增量構(gòu)造：低成本模塊化住宅建筑方案，亞的斯亞貝巴，埃塞俄比亞

建筑設(shè)計：德克·多納特/德國包豪斯大學

增量構(gòu)造：低成本模塊化住宅建筑方案，亞的斯亞貝巴，埃塞俄比亞

建筑設(shè)計：德克·多納特/德國包豪斯大學

1 外景/Exiterior view

2 區(qū)位/Site location

該研究項目——可持續(xù)增量構(gòu)造單元（SICU）主要是針對埃塞俄比亞首都亞的斯亞貝巴的快速城市化所帶來的住宅挑戰(zhàn)。該項目屬于流程導向型，其旨在從具體施工工藝的探索和實施兩個方面來切實提升城市的住宅存量。而該流程的第一階段需要學術(shù)界、當?shù)卣熬用耖g相互協(xié)作完成；第二階段主要針對原型開發(fā)，即開發(fā)出一種針對性強的、既可負擔又能快速組裝的不完整性結(jié)構(gòu)。

可持續(xù)增量構(gòu)造單元實驗試圖解決項目背景下的氣候、經(jīng)濟、文化及社會的可持續(xù)性問題。這可通過利用具有標準尺寸的預(yù)制建筑構(gòu)件（當?shù)噩F(xiàn)有的和生產(chǎn)的）、易于構(gòu)造的模塊化系統(tǒng)以及基于文化和社會的設(shè)計（具有高度靈活的入住形式）來實現(xiàn)。與此同時，該方法旨在構(gòu)造大規(guī)模定制的、實惠的且可擴展的建筑原型。住宅單元是一個“半完工結(jié)構(gòu)”，房主自己便可完成施工，可根據(jù)自身需要安裝建筑構(gòu)件和裝飾。

住宅建筑的很大一部分（接近90%）都是在微型企業(yè)和小型企業(yè)的車間中預(yù)制而成，創(chuàng)造了新的就業(yè)機會和技能。考慮到目前在埃塞俄比亞建筑體系中占據(jù)主導地位的仍是進口建筑材料、昂貴的定制流程和僵化的現(xiàn)澆系統(tǒng)，因此，這一轉(zhuǎn)變將為建筑業(yè)帶來成本效益并成為一種更快速的替代方式。

增量構(gòu)造通過有效利用資源、能源、勞動力和時間證明，在建造城市建筑群和住宅單元過程中看似不可逾越的安裝流程是可以克服的。實驗表明，在不到3個月的時間內(nèi)自建一棟非常實惠的住宅單元是有可能完成的。此外，它還可以激活私有資源并形成私有勞動力，以便為埃塞俄比亞建設(shè)必要的住宅單元，這也讓“少費而多用”成為可能，并且將生產(chǎn)和組裝鏈條保留在了國內(nèi)。

為了便于開發(fā)，微型、小型及中型商業(yè)企業(yè)對SICU體系內(nèi)不同的建筑構(gòu)件進行了設(shè)計和分類?，F(xiàn)有或新成立的青年組織可以根據(jù)SICU建筑構(gòu)件手冊判定對他們有利的建筑體系或構(gòu)件，并將其作為業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)劃繼續(xù)進行生產(chǎn)。預(yù)先編制好的模塊化設(shè)計使小規(guī)模廠家更容易適應(yīng)，之后再根據(jù)需要做進一步修改。

此外，在亞的斯亞貝巴，物理結(jié)構(gòu)被設(shè)計成用于支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的增量屬性。該方法允許房主自己對不完整性結(jié)構(gòu)做進一步施工，根據(jù)自身需求安裝如圍墻、門窗、內(nèi)部隔斷和裝飾等建筑構(gòu)件。

3 施工中/Building in construction

The research project Sustainable Incremental Construction Unit (SICU) is a response to the housing challenge in the rapidly-urbanizing capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. The project is processoriented and aims to both explore and implement specific construction techniques to tangibly upgrade the city's housing stock. Whereas the first phase of the process was framed by collaboration between academia, local administration, and inhabitants, the second phase is specifically focused on the development of a prototype – a purposefully incomplete structure that is both affordable and rapid to assemble?

The SICU experiment attempts to address the climatic, economic, cultural, and social sustainability of the project context. This is achieved by using locally-available and locally-produced prefabricated building elements with standardized dimensions, an easy to construct modular system, and a culturally and socially motivated design that enables highly flexible forms of occupancy. At the same time, the approach targets mass-customization, affordability and "up-scalability" of the building prototype.The housing unit is a "half-ready construction" where the homeowners will be able to finish the construction themselves, installing building components and finishes according to their needs.

A high proportion of building parts of the house (approaching 90%) are prefabricated in a workshop by micro- and small-scale enterprises, creating the opportunity for new jobs and skills. Considering the current building system in Ethiopia – which is highly dominated by imported building materials, expensive customized processes, and inflexible cast-in-situ systems – this shift will present a costefficient and faster alternative for the construction sector.

Through the efficient employment of resources, energy, labor and time, Incremental Construction demonstrates that the city's complex and seemingly insurmountable installation process of housing units could be overcome. By learning from the experiment, it would be possible to self-construct a very affordable housing unit in less than three months. It also makes it possible to activate private resources and form a private workforce to erect necessary housing units for Ethiopia, which introduces the possibility to do "more with less" and keep the value chains for production and assembly within the country.

Different building elements within the SICU system have been strategically designed and sorted for convenient development by micro, small scale and medium business enterprises. From the SICU building elements manual, pre-existing or newlyorganized youth associations can identify a building system or component which is profitable for them, and pursue its production as a business initiative.The pre-prepared design that is modular allows for easy adaptability for small-scale manufacturers to adopt essential details and proportions and then further modify them, as required.

In addition, the physical structure is designed to support the incremental nature of construction in the Addis Ababa context. The approach allows homeowners of incomplete structures to further the construction themselves; installing building components such as enclosure walls, windows, internal partitions, and finishes, according to their needs.

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/C l i e n t: 亞的斯亞貝巴利德塔郊區(qū)管理局/ Administration of Lideta Subcity, Addis Ababa

建筑面積/Floor Area：70m2+22 m2extension area (landing)

主創(chuàng)建筑師/Principal Architect：德克·多納特/Dirk Donath

設(shè)計團隊/Design Team：Dirk Donath, Brook Haileselassie, Asgedom Haile, Helawie Sewnet, Sarah Yusuf, Peter Dissel, Jakob Mettler.

建筑材料/Materials：預(yù)制混凝土，輕質(zhì)木框架/Prefab concrete, light timber frames

設(shè)計時間/Design Period：2013.09

攝影/Photos：Olaf Kammler

6 施工中/Building in construction

7 基地/Site

8-11 效果圖/Renderings

12 施工中/Building in construction

13 施工中/Building in construction

評論

方曉風：增值的結(jié)構(gòu)

把相距百年的包豪斯實踐放在一起比照，是件耐人尋味的事情。同樣的工業(yè)化思維，推導出的結(jié)果大異其趣。這個項目反映的是后工業(yè)時代對工業(yè)化技術(shù)的有限使用，其研究視角是探索地方性傳統(tǒng)材料與工業(yè)化建構(gòu)技術(shù)結(jié)合的可能性，重點在于構(gòu)建一個可操作的低成本建造系統(tǒng)。這不是一個向傳統(tǒng)致敬的項目，工業(yè)化的思維仍是落腳點，但采取了更為務(wù)實的策略。對工業(yè)文明的反思，往往容易導致反工業(yè)化的情緒，這是個冷靜的思考方案，所謂揚棄，即是此意。

董衛(wèi)：德國包豪斯大學與埃塞俄比亞的亞的斯亞貝巴大學通過一種實驗性建造單元的實驗現(xiàn)場向人們展示了鄉(xiāng)村建筑的一種內(nèi)在品質(zhì)：因地制宜——即以最經(jīng)濟、最高效的方式滿足現(xiàn)代生活的需求。這一案例其實可以認為是千百年來傳統(tǒng)鄉(xiāng)村建筑的一個現(xiàn)代版本。之所以說它是現(xiàn)代版本，是由于它并非是直覺經(jīng)驗積累的結(jié)果，而是理性邏輯推導的結(jié)果。在大學生們與當?shù)鼐用竦暮献鬟^程中可以深刻地體會到，自己精心設(shè)計并建造起來的建筑，只不過是以理性的方式證明了千百年來依賴于經(jīng)驗積累與傳承的傳統(tǒng)鄉(xiāng)村建筑的合理性。這正是我們需要向鄉(xiāng)村建筑學習的地方。

Comments

FANG Xiaofeng: A structure with added value

To juxtapose this building with the hundred-yearold Bauhaus practice is really interesting. Similar industrialization thoughts generated greatly different outcomes. This project reflects the restrained use of industrial technologies in this post-industrial era. It explores the possibility to integrate local traditional materials with industrial construction technologies, with a focus on the construction of a low-cost practical construction system. It does not mean to pay tribute to the tradition; instead, industrialization is its fundamental idea, though it adopts a more practical strategy. Reflections on industrial civilization would easily lead to anti-industrialization sentiments, but this is a rational scheme. It is not only to promote what is useful but also to discard what is not.

14-16 施工中/Building in construction

17 效果圖/Rendering

DONG Wei: German Bauhaus University and the University of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia have demonstrated how rural buildings can be built in accordance with local conditions – a most cost-effective way to meet demands of modern life by means of an experimental construction unit. In fact, this case can be considered as a modern version of traditional rural architecture that has existed for thousands of years. I call it a modern version because it is generated through rational and logical deduction rather than accumulated intuitional experience. During the process of working together with the local residents, college students can profoundly understand that the carefully designed building is merely a confirmation of the rationality of the thousands-year old traditional rural architecture which relies on accumulation and inheritance of experience and wisdom. This is exactly what we need to learn from the rural architecture.

Incremental Construction: Low-cost Modular Housing Scheme, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2013

Architects: Dirk Donath/Bauhaus University, Germany