楊志蕃, 龐 維, 郁春云, 呂衍民, 曹雅明*
(1.沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院 腎內(nèi)科,遼寧 沈陽 110016;2.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院 免疫學(xué)教研室,遼寧 沈陽 110122)
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口服維生素D對實(shí)驗(yàn)性腦瘧小鼠樹突狀細(xì)胞的影響
楊志蕃1, 龐 維2, 郁春云2, 呂衍民2, 曹雅明2*
(1.沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院 腎內(nèi)科,遼寧 沈陽 110016;2.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院 免疫學(xué)教研室,遼寧 沈陽 110122)
維生素D(VD)為固醇類衍生物,除發(fā)揮抗佝僂病作用,還具有一定的免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能。主要研究VD對實(shí)驗(yàn)性腦瘧小鼠樹突狀細(xì)胞的影響。結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,在伯氏瘧原蟲(P.bANKA)感染前給予VD,可降低C57BL/6小鼠發(fā)生腦型瘧疾的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),存活時(shí)間明顯延長。VD預(yù)處理后,脾臟中髓樣樹突狀細(xì)胞(CD11c+CD11b+)和漿樣樹突狀細(xì)胞(CD11c+B220+)百分率明顯降低,CD11c+MHCII+細(xì)胞、CD11c+TLR4+細(xì)胞和CD11c+TLR9+細(xì)胞的百分含量也顯著減少。由此提示,預(yù)防性口服VD可抑制感染小鼠樹突狀細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和功能,對腦型瘧疾的發(fā)生具有一定預(yù)防作用,為新型抗瘧藥物的研發(fā)提供參考。
腦型瘧疾;維生素D(VD);免疫調(diào)節(jié);樹突狀細(xì)胞
腦型瘧疾,簡稱腦瘧(Cerebral malaria,CM)是惡性瘧原蟲感染引起的嚴(yán)重綜合癥,是瘧疾患者發(fā)生死亡的主要原因,而且多發(fā)于5歲以下的兒童[1]。目前認(rèn)為腦瘧的發(fā)生與患者體內(nèi)前炎性和抗炎性細(xì)胞因子失衡密切相關(guān)[2-3]。通過建立瘧原蟲感染小鼠模型,也已經(jīng)證實(shí)過度的Th1型前炎癥應(yīng)答是造成感染伯氏瘧原蟲的C57BL/6小鼠發(fā)生死亡的主要原因[4]。維生素D(VD)是一種脂溶性類固醇激素,長期以來被用于抗佝僂病的預(yù)防與治療。但近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)VD對多種疾病具有明顯的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,包括自身免疫性疾病[5]、心血管疾病[6]、感染性疾病和癌癥[7]等。VD對樹突狀細(xì)胞[8]、Th1細(xì)胞、Th17細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生具有一定抑制作用,可以誘導(dǎo)Th1和Th17細(xì)胞向Th2型細(xì)胞極化[9]。此外,VD還可促進(jìn)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Tregs)的表達(dá)[10]。VD雖然具有較強(qiáng)的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,但關(guān)于它對瘧疾的作用相關(guān)報(bào)道尚少。為進(jìn)一步評估VD在腦瘧發(fā)病中的作用,本研究利用伯氏瘧原蟲感染C57BL/6小鼠建立腦瘧模型,在感染前通過口服預(yù)防給予VD,檢測VD對腦瘧的影響和其對樹突狀細(xì)胞(DCs)的作用,以期為新型抗瘧藥物的研發(fā)提供參考。
1.1 瘧原蟲及實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物感染
6~8周齡雌性C57BL/6小鼠購自中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究所,經(jīng)腹腔感染1×106個(gè)P.bANKA (日本愛媛大學(xué)分子寄生蟲學(xué)教研室惠贈(zèng))寄生的紅細(xì)胞(pRBC)。感染不同時(shí)間的小鼠經(jīng)尾靜脈采血,制備薄血膜,Giemsa染色,鏡檢計(jì)數(shù)紅細(xì)胞感染率、每日監(jiān)測感染小鼠的死亡率和CM相關(guān)的神經(jīng)體征:麻痹、抽搐、昏迷、共濟(jì)失調(diào)或偏癱。
1.2 VD治療
VD (1,25-二羥基維生素D3) 購自Sigma-Aldrich公司,使用前溶解于豆油。實(shí)驗(yàn)組小鼠在感染前口服給VD 50 μg/kg,每天1次,連續(xù)給藥14 d,最后給藥當(dāng)天感染小鼠;對照組在相同的時(shí)間點(diǎn)給予同樣體積的豆油。
1.3 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測
在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)處死小鼠,檢測脾臟樹突狀細(xì)胞亞群(mDCs和pDCs),MHCⅡ、TLR4和TLR9的表達(dá)。應(yīng)用的抗體包括:FITC-抗-CD11c、PE-抗-CD11b、PerCP-抗-B220、PE-抗-MHC II、PE-抗-TLR4、生物素標(biāo)記-抗-TLR9和PE-抗-生物素。其中,TLR9需透膜染色,為間接標(biāo)記;其余均為直接標(biāo)記表面染色。經(jīng)流式細(xì)胞儀檢測,應(yīng)用FlowJo軟件分析結(jié)果。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析軟件,單因素方差分析比較各組均值顯著性差異,P< 0.05差異顯著。
2.1 VD預(yù)處理對腦瘧小鼠原蟲血癥水平和生存率的影響
感染P.bANKA的C57BL/6小鼠在感染后原蟲血癥水平增加,于感染后 11 d以前全部死于腦瘧。CM的特征性體征包括呼吸急促、抽搐、毛發(fā)豎起、痙攣等。而VD預(yù)處理組小鼠的生存期明顯延長,感染過程中無腦瘧癥狀出現(xiàn),在感染后第16~19天小鼠死于貧血(圖1)。由此表明預(yù)防性給予VD對腦瘧小鼠具有顯著的保護(hù)作用。
圖1 P.b ANKA感染后不同時(shí)間的原蟲血癥水平(A)和生存率(B)Fig.1 The parasitemia(A) and survival rate (B) at different time points after P.b ANKA infection# 與感染對照組比較,P<0.05# P<0.05 VD group vs control group
2.2 預(yù)防給予VD對腦瘧小鼠DCs亞群的影響
DCs是體內(nèi)重要的抗原提呈細(xì)胞[11-12],是連接固有性與適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答的關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞。通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù),檢測了P.bANKA感染C57BL/6小鼠中DCs亞群的變化。結(jié)果顯示,感染后小鼠脾中髓樣DCs(CD11c+CD11b+,mDCs)和漿樣DCs(CD11c+B220+,pDCs)細(xì)胞亞群均明顯增加,顯示DCs在識別抗原后發(fā)生增殖。在感染后第5天和第8天,VD預(yù)處理組中mDCs(圖2A)和pDCs(圖2B)在脾臟中的百分率均明顯低于對照感染組。表明預(yù)先給予VD可抑制脾中DCs亞群的增殖。
圖2 C57BL/6小鼠脾中mDCs(A)和pDCs(B)的百分含量Fig.1 The percentages of mDCs (A) and pDCs (B) in spleen of C57BL/6 mice* 、**與正常對照(0 d)比較,P<0.05、P<0.01;#、##與對照感染組比較,P<0.05、P<0.01* and ** P<0.05 and P<0.01vs pre-infection (0 d) ; # and ## P<0.05 and P<0.01 VD group vs Control group
2.3 預(yù)防給予VD對腦瘧小鼠DCs表達(dá)分子的影響
為進(jìn)一步探討預(yù)先給予VD是否能夠抑制DCs活化,將對照組和VD預(yù)處理組DCs表達(dá)的重要分子MHCII、TLR4和TLR9進(jìn)行了比較。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),對照組CD11c+MHCII+細(xì)胞百分含量在感染后第5天和第8天增加明顯,而VD預(yù)處理組CD11c+MHCII+細(xì)胞百分含量低于對照組,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(圖 3A)。此外,感染后第8天對照組DCs表達(dá)的TLR4(圖 3B)和TLR9(圖 3C)均顯著增加。與對照組相比,VD預(yù)處理組在感染后第8天DCs的TLR4和TLR9的表達(dá)量明顯低于對照組。這些結(jié)果表明,C57BL / 6小鼠感染P.bANKA的過程中預(yù)先給予VD可顯著抑制DCs的成熟和活化。
圖3 C57BL/6小鼠脾中CD11c+MHCII+(A)、CD11c+TLR4+(B)和CD11c+TLR9+(C)細(xì)胞的百分含量Fig.3 The percentages of CD11c+MHCII+(A), CD11c+TLR4+(B)and CD11c+TLR9+(C)cells in spleen of C57BL/6 mice* 、**與正常對照(0 d)比較,P<0.05、P<0.01;# 與對照感染組比較,P<0.05 * and ** P<0.05 and P<0.01vs pre-infection (0 d); # P<0.05 VD group vs Control group
據(jù)報(bào)道,VD在多種疾病模型中具有一定免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在P.bANKA感染前給予C57BL/6小鼠VD,可抑制感染小鼠的DCs的數(shù)量和功能,對腦瘧的發(fā)生具有明顯的預(yù)防作用。我們前期的實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證實(shí),P.bANKA感染C57BL/6小鼠后,脾中Th1細(xì)胞百分含量明顯增加,前炎性因子,如IFN-γ、TNF-α和NO也升高顯著。而過強(qiáng)的炎癥應(yīng)答(Th1免疫應(yīng)答)是導(dǎo)致腦瘧發(fā)生的重要原因。預(yù)先給予小鼠VD后,可降低感染小鼠的Th1型免疫應(yīng)答,從而一定程度上阻止腦瘧的發(fā)生[13]。Th1細(xì)胞是適應(yīng)性細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答的重要角色,其活化需要抗原提呈細(xì)胞的輔助才可完成。DCs是體內(nèi)重要的抗原提呈細(xì)胞,能夠有效地刺激初始T細(xì)胞分化為效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞。發(fā)生瘧疾感染后,DCs攝取瘧原蟲感染的紅細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞活化,主要是誘導(dǎo)Th1型細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答以及促進(jìn)Th1型細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生[14]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在體外,通過VD處理人的DCs,可降低其共刺激分子CD80和CD86的表達(dá),這些與未成熟DCs表型相關(guān)。VD也可以影響DCs的成熟[15-16]。我們的結(jié)果表明,VD預(yù)處理后,P.bANKA感染小鼠的mDCs 和pDCs的數(shù)量顯著降低,同時(shí)其抗原提呈相關(guān)分子(如MHC II)的表達(dá)也下降。由此提示VD預(yù)處理可以顯著抑制DCs的成熟和活化。
近年來,Toll樣受體在瘧疾感染中的作用越來越受到重視。對瘧疾患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Toll樣受體與前炎癥細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生具有密切關(guān)系[17]。對TLR9缺陷型小鼠的早期研究顯示,TLR9不僅促進(jìn)前炎性細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,同時(shí)也誘導(dǎo)Th1型細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答和B細(xì)胞增殖[18]。TLR4在瘧原蟲感染過程中也具有重要作用。TLR4首先可以識別惡性瘧原蟲糖基化磷脂酰肌醇,同樣能夠誘導(dǎo)前炎性細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,活化的TLR4和TLR9可以誘導(dǎo)DCs的成熟并調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞應(yīng)答[19]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),感染前給予小鼠VD可以明顯降低CD11c+DCs上TLR4和TLR9的表達(dá)水平,這可能與我們前期實(shí)驗(yàn)中前炎癥細(xì)胞因子的降低密切相關(guān)。
綜上所述,防止過度的Th1型免疫應(yīng)答是預(yù)防和治療腦瘧的關(guān)鍵。我們的研究表明,感染前預(yù)防性給予VD,可抑制DCs的成熟、活化及抗原識別受體TLR4和TLR9的表達(dá),從而影響Th1型免疫應(yīng)答和前炎癥因子的產(chǎn)生,有效控制免疫病理損傷,對腦型瘧疾具有有效的預(yù)防和治療作用。這為進(jìn)一步抗瘧新藥的研究與開發(fā)提供了一定的理論依據(jù)。
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Effects of Pre-Treatment with Vitamin D on Dendritic Cells In Experimental Cerebral Malaria Mouse
YANG Zhi-fan1, PANG Wei2, YU Chun-yun2, Lü Yan-min2, CAO Ya-ming2
(1.Dept.ofNephrol.,GeneralHosp.ofShenyangMil.Reg.,Shenyang110016;2.Dept.ofImmunol.,Coll.ofBasicMed.Sci.,ChinaMed.Uni.,Shenyang110122)
Vitamin D (VD) is the steroid derivatives, it has the effect of anti-rickets, besides a certain immune function. The main immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of VD on experimental cerebral malaria mouse were studied. The results showed that, as compared with control group, the C57BL / 6 mice that administered VD prior toP.bergheiANKA (P.bANKA) infection, could prevent from cerebral malaria and the survival time was significantly prolonged. The percentages of myeloid dendritic cells (CD11c+CD11b+cells) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (CD11c+B220+cells) in spleen were significantly reduced after pretreatment of VD. While the percentages of CD11c+MHCII+cells, CD11c+TLR4+cells and CD11c+TLR9+cells in spleen were also decreased obviously. Thereby suggested that preventively oral VD could inhibit the number and function of dendritic cells, and had a preventive effect for cerebral malaria mice in C57BL / 6 infectedP.bANKA. This provided a theoretical basis for the research and development of new anti-malarial medicines.
cerebral malaria; vitamin D; immunoregulation; dendritic cells
高等學(xué)校博士學(xué)科點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)科研基金項(xiàng)目(20112104110018)
楊志蕃 男,主任醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)博士。主要從事抗感染免疫研究工作。E-mail:yangzhifan@hotmail.com
* 通訊作者。男,教授,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,博士生導(dǎo)師。主要從事抗感染免疫研究工作。E-mail:ymcao@mail.cmu.edu.cn
2015-11-24;
2015-12-16
Q939.93;R254.5
A
1005-7021(2015)06-0074-04
10.3969/j.issn.1005-7021.2015.06.014