劉曉麗,姜 達(dá),崔彥芝河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第四醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,河北 石家莊 050035
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三陰性乳腺癌雄激素受體研究進(jìn)展
劉曉麗,姜達(dá),崔彥芝
河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第四醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,河北石家莊050035
[摘要]三陰性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)是一組異質(zhì)性疾病,缺乏有效的靶向治療,預(yù)后差。近年來研究證實,雄激素受體(androgen receptor,AR)在TNBC的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起重要作用。AR成為TNBC中研究的熱點,并可能成為TNBC靶向治療的新選擇。該研究將對三陰乳腺癌與AR表達(dá)進(jìn)行相關(guān)闡述,并提供在TNBC中靶向AR信號通路的新視野。
[關(guān)鍵詞]三陰性乳腺癌;雄激素受體;表達(dá)
三陰性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)是指雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受體(progesterone receptor,PR)和人表皮生長因子受體-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER-2)均為陰性的一類特殊乳腺癌。TNBC侵襲性強、預(yù)后差。目前,TNBC因缺乏有效的抗雌激素治療及抗HER-2靶向藥物,治療方式仍以化療為主。但TNBC是一類具有很強異質(zhì)性的疾病,Lehmann等[1]通過基因集群序列表達(dá)法將TNBC分為基底細(xì)胞樣1型(basal-like 1,BL1)、基底細(xì)胞樣2型(basal-like 2,BL2)、免疫調(diào)節(jié)亞型(immunomodulatory,IM)、間質(zhì)型(mesenchymal,M)、間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞樣亞型(mesenchymal stem-like,MSL)和管腔雄激素受體亞型(luminal androgen receptor,LAR)6種亞型。其中LAR亞型高表達(dá)雄激素受體(androgen receptor,AR)DNA及AR蛋白,對抗雄激素治療敏感[2]。本研究將對TNBC的AR研究熱點進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1AR在TNBC中的表達(dá)
與ER和PR相比,AR是乳腺癌中表達(dá)最廣泛的雄激素受體,研究顯示乳腺癌中AR表達(dá)率達(dá)到70%~90%[2-4]。不同分子分型的乳腺癌中AR表達(dá)差異性較大。目前一致認(rèn)為,AR表達(dá)與ERα陽性強相關(guān),AR在ER陽性乳腺癌患者的表達(dá)率更高[2,4-7]。綜合國外報道,AR在非三陰乳腺癌中的表達(dá)率超過70%,而有10%~43%的TNBC患者表達(dá)AR[6,8-14]。Luo等[9]及He等[15]研究了中國的TNBC患者中AR表達(dá)率情況,分別為27.7% 和26%,與國外報道一致。來自中山大學(xué)Zhang等[4]的Meta分析顯示,對比高加索人,AR表達(dá)在亞洲人中偏高;AR在TNBC中的表達(dá)較非TNBC低。Qi等[5]對980例中國乳腺癌患者的AR表達(dá)進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果顯示,AR在浸潤性導(dǎo)管乳腺癌中的表達(dá)率為77%,這與國外報道一致,而超過50%的TNBC表達(dá)AR,略高于國外的報道。
1.2TNBC原發(fā)灶及轉(zhuǎn)移灶中AR的表達(dá)
有研究顯示,ER、PR和HER-2的狀態(tài)在原發(fā)灶及轉(zhuǎn)移灶中存在不一致性,激素受體由陽性轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殛幮缘谋壤^高,并影響患者預(yù)后及相應(yīng)治療的療效[16]。但在原發(fā)灶及轉(zhuǎn)移灶中AR差異性報道相對較少[12,17]。目前認(rèn)為,AR狀態(tài)在TNBC原發(fā)灶與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移灶中基本一致。McGHan等[17]的研究顯示,在同一例患者身上,對比正常乳腺組織,原位導(dǎo)管癌及浸潤性乳腺癌中AR表達(dá)降低;在AR陽性的TNBC患者的淋巴結(jié)及遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移病灶中,AR表達(dá)仍為陽性;在AR陰性的TNBC患者中未發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶表達(dá)AR,這與Gasparini等[12]的研究結(jié)論一致。對比正常的乳腺組織,TNBC中原發(fā)灶及轉(zhuǎn)移灶的AR mRNA下降,而整體轉(zhuǎn)移灶A(yù)R mRNA水平高于原發(fā)灶,且差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;配對分析表明,原發(fā)灶與轉(zhuǎn)移灶A(yù)R表達(dá)水平一致。Sutton等[10]研究也得出了上述結(jié)論,在AR陽性的TNBC患者中,病理分期pM1的患者對比pM0的患者,AR低表達(dá),提示在AR陽性的TNBC患者中,AR低表達(dá)促進(jìn)腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移。Rakha等[18]認(rèn)為,在TNBC中,尤其淋巴結(jié)陽性的患者,因AR表達(dá)的缺失,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞分級增高,促進(jìn)了腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。而AR在原發(fā)灶及轉(zhuǎn)移灶的不一致率,可能影響AR靶向治療的效果,需要更多的大樣本及配對樣本分析。
體外研究證明,ERα的狀態(tài)對雄激素依賴細(xì)胞的生長有重要影響[3,13,19-20]。雄激素抑制AR和ER陽性的乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長,卻促進(jìn)AR陽性、ER陰性的乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長。進(jìn)一步的體內(nèi)研究也證實,在ER陽性乳腺癌患者中,AR信號抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長,但是在ER陰性乳腺癌患者中,AR信號促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長[21-25]。臨床的回顧性數(shù)據(jù)也證實,在ER陽性乳腺癌中,AR陽性患者預(yù)后較好[14,25]。然而,AR表達(dá)在ER陰性乳腺癌中的意義仍不明確,特別是AR與TNBC預(yù)后關(guān)系爭議很大。多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為,在TNBC中,AR陽性患者的無病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS)及總生存期(overall survival,OS)更長[9-11,13,15,26-28]。而Hu等[29]對211例絕經(jīng)后TNBC患者AR表達(dá)與預(yù)后關(guān)系研究顯示,AR陽性患者的總死亡率較AR陰性患者增加了83%,認(rèn)為在TNBC中,AR陽性預(yù)后差。Luo等[9]的研究顯示,AR表達(dá)與絕經(jīng)狀態(tài)相關(guān),Ogawa等[14]的研究顯示,月經(jīng)狀態(tài)可能影響激素受體的表達(dá)。所以,結(jié)合上述研究,Hu等[29]的研究結(jié)果可能受到研究對象均為絕經(jīng)后患者的影響。Cheang等[30]根據(jù)免疫組織化學(xué)方法檢測表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)及CK5/6的狀態(tài),將TNBC分成Core Basal(EGFR及CK5/6二者中有表達(dá))和五陰乳腺癌兩個亞組。多項研究認(rèn)為,AR表達(dá)與TNBC預(yù)后不相關(guān)[12,25,31-32]。進(jìn)一步研究AR表達(dá)與TNBC預(yù)后的關(guān)系需精心確定研究對象。
然而,這些分析數(shù)據(jù)均為回顧性研究,樣本量相對較少,以下因素可能導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果的差異性。
①AR測定中的差異:各實驗室中測定AR的環(huán)境、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和抗體的種類不同,檢測技術(shù)上存在偏差,結(jié)果判讀上也存在偏差;②Cut-off值的不同:上述研究中主要選用大于等于10%作為判定AR陽性指標(biāo),而一些研究為了增大AR陽性樣本量采用更低的cut-off值,部分采用5%[12,15],部分采用1%[9-10,29],還有學(xué)者認(rèn)為免疫組織化學(xué)存在核染色即為AR陽性[18];③AR通路本身的復(fù)雜性:根據(jù)McNamara等[28]分析評估AR的狀態(tài)需聯(lián)合檢測雄激素合成酶5α-還原酶1和17β-氫化類固醇脫氫酶5。如果要了解AR表達(dá)對預(yù)后的影響,僅僅評估受體表達(dá)是不夠的,還需要評估其配體。
3.1AR拮抗劑
目前研究較多的AR拮抗劑主要有比卡魯胺和恩雜魯胺。比卡魯胺為非甾體類抗雄激素藥物,通過與AR結(jié)合,抑制了雄激素的刺激作用。Ni等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),比卡魯胺能夠抑制HER-3和p-AKT的表達(dá),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞死亡,還在體內(nèi)實驗中證實了比卡魯胺能夠抑制雄激素相關(guān)的HER-2/HER-3的信號,并抑制AR陽性、ER陰性和HER-2陰性的癌細(xì)胞生長。一項Ⅱ期的臨床實驗[33]共篩查了424例ER和PR均為陰性的轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌患者,12%為AR陽性(AR大于10%),在26例可評估的雄激素受體陽性患者中,應(yīng)用最低毒性劑量比卡魯胺每日150mg治療直至疾病進(jìn)展,19%的患者臨床受益率(clinical benefit rate,CBR)達(dá)到6個月。Arce-Salinas等[34]的報道更顯示出了比卡魯胺在AR陽性的TNBC中的突出療效。一位轉(zhuǎn)移性TNBC女性患者,經(jīng)免疫組織化學(xué)檢測,AR為100%,在6次的化療后疾病進(jìn)展,經(jīng)過4個月的比卡魯胺治療獲得完全緩解,且DFS大于12個月。這些數(shù)據(jù)提示,在某些情況下,雄激素可能驅(qū)動腫瘤的增殖,患者從AR靶向治療中收益。
恩雜魯胺為新一代口服AR抑制劑。一項Ⅱ期臨床實驗(NCT01889238)結(jié)果顯示,在26例可評估的患者中,應(yīng)用16周獲得42%的CBR(11/26),其中1例完全緩解,1例部分緩解,應(yīng)用24周CRB為35%(9/26)[35]。如果乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長和增殖依賴雌激素,則可以通過恩雜魯胺來減少乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長和增殖。以mTOR為靶向的藥物依維莫司,聯(lián)用恩雜魯胺也有類似結(jié)果。
3.2靶向AR載體分子
靶向AR分子伴侶是目前正在研究的新的治療策略。AR未與配體結(jié)合時,AR位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,與多種蛋白質(zhì)分子如熱休克蛋白(heat shock protein,HSP)等構(gòu)成復(fù)合物。Hsp90對核內(nèi)類固醇受體的活性調(diào)節(jié)起著重要作用。Ganetespib(STA-9090)是一種小分子HSP90抑制劑,有研究顯示,STA-9090在TNBC細(xì)胞株中(MDA-MB-231)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長,在HER-2陽性型細(xì)胞株(BT-474)中敏感性最強,抑制作用最明顯[36]。
3.3其他靶向AR藥物
醋酸阿比特龍為雄激素合成抑制劑,通過阻斷17α-羥化酶(CYP17A1)來達(dá)到治療效果,而此酶對雄激素的產(chǎn)生至關(guān)重要。Enobosarm是一種選擇性雄激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑,體外實驗顯示,在AR陽性的TNBC細(xì)胞中具有強效的抑制腫瘤增殖作用[37]。一項Ⅱ期實驗(NCT01616758)顯示,在轉(zhuǎn)移性AR陽性乳腺癌中獲得35%的臨床獲益率[38]。組蛋白去乙?;福╤istone deacetylase,HDAC)被證實,在前列腺癌細(xì)胞中,調(diào)節(jié)AR基因的表達(dá)。HDAC抑制劑在TNBC的測試中顯示低毒性[39]。
在TNBC中有著多種信號通路靶點,單靶點藥物對TNBC的療效可能有限?;谇捌谂R床研究證實多個信號通路之間的交互作用,而對單通路抑制的靶向治療可能會激活代償通路。在研究AR信號通路實驗中,許多其他的信號通路及信號因子表現(xiàn)出對AR下游信號活動的調(diào)節(jié)作用,包括磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/ATK/MAPK、PTEN、P53及細(xì)胞周期因子[40]。因而許多學(xué)者正在探索聯(lián)合靶向治療在TNBC中的效果。在乳腺癌中,AR表達(dá)與PI3K基因突變相關(guān)。在TNBC中,AR陽性的患者PI3K基因突變率高[40]。Lehmann等[1]的研究顯示,對比其他亞型TNBC,LAR亞型對PI3K抑制劑敏感性最高。而一項來自荷蘭的報告顯示,野生型PIK3CA患者接受曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合拉帕替尼治療的整體病理學(xué)完全緩解率(pathological complete response,pCR)達(dá)53.1%,而在PIK3CA活化突變患者中pCR降至28.6%[41]。由此可見,PI3K高突變影響單靶點靶向治療的療效。
盡管TNBC總體預(yù)后較差,經(jīng)過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的聯(lián)合化療方案,新輔助化療獲得pCR的人群存活率與其他類型乳腺癌存活率一致,未獲得pCR的TNBC患者3年復(fù)發(fā)率高,預(yù)后差[42]。Masuda等[43]回顧性分析了130例TNBC患者AC方案新輔助化療的療效,對比整體的TNBC研究人群,LAR亞型對新輔助化療反應(yīng)差(pCR:10%vs 28%),BL1亞型pCR(52%)最高,BL2型pCR(0)最低。TNBC亞型是預(yù)測pCR的獨立因素。雖然對比其他亞型,LAR亞型盡管pCR低,但是復(fù)發(fā)時間最長,OS并不是最低的,75%的LAR亞型復(fù)發(fā)出現(xiàn)在首診的3年后,LAR亞型與其他TNBC亞型臨床發(fā)展過程不同,有必要加以重視區(qū)別對待。
TNBC仍是乳腺癌治療領(lǐng)域研究的難點和熱點。而隨著分子學(xué)生物技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,基因分型指導(dǎo)TNBC精準(zhǔn)治療的探索取得了一些成果。特別是在LAR亞型TNBC中,AR可能是雄激素TNBC患者的治療靶點。雖然AR在TNBC預(yù)后中的價值及AR靶向人群仍有待進(jìn)一步明確,但是隨著研究者對AR信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑研究的深入及基因組學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,AR信號通路在TNBC治療、預(yù)后等方面會帶來新的希望。
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DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2016.05.020
中圖分類號:R737.9
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1007-3639(2016)05-0466-05
收稿日期:(2015-08-01修回日期:2015-12-20)
通信作者:姜達(dá)E-mail:jiangda139@163.com
Research progress on androgen receptor in triple-negative breast carcinoma
LIU Xiaoli, JIANG Da,CUI Yanzhi
(Department of Medical Oncology, the 4thHospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei Province, China)
Correspondence to: JIANG Da E-mail: jiangda139@163.com
[Abstract]Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by poor survival and lack of targeted therapeutics. In recent years, androgen receptor (AR) has been demonstrated to play an important role in the genesis and development of TNBC. There has been increased interest in the role of AR in TNBC and AR-targeting has been introduced as a novel therapeutic option for TNBC. This review offers an overview of the relationship between AR expression and TNBC, and provides insights into the novel drugs in the development for targeting this signaling pathway.
[Key words]Triple-negative breast cancer; Androgen receptor; Expression