屋頂種植條件下不同栽培方式對菜用甘薯莖尖產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響

李歡,貝嘉偉,潘超,趙偉東,陸國權(quán)*

(1.浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,浙江省農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)改良技術(shù)研究重點(diǎn)實驗室,浙江臨安311300; 2.浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué)薯類作物研究所,浙江臨安311300)

屋頂種植條件下不同栽培方式對菜用甘薯莖尖產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響

李歡1,2,貝嘉偉1,2,潘超1,2,趙偉東2,陸國權(quán)1,2*

(1.浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,浙江省農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)改良技術(shù)研究重點(diǎn)實驗室,浙江臨安311300; 2.浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué)薯類作物研究所,浙江臨安311300)

摘要分別采用土壤栽培、基質(zhì)栽培和管道營養(yǎng)液栽培種植3個菜用甘薯品種(莆薯53、廣菜薯5號和福薯18),比較不同栽培方式對菜用甘薯莖尖產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響.結(jié)果表明:在3種栽培方式下,供試的3個菜用甘薯品種均在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下莖尖產(chǎn)量、葉綠素b含量、葉綠素總量、類胡蘿卜素含量和可溶性糖含量達(dá)到最高,硝態(tài)氮含量最低.總體上,在屋頂農(nóng)業(yè)中使用管道營養(yǎng)液栽培種植福薯18有利于提高莖尖產(chǎn)量并保證品質(zhì).

關(guān)鍵詞菜用甘薯;栽培方式;屋頂農(nóng)業(yè)

甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)]是中國重要的旱糧作物,也是重要的飼料和工業(yè)原料.不僅其塊根營養(yǎng)豐富,地上部莖尖和葉柄亦有極高的營養(yǎng)價值,具有食療和保健價值.近年來,有關(guān)菜用甘薯的研究也逐漸增多.隨著城市化進(jìn)程的加快,耕地面積逐漸減少,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)也有所下降[1],但同時也增加了屋頂、陽臺等可以利用的空間,故陽臺農(nóng)業(yè)[2]、屋頂農(nóng)業(yè)[3]逐漸發(fā)展起來,一些種植設(shè)備也逐漸走進(jìn)城市人的生活.營養(yǎng)液栽培就是一種新型的蔬菜栽培方式,其操作簡單、管理方便、環(huán)境清潔,成為了屋頂農(nóng)業(yè)的新寵,并已在櫻桃番茄[4]、生菜[5]等上得到應(yīng)用.本研究在屋頂環(huán)境條件下,以3個菜用甘薯品種為試驗對象,探究了其在土壤栽培、基質(zhì)栽培、管道營養(yǎng)液栽培下的生長情況及品質(zhì)狀況,為菜用甘薯的應(yīng)用及推廣,以及屋頂農(nóng)業(yè)的進(jìn)一步研究奠定理論基礎(chǔ).

1　材料與方法

1.1試驗材料

供試菜用甘薯品種為莆薯53、廣菜薯5號和福薯18,由浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué)薯類作物研究所提供.

1.2試驗設(shè)計

試驗于2014年7月在浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué)集賢樓頂進(jìn)行.采用土壤栽培、基質(zhì)栽培和管道營養(yǎng)液栽培3種栽培方式.土壤栽培利用園土,其中,堿解氮107.6 mg/kg,速效磷43.8 mg/kg,速效鉀237.0 mg/kg,土層厚度0.2 m,面積4 m2.基質(zhì)栽培采用育苗基質(zhì),其中,堿解氮225.0 mg/kg,速效磷53.0 mg/kg,速效鉀310.7 mg/kg,基質(zhì)層厚度0.2 m,面積4 m2.管道營養(yǎng)液栽培采用長2 m、直徑200 mm的聚氯乙烯管道,在每根管道上均勻分布直徑2 cm的孔,每根10孔,再將9根管道分別置于特制鐵架上,利用水泵使管中營養(yǎng)液循環(huán)流動;在營養(yǎng)液中大量元素配方為Ca(NO3)2·4H2O 561 mg/L,KNO3455 mg/ L,MgSO4·7H2O 123.5 mg/L,NH4NO320 mg/L, K2HPO4136 mg/L;微量元素配方為NaFe-EDTA 10 mg/L,H3BO31.5 mg/L,MnSO4·4H2O 0.75 mg/L, ZnSO4·7H2O 0.1 mg/L,CuSO4·5H2O 0.05 mg/ L,(NH4)6Mo7O24·24H2O 0.015 mg/L.

每種栽培方式種植3種供試材料,每種材料種植10株,間距20 cm,重復(fù)3次,采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計.土壤栽培和基質(zhì)栽培采用普通種植方法,定植后澆少量清水,在日常管理中平均3 d澆一次水.管道營養(yǎng)液栽培為每株菜用甘薯苗用海綿在其莖末端2～3 cm處包裹并塞在孔洞中.在扦插后1周內(nèi)(苗成活后),及時查苗補(bǔ)苗,保證全苗和均勻生長.在所有試驗設(shè)施上方安裝噴霧設(shè)施,用于高溫時降溫,增濕.在噴霧裝置的進(jìn)水口安裝普通閥門和電磁閥門,電磁閥門由設(shè)置好的定時開關(guān)控制,在中午炎熱時定時開關(guān)處于開通狀態(tài),通電,使電磁閥門工作,打開水源進(jìn)行自動噴霧降溫,確保供試材料能夠正常生長.水培設(shè)施的電磁閥門打開時間與噴霧的電磁閥門打開時間不同,由單獨(dú)的定時開關(guān)控制,其打開時間與水泵的工作時間密切相關(guān),即水培設(shè)施的電磁閥門定時開關(guān)與水泵的定時開關(guān)設(shè)置要相互聯(lián)系,以防止?fàn)I養(yǎng)液的不必要浪費(fèi).同時,應(yīng)及時防治病蟲害.待薯苗長勢較好時,于8月15日采收15 cm左右長的甘薯莖尖,檢測相關(guān)指標(biāo).

1.3測定指標(biāo)及方法

莖尖產(chǎn)量在采后立即稱量測定:將剪取的10株嫩莖尖的總產(chǎn)量作為一個小區(qū)的總產(chǎn)量值,求平均值后計算出每平方米產(chǎn)量;含水量測定采用烘干法;葉綠素、類胡蘿卜素含量測定采用分光光度計法[6];可溶性糖含量測定采用蒽酮比色法[6];可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量測定采用考馬斯亮藍(lán)G-250染色法[6];維生素C含量測定采用紫外比色法[7];硝態(tài)氮含量測定采用水楊酸比色法[6].

采用Excel 2007進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理,采用SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行方差分析.

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖產(chǎn)量的影響

由表1可知,3個菜用甘薯品種均在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培環(huán)境下莖尖產(chǎn)量最高,土壤栽培下次之,基質(zhì)栽培下最低.其中,莆薯53在土壤栽培和基質(zhì)栽培環(huán)境下的產(chǎn)量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異不顯著,廣菜薯5號在3種栽培條件下兩兩之間在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異顯著,福薯18在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培和基質(zhì)栽培環(huán)境下的產(chǎn)量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異顯著;在3種栽培環(huán)境下,福薯18的產(chǎn)量均比另外2個品種的高,且在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異顯著.2.2 栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖含水量的影響

表1　栽培方式對菜用甘薯莖尖產(chǎn)量的影響Table 1 Effects of cultivation methods on stem apex yield of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use g/m2

由表2可以看出:3個菜用甘薯品種在3種不同栽培方式下莖尖含水量均在92%～95%之間;莆薯53在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培環(huán)境下含水量最高,廣菜薯5號和福薯18均在土壤栽培條件下含水量最高;在3種栽培條件下,廣菜薯5號的含水量均比莆薯53和福薯18高.

表2　栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖含水量的影響_Table 2 Effects of cultivation methods on water content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use　w/%

2.3栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖葉綠素和類胡蘿卜素含量的影響

葉綠素和類胡蘿卜素對人體有諸多有益功能,其含量已成為衡量果蔬營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)之一[8].由表3可知:莆薯53在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下莖尖葉綠素a含量最高,與在土壤栽培下的含量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異顯著;廣菜薯5號和福薯18在3種栽培條件下葉綠素a含量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異不顯著;在土壤栽培或基質(zhì)栽培下,莆薯53、廣菜薯5號和福薯18的葉綠素a含量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異均不顯著.

表3　栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖葉綠素a含量的影響Table 3 Effects of cultivation methods on chlorophyll a content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

由表4可知:3個菜用甘薯品種均在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培環(huán)境下莖尖葉綠素b含量最高;在任一栽培條件下,3個菜用甘薯品種的葉綠素b含量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異均不顯著.

表4　栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖葉綠素b含量的影響Table 4 Effects of cultivation methods on chlorophyll b content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

從表5可以看出:3個菜用甘薯品種均在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下莖尖葉綠素總量最高;在任一栽培條件下,3個菜用甘薯品種的葉綠素總量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異均不顯著.

表5　栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖葉綠素總量的影響_Table 5 Effects of cultivation methods on total chlorophyll content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

由表6可知:3個品種均在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下莖尖類胡蘿卜素含量最高;在3種栽培條件下, 3個品種的類胡蘿卜素含量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異均不顯著,其中,在土壤栽培和管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下,福薯18的類胡蘿卜素含量均最高,在基質(zhì)栽培條件下,廣菜薯5號的類胡蘿卜素含量最高.

表6　栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖類胡蘿卜素含量的影響_Table 6 Effects of cultivation methods on carotenoid content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

2.4栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖可溶性糖含量的影響

表7表明:莆薯53、廣菜薯5號和福薯18均在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下莖尖可溶性糖含量最高,且與基質(zhì)栽培之間在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異顯著;在土壤栽培和基質(zhì)栽培條件下,3個品種間的可溶性糖含量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異不顯著;在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下,莆薯53的可溶性糖含量最高,廣菜薯5號次之,福薯18最低,且相互之間在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異顯著.

表7　栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖可溶性糖含量的影響Table 7 Effects of cultivation methods on soluble sugar content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

2.5栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量的影響

甘薯莖尖含有豐富的蛋白質(zhì),高于白菜、甘藍(lán)、菠菜、生菜、空心菜等大多數(shù)葉菜類蔬菜[9].由表8可知:莆薯53在3種栽培條件下可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異不顯著,福薯18亦然.這與陳選陽等[10]的研究結(jié)果一致.在土壤栽培條件下,廣菜薯5號的可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量較另外2個品種高;在基質(zhì)栽培和管道營養(yǎng)液栽培環(huán)境下,莆薯53的可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量均最高.

表8　栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量的影響_Table 8 Effects of cultivation methods on soluble protein content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

2.6栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖維生素C含量的影響

植物性食物是人體所需維生素C的主要來源[11].由表9可知:莆薯53和廣菜薯5號均在土壤栽培條件下維生素C含量最高,管道營養(yǎng)液栽培次之,在基質(zhì)栽培下最低;福薯18在土壤栽培下維生素C含量最高,基質(zhì)栽培次之,管道營養(yǎng)液栽培最低;在同一栽培條件下,莆薯53的維生素C含量均為最高.

表9　栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖維生素C含量的影響Table 9 Effects of cultivation methods on vitamin C content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/kg

2.7栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖硝態(tài)氮含量的影響

硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽非人體所必須,攝入過多會對人體健康產(chǎn)生危害.進(jìn)入人體的硝酸鹽會在細(xì)菌的作用下還原成亞硝酸鹽,它是亞硝胺的前體;而亞硝胺是一種強(qiáng)致癌物質(zhì),所以低硝酸鹽含量的蔬菜備受消費(fèi)者青睞[12].從表10可以看出:3個菜用甘薯品種均在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下莖尖硝態(tài)氮含量最低,且與基質(zhì)栽培在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異顯著;在土壤栽培條件下,廣菜薯5號的硝態(tài)氮含量最低,福薯18次之,莆薯53最高;在基質(zhì)栽培條件下,福薯18的硝態(tài)氮含量最低,3個品種間在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異不顯著;在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下,莆薯53的硝態(tài)氮含量最低,與另外2個品種間在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異顯著.

表10　栽培方式對菜用甘薯品種莖尖硝態(tài)氮含量的影響Table 10 Effects of cultivation methods on nitrate content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/kg

3　討論與結(jié)論

本研究對3個菜用甘薯品種在3種栽培方式下的相關(guān)指標(biāo)測定發(fā)現(xiàn),管道營養(yǎng)液栽培表現(xiàn)出了明顯的優(yōu)勢.在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下,莆薯53、廣菜薯5號和福薯18莖尖產(chǎn)量、葉綠素b含量、葉綠素總量、類胡蘿卜素含量、可溶性糖含量均達(dá)到最高,硝態(tài)氮含量則最低.同時,也發(fā)現(xiàn)3個菜用甘薯品種具有各自的優(yōu)勢:在任一栽培條件下,福薯18的產(chǎn)量均為最高,且與另外2個品種間在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異顯著;廣菜薯5號的含水量最高,莆薯53的維生素C含量最高.

在蔬菜的商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)中,產(chǎn)量的高低直接關(guān)系到經(jīng)濟(jì)效益.本試驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn),管道營養(yǎng)液栽培能夠明顯提高菜用甘薯的莖尖產(chǎn)量.這是由于在水培環(huán)境中薯苗的莖節(jié)處更容易產(chǎn)生大量的須根,吸收水分的能力明顯增強(qiáng),生長速度更快;同時,營養(yǎng)液的循環(huán)流動保證了礦質(zhì)離子的供應(yīng);此外,營養(yǎng)液栽培也有利于改善植株根系的氧氣供應(yīng)[13],保證高產(chǎn).福薯18莖尖高產(chǎn)主要在于其極易產(chǎn)生分枝,莖葉再生能力強(qiáng).在栽培過程中我們還發(fā)現(xiàn),管道營養(yǎng)液栽培能夠明顯減輕蟲害的發(fā)生,而在土壤栽培條件下蟲害最嚴(yán)重,基質(zhì)栽培次之.在保證產(chǎn)量的同時,綠色安全的蔬菜仍然備受消費(fèi)者關(guān)注,蔬菜中硝酸鹽含量超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象近些年來時有發(fā)生.研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同品種的大白菜[14]、菠菜[15]、萵苣[16]中硝酸鹽含量均不同,故低硝酸鹽含量品種的篩選也成了今后菜用甘薯的育種方向之一.本試驗表明,在管道營養(yǎng)液栽培條件下,3個菜用甘薯品種的莖尖硝酸鹽含量均達(dá)到最低值.總體而言,在屋頂農(nóng)業(yè)中建議采用管道營養(yǎng)液栽培方式種植福薯18品種,既能保證莖尖高產(chǎn),又能保證菜用甘薯的品質(zhì).

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LI Huan1,2,BEI Jiawei1,2,PAN Chao1,2,ZHAO Weidong2,LU Guoquan1,2*
(1.Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province,School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University,Lin'an 311300,Zhejiang,China;2.Institute of Root&Tuber Crops,Zhejiang A&F University,Lin'an 311300,Zhejiang,China)

Summary Sweetpotato(Ipomoea batatas)is an important upland crop in China,which plays an important role in feed and industrial raw materials.The root tuber has rich nutrition,and the aerial part of stems and leaves also has extremely high nutritive value.Recently,research on sweetpotato for vegetable use increased gradually.With the rapid development of urbanization process,the cultivated area decreased gradually,along with the decline in quantity and quality of agricultural products.However,the increased space of balcony and roof accelerated the development of balcony agriculture and urban roof agriculture.Meanwhile,new devices for planting become popular in daily life in cities.Sweetpotatoes grow faster in summer,and can solve the problem of leaf vegetables in short supply.Moreover,people can plant organic sweetpotato for vegetable use at home in a convenient and safe way.

In this paper,three cultivation methods(soil cultivation,substrate cultivation and pipeline nutrient solutionculture)and three cultivars(Pushu 53,Guangcaishu 5 and Fushu 18)of sweetpotato for vegetable use were selected for urban roof agriculture,to compare the impact of different cultivation methods on yield and quality of sweetpotato.In July 2014,stem cuttings from each of the three cultivars were planted under three cultivation methods in roof of Jixian Building in Zhejiang A&F University.Experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications.Seedlings were examined and replanted in time after cutting to ensure a full stand of seedlings.Furthermore,control and prevention for pests should be conducted during the growth period,and sweetpotato tips(15 cm)were harvested after growth.The yield,water content,pigment content,soluble sugar content,soluble protein content,vitamin C content and nitrate content were determined in the lab.

The results showed that the pipeline nutrient solution culture had significant advantages compared with soil cultivation or substrate cultivation.The stem apex yield,chlorophyll b content,total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content and soluble sugar content of Pushu 53,Guangcaishu 5 and Fushu 18 were highest under the pipeline nutrient solution culture condition among all the treatments,while the nitrate content was the lowest.

In conclusion,planting Fushu 18 using pipeline nutrient solution culture in urban roof agriculture will be a better choice,with higher biomass and guaranteed quality of sweetpotato for vegetable use.

Key wordssweetpotato for vegetable use;cultivation methods;urban roof agriculture

Effects of different cultivation methods on stem apex yield and quality of sweetpotato for vegetable use under urban roof condition.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.),2016,42 (6):713- 719

DOI:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2015.08.251

中圖分類號S 531

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼A

基金項目:國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(CARS-11-B-18);浙江省重大科技專項(2012C12902-3);浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué)生物種業(yè)研究中心預(yù)研基金(2023550009).

*通信作者(Corresponding author):陸國權(quán)(http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9825-4372),E-mail:lugq10@zju.edu.cn

收稿日期(Received):2015- 08- 25;接受日期(Accepted):2016- 03- 30;網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期(Published online):2016- 11- 19

第一作者聯(lián)系方式:李歡(http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7472-5758),E-mail:1224218356@qq.com

URL:http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/article/download ArticleFile.do?attach Type=PDF&id=10432