蔡琴,王杰(.沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院204級(jí)病理學(xué)與病理生理學(xué)研究生,遼寧 沈陽(yáng)0034;2.沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院繼續(xù)教育學(xué)院)
Raf激酶抑制蛋白在惡性腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展
蔡琴1,王杰2*
(1.沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院2014級(jí)病理學(xué)與病理生理學(xué)研究生,遼寧沈陽(yáng)110034;2.沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院繼續(xù)教育學(xué)院)
Raf激酶抑制蛋白(Raf kinase inhibitor protein,RKIP)屬于磷脂酰乙醇胺結(jié)合蛋白超家族,在調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)多種信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路中具有重要作用。研究表明,RKIP是惡性腫瘤抑制因子之一,其低表達(dá)是導(dǎo)致前列腺癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、結(jié)直腸癌、急性髓系白血病等惡性腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的重要原因,但是其低表達(dá)的機(jī)制仍不十分清楚。通過(guò)對(duì)RKIP的進(jìn)一步研究不僅可以為診斷惡性腫瘤提供新方法,也可以為治療惡性腫瘤提供新思路和新靶點(diǎn),還可以為預(yù)測(cè)惡性腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)和預(yù)后提供依據(jù)。
Raf激酶抑制蛋白;信號(hào)通路;惡性腫瘤;甲基化
doi:10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2016.04.020
[Abstract]Raf kinase inhibitor protein(RKIP)belongs to the family of phosphatidyle ethanolamine?binding protein,which plays an important role in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways in cells.Researches showed that RKIP was one of the malignant tumor suppressor factors,and its low expression was the important reason for the occurrence and development of malignant tumors,such as prostate cancer,lung cancer,breast cancer,colorectal cancer,acute myeloid leukemia,but the mechanism of RKIP low expression was still not very clear.Further research about RKIP not only can provide a new method for the diagnosis of malignant tumors,but also can provide a new way for the treatment of malignant tumors,also can provide a basis for predicting the recurrence and prognosis of malignant tumors.
[Key words]Raf kinase inhibitor protein;signaling pathway;malignant tumor;methylation
Raf激酶抑制蛋白(Raf kinase inhibitory protein,RKIP)屬于磷脂酰乙醇胺結(jié)合蛋白(phosphatidyle ethanolamine-binding protein,PEBP)超家族,在真核生物界分布十分廣泛,在大部分組織細(xì)胞中都有表達(dá),但在血液、唾液、前列腺液、精液等中并未檢測(cè)到RKIP的存在。
Yeung等[1]證明RKIP通過(guò)與Raf-1結(jié)合,阻止其下游信號(hào)有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase,MEK)的自身磷酸化,從而抑制了Raf/MEK/細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinase,ERK)信號(hào)通路的激活。隨后相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)RKIP在G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(G protein coupled receptors,GPCR)信號(hào)通路[2]和核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF?κB)信號(hào)通路[3]中也具有重要調(diào)控作用。由于RKIP有參與細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)的重要作用,在惡性腫瘤發(fā)病、進(jìn)展中的重要作用,因此本文著重介紹RKIP在惡性腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展。
1.1RKIP的基因定位RKIP基因高度保守,人RKIP mRNA與牛、鼠的相似性分別為95%和85.5%[4]。人RKIP基因位于12號(hào)染色體q24,23,由4個(gè)外顯子組成,長(zhǎng)約10 000 bp,其mR NA為1 507 bp[5]。
1.2RKIP的蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)RKIP是由4個(gè)α螺旋與9個(gè)β折疊組成,中間序列高度保守,N端和C端序列變異性較大,RKIP蛋白表面有淺的結(jié)合袋,只能容納磷脂分子的極性端口[6]。
2.1RKIP與有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信號(hào)通路研究表明RKIP能與Raf-1、MEK及ERK-2結(jié)合,但是結(jié)合ERK-2的作用較弱[7],RKIP主要是通過(guò)抑制Raf-1活性來(lái)阻斷MAPK信號(hào)通路。大量研究表明RKIP表達(dá)與細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路的存在無(wú)關(guān),與信號(hào)通路的活性狀態(tài)有關(guān)[8]。
2.2RKIP與GPCR信號(hào)通路G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體激酶2(G protein coupled receptor kinase 2,GRK-2)是GPCR主要的負(fù)反饋抑制因子,RKIP是GRK-2的生理性抑制因子[9]。RKIP對(duì)GPCR信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路具有正向調(diào)節(jié)作用,RKIP可以介導(dǎo)2條信號(hào)通路:與GRK-2結(jié)合,增強(qiáng)GPCR信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo);與Raf-1結(jié)合,抑制MAPK信號(hào)通路[10]。但是GPCR介導(dǎo)的蛋白激酶C(PKC)又可以使RKIP磷酸化。
2.3RKIP與NF-κB信號(hào)通路NF-κB屬于REL轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族,在無(wú)刺激的條件下,NF-κB與Iκ B結(jié)合,以無(wú)活性的二聚體復(fù)合物存在于胞漿中;當(dāng)受到外界刺激,IκB被IκB激酶(IκB kinase,IKK)磷酸化、泛素化,促使二聚體分離,NF-κB呈游離激活狀態(tài),進(jìn)而轉(zhuǎn)入核內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄[3]。研究表明RKIP和IKK復(fù)合物及其上游因子IKKα(I κB kinase α)、IKKβ(IκB kinase β)、NF-κB誘導(dǎo)激酶(NF?κB inducing kinase,NIK)、活化的轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β激酶(TGF-β activated kinase 1,TAK1)以及泛素連接酶(TARF6)相互作用,從而抑制NF-κB的激活[11]。
綜上所述,多種信號(hào)通路的交叉對(duì)話使刺激信號(hào)持續(xù)存在,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。RKIP通過(guò)與信號(hào)分子結(jié)合,抑制或阻斷多種細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,降低或消除了細(xì)胞異常生物學(xué)功能發(fā)生。
3.1RKIP與前列腺癌Keller等[12]在研究前列腺癌時(shí),首次發(fā)現(xiàn)RKIP表達(dá)與腫瘤有關(guān),RKIP mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)隨著轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生呈下調(diào)趨勢(shì)。Ben等[13]利用前列腺非腫瘤組織、原發(fā)腫瘤組織、轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤組織的組織芯片來(lái)測(cè)定RKIP的表達(dá)水平,也表明RKIP在前列腺非腫瘤組織中高表達(dá),在原發(fā)前列腺癌組織中低表達(dá),在轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤組織中表達(dá)幾乎缺失。隨后研究證實(shí)了RKIP的表達(dá)與前列腺癌的復(fù)發(fā)有一定的關(guān)系,RKIP高表達(dá)、低表達(dá)的患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)分別為10%和50%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[14]。
3.2RKIP與乳腺癌實(shí)驗(yàn)表明RKIP表達(dá)缺失是乳腺癌細(xì)胞對(duì)化療抵抗的原因之一[15]。Sun等[16]證實(shí)RKIP表達(dá)與乳腺癌的類型、分化程度、腫瘤大小、雌激素水平有關(guān),與年齡、性別、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移無(wú)關(guān)。Lee等[17]研究證實(shí)RKIP表達(dá)隨著乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移逐漸下調(diào),且是乳腺癌進(jìn)展和預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素。隨后,姚志強(qiáng)等[18]研究顯示RKIP在乳腺癌組織中的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率為66%,明顯低于癌旁乳腺組織(78%)和乳腺增生癥組織(100%),推斷RKIP表達(dá)下調(diào)可能參與了乳腺癌的發(fā)生。
3.3RKIP與肺癌齊戰(zhàn)等[19]研究顯示肺癌組織中RKIP蛋白的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率明顯低于正常肺組織,在轉(zhuǎn)移的肺癌細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)顯著下調(diào),其表達(dá)與肺癌的分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),提示RKIP低表達(dá)或缺失在肺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中起著重要的作用。楊大運(yùn)等[20]研究提示RKIP基因表達(dá)與肺癌分期呈負(fù)相關(guān),肺癌發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移或預(yù)后不良的患者RKIP呈低表達(dá)狀態(tài)。
3.4RKIP與結(jié)直腸癌Koelzer等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在結(jié)直腸癌組織中RKIP表達(dá)高低與患者的生存有關(guān),RKIP高表達(dá)、低表達(dá)患者術(shù)后平均生存期分別為93個(gè)月和61個(gè)月,5年無(wú)病生存率分別為79%和47%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Zlobec等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)RKIP表達(dá)水平與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移無(wú)相關(guān)性,與浸潤(rùn)轉(zhuǎn)移呈負(fù)相關(guān)。但是Kim等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)RKIP的缺失與結(jié)直腸癌進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)。
3.5RKIP與肝癌Lee等[24]實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)RKIP表達(dá)下調(diào)能增強(qiáng)肝癌細(xì)胞增殖、浸潤(rùn)轉(zhuǎn)移;研究表明RKIP基因可能有抑制肝癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、增殖作用[25];侯艷紅等[26]研究提示RKIP能顯著降低肝癌細(xì)胞的侵襲力。
綜上所述,RKIP與惡性腫瘤發(fā)生、轉(zhuǎn)移、侵襲、遷移密切相關(guān),在多種腫瘤組織中,RKIP表達(dá)有一定的相似性:RKIP在正常組織、癌組織、轉(zhuǎn)移灶中呈逐步下調(diào)趨勢(shì)。RKIP表達(dá)降低或沉默,使腫瘤呈現(xiàn)侵襲性強(qiáng)、轉(zhuǎn)移性強(qiáng)、預(yù)后差等生物學(xué)特性,但是RKIP低表達(dá)的機(jī)制仍不清楚。隨著表觀遺傳學(xué)的提出及發(fā)展,RKIP低表達(dá)的表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制的研究逐漸引起人們的重視。
隨著表觀遺傳學(xué)的提出及逐步深入研究,使我們首次認(rèn)識(shí)到在不改變基因序列的情況下,機(jī)體會(huì)發(fā)生一系列可遺傳的變化[27]。Bird[28]總結(jié)提出了表觀遺傳學(xué)的表現(xiàn)方式主要在DNA、蛋白質(zhì)、染色質(zhì)、RNA 4個(gè)方面,這幾個(gè)方面成為研究臨床藥物治療的新靶點(diǎn)[29]。這里的DNA水平的改變后來(lái)經(jīng)證實(shí)表現(xiàn)為DNA甲基化,甲基化主要發(fā)生在多種基因5'端啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的CpG島,可能提示甲基化可能抑制基因表達(dá)[30]。之后研究證實(shí)了DNA甲基化與基因的沉默有關(guān),非甲基化與基因的激活相關(guān),而去甲基化與一個(gè)沉默基因的重新激活相關(guān)[31]。因此,在腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中,DNA甲基化有著重要的作用,不僅和腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移等有關(guān)[32-33],而且與腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)、生存率有關(guān)[34-35]。
自RKIP被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來(lái),其作用也逐步明顯。目前對(duì)RKIP的研究主要集中在其參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)作用上,從而RKIP進(jìn)一步調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期、影響腫瘤進(jìn)展的作用,這可以為治療惡性腫瘤提供新靶點(diǎn),同時(shí)也可以檢測(cè)RKIP的水平來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)疾病的復(fù)發(fā)率和無(wú)病生存率等。但是在惡性腫瘤研究中,影響RKIP表達(dá)的機(jī)制還不清楚。深入研究RKIP在各系統(tǒng)、疾病中的作用,可以使RKIP的作用更明確,使各類疾病的發(fā)展進(jìn)程逐漸明確,從而為臨床治療相關(guān)性疾病提供堅(jiān)實(shí)的依據(jù),為治愈疾病、提高生存質(zhì)量提供保障。
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(文敏編輯)
Research Progress of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein in Malignant Tumor
CAI Qin1,WANG Jie2?
(1.Postgraduate of Grade 2014,Shenyang Medical College,Shenyang 110034,China;2.Shenyang Medical College)
R730.2
A
1008-2344(2016)04-0284-03
王杰(1964—),男(漢),教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制及抗腫瘤治療研究.E-mail:wangjie19932002 @163.com
2015-12-31
沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2016年4期