

【典例3】（2014年龍東卷）-It's our duty____our city clean and beautiful.

-Yes.We should do something for it.

A.to keep

B.keep

C.keeping

【解析】A。考查“It's one's+n.+動(dòng)詞不定式”的用法。故選A。

二、動(dòng)詞不定式做表語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞不定式做表語(yǔ)，一般用于be動(dòng)詞或seem等系表動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)通常是wish，idea，works，task，job，aim等詞。如：

My work is to clean the room every day.我的工作是每天打掃房間。

He seemed to have heard nothing.他似乎什么也沒(méi)有聽到。

三、動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)是中考?？键c(diǎn)之一，其用法分為兩種情況：

1.一些動(dòng)詞必須接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)，這類動(dòng)詞有want（想要），decide（決定），ask（問(wèn)、尋求），learn（學(xué)習(xí)），tell（告訴），teach（教、講授），hope（希望），plan（計(jì)劃），refuse（拒絕），expect（期待、期望），afford（負(fù)擔(dān)得起），warn（警告），invite（邀請(qǐng)）等。

【典例4】（2015年遂寧卷）They decided____a bridge over the river.

A.build

B.to build

C.building

【解析】B。decide to do sth.意為“決定去做某事”。

【典例5】（2014年揚(yáng)州卷）-Some childrencan't afford____necessary stationary.

-Let's donate our pocket money to them.

A.buy

B.buying

C.to buy

D.be bought

【解析】C。afford to do sth.意為“有能力去做某事”。故選C。

2.think，find，feel，make，believe等動(dòng)詞可用于”v.+it+adj.+to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)。在此句型中，it做形式賓語(yǔ)，而真正的賓語(yǔ)是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式。

【典例6】（2015年齊齊哈爾卷）I found____not very easy____to ride a bike.

A.that；learn

B.it；to learn

C.that；to learn

【解析】B。句意為：我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)騎自行車不是很容易。found后用it做形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式，故選B。

四、動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

后接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞也分為兩種情況：

1.后接帶to的不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有ask，want，tell，wish，would like，teach，in-vite，advise，allow，order，encourage，warn等。

【典例7】（2015年上海卷）My friend invitedme____the art club，and I accepted it with pleasure.

A.join

B.to join

C.joined

D.joining

【解析】Boinvite sb.to do sth.意為“邀請(qǐng)某人做某事”。故選B。

【典例8】（2015年呼和浩特卷）Mr.Smith told his son____the football match because of the exam.

A.not to watch

B.to not watch

C.not watching

D.doesn't watch

【解析】A。tell sb.not to do sth.意為“告訴某人不要做某事”。故選A。

2.后接省略to的不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：一感（feel）；二聽（hear，listen to）；三使（make，let，have）；四看（see，watch，notice，look at）”。但要注意的是：在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中，應(yīng)還原動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to。

【典例9】（2015年臨沂卷）What happens when you hear a strange noise at night，or find a big spider in the corner of your bedroom？It often makes us____.

A.jump

B.to jump

C.jumping

D.jumped

【解析】Aomake sb.do sth.意為“使某人做某事”。

【典例10】（2015年邵陽(yáng)卷）The girl was made____her brother's clothes.

A.to wash

B.wash

C.washing

【解析】Aomake sb.do sth.意為“使某人做某事”，用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，省去的不定式符號(hào)to要加上，故選A。

五、動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ)

1.動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ)時(shí)位于被修飾詞語(yǔ)之后，做后置定語(yǔ)。

【典例11】（2014年漳州卷）-We don't have enough money for our field trip.What shallwe do？

-The best way____money is to sell news-papers.

A.raise

B.to raise

C.raising

【解析】B。答語(yǔ)句意為：籌集資金最好的方式是賣報(bào)紙。to raise money做way的后置定語(yǔ)。故選B。

2.如果不定式動(dòng)詞與被修飾詞之間有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且該動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，則需要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞使動(dòng)賓關(guān)系成立。

【典例12】（2013年涼山卷）When you move somewhere new，the first thing for you is to find aplace_____

A.to live

B.living in

C.to live in

【解析】C。句意為：當(dāng)你搬到一個(gè)新的地方時(shí)，首先要找一個(gè)住處。句中用動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，并和所修飾的名詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，排除B項(xiàng)；當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ)和前面的名詞存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞若是不及物動(dòng)詞，需要在不定式后面加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。故選C。

六、動(dòng)詞不定式做狀語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞不定式做狀語(yǔ)，可以表示目的、結(jié)果或原因等。

【典例13】（2015年泰安卷）When you leave，please turn off the lights____energy.

A.save

B.to save

C.saving

D.saved

【解析】B。本題考查動(dòng)詞不定式做目的狀語(yǔ)的用法。句意為：當(dāng)你離開的時(shí)候，請(qǐng)關(guān)上所有的燈，以便節(jié)約能源。根據(jù)句意可知，關(guān)燈的目的是節(jié)約能源。故選B。

【典例14】Mr.Liis akind-hearted man.Though he is not rich，he always does everything he can____the homeless children.

A.to support

B.support

C. supporting

D.supported

【解析】A。本題考查動(dòng)詞不定式做目的狀語(yǔ)的用法。句意為：李先生是個(gè)好心人。雖然他并不富有，但他總是愿意竭盡所能地幫助無(wú)家可歸的孩子。故選A。

七、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞不定式

動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問(wèn)詞who，what，which，why，when，how，where等詞連用，構(gòu)成“疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常位于下列動(dòng)詞之后：tell，teach，know，wonder，learn，show，findout，ask，understand等。

【典例15】（2015年福州卷）-So beautiful flowers！I can't decide____for my mom.

-For Mother's Day，it can't be better to take some carnations（康乃馨）.

A.when to choose

B.which to choose

C.how to choose

【解析】B?？疾楹刑厥庖蓡?wèn)詞的動(dòng)詞不定式的用法。句意為：——如此美麗的花朵！我不知道給媽媽買哪一種。——在母親節(jié)，最好送康乃馨。when to choose“什么時(shí)候買”；which to choose“買哪一種”；how to choose“怎樣選擇”。結(jié)合句意，選B。

【典例16】（2015年自貢卷）I really don'tknow____this question.It is too hard.

A.which to answer

B.how to answer

C.what to answer

【解析】B。句意為：我真的不知道如何回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。它太難了。對(duì)“方式或手段”進(jìn)行提問(wèn)用疑問(wèn)詞how。故選B。

鞏固練習(xí)：

從所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。

1.My pen pal Andrew found it difficult____Chinese well.

A.learning

B.learn

C.to learn

D.learned

2.-Why don't you go out to play，Rose？

-I'm afraid I can't.I have much homework

A.do

B.does

C.doing

D.to do

3.Mom makes me eat an apple every day____the doctor away.

A.keeps

B.is kept

C.to keep

D.kept

4.-Laura，we've decided____on a trip this afternoon.Will you join us？

-I'm afraid not.I have a composition____.

A.to go；to write

B.to go；writing

C.going；to write

D.going；writing

5.Lucy is shy.She would not invite her class-mates____dancing with her.

A.practice

B.practices

C.practicing

D.to practice

6.Jessica's parents always encourage her____out her opinions.

A.speak

B.speaking

C.to speak

D.will speak

7.-Will you please give some advice on____English at home？

-Well，do a lot of reading and listen to Eng-lish program.

A.how to read

B.how to learn

C.when to use

D.where to use

8.____up early is important for your health.

A.To get

B.Get

C.Got

D.You get

9.-Jane，I'm very thirsty.

-Let's go to the nearest supermarket____some drink，OK？

A.to buy

B.buy

C.bought

D.buying

10.-I saw Betty go to Grandpa Zhang's home just now.

-Yes，She is often seen____the o d man with his housework.

A.to help

B.help

C.helps

D.helping

11.He promised____his old friend during his stay in Tianjin.

A.see

B.seeing

C.saw

D.to see

12.In those days，he had nothing much____but sleep，which made his parents worried.

A.doing

B.to do

C.do

D.done

13.I do expect____some time to myself in the evenings，but in fact，I'm busy with my work every evening.

A.to have

B.having

C.to spend

D.spending

14.The policeman told the boys____foot- ball in the street.

A.not play

B.don't play

C.not to play

D.not playing

15.-Why not watch TV at home？

-I'd love to，but my mother doesn't allow me____that.

A.do

B.did

C.doing

D.to do

16.Don't worry.We will do anything we can____you.

A.help

B.to help

C.helped

D.helping

17.-I can't decide____.

-You mean the purple sweater or the blue one？

A.how to go there

B.who to go with

C.where to visit

D.which to choose

18.-What are you going to do when you grow up？

-A singer， but my parents wish me____ateacher.

A.am

B.to be

C.will be

D.be

19.-Kate，my computer doesn't work.

-Why not ask Mr.Lee____it？

A.check

B.to check

C.to buy

D.buy

20.Paul made a nice cage____the littlesick bird till it could fly.

A.keep

B.kept

C.keeps

D.to keep

21.-Be sure____.miss the concert.

-OK，I won't.

A.don't

B.to not

C.to

D.not to

22.My parents gave me a present on my birthday.I couldn't wait____it and have a look at it.

A.open

B.to open

C.opening

D.opened

23.-John，you'll find it very easy____your goal if you put your heart into it.

-OK.I'll try my best.

A.achieve

B.achieving

C.to achieve

D.achieved

24.-I didn't hear you____just now.

-That's good.We tried____any noise，for you were sleeping.

A.come in；not make

B.come in；not to make

C.to come in；to make

D.to come in；making

25.-What should I do，doctor？

-____healthy，you should take more exer-cise.

A.Keep

B.Keeping

C.To keep

D.Having kept

26.Mike went to the library____somebooks yesterday.

A.borrow

B.to borrow

C.borrows

D.borrowed

27.-What did Mr. Yang say to you？

-He told me____a storybook to classagain.

A.not bring

B.can't bring

C.not to bring

D.didn't bring

28.Many fast food restaurants paint their walls red，play loud music and have hard seats____customers eat quickly and leave.

A.make

B.to make

C.made

D.making

29.-I find that Tom is interested in Eng-lish.

-Yes.He never misses a chance____English with foreigners.

A.practice

B.practiced

C.practicing

D.to practice

30.-Have you decided____the ticket to Beijing？

-Next weekend.

A.why to order

B.when to buy

C.how to sell

D.where to collect

Key：

1-5 CDCAD

6-10 CBAAA

11-15 DBACD

16-20 BDBBD

21-25 DBCBC

26-30 BCBDB