兒童塔廟：本地適應(yīng)性孤兒院及其圖書館，加德滿都，尼泊爾

建筑設(shè)計：邁克爾·梅雷迪斯，希拉里·桑普爾/MOS建筑事務(wù)所

兒童塔廟：本地適應(yīng)性孤兒院及其圖書館，加德滿都，尼泊爾

建筑設(shè)計：邁克爾·梅雷迪斯，希拉里·桑普爾/MOS建筑事務(wù)所

1 施工中/Under construction

美國紐約MOS建筑事務(wù)所的希拉里·桑普爾和邁克爾·雷迪斯設(shè)計的位于尼泊爾加德滿都的拉利古蘭斯孤兒院及其圖書館通過采用低端技術(shù)、可利用再生能源和物質(zhì)資源的設(shè)施解決了服務(wù)貧困的農(nóng)村人口的需求，并大大降低了運營成本。立體花園和可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)的設(shè)計不僅可以起到隔熱作用，還可種植農(nóng)作物。

該項目通過設(shè)計面向大眾開放的圖書館和抗震避難區(qū)，將附近社區(qū)的需求整合起來，從而解決了孤兒院相對孤立的問題。通過在設(shè)計中采用本地施工工藝和材料可達到利用本地技藝的目的。

之所以選擇在加德滿都的加蓋爾菲迪修建拉利古蘭斯孤兒院及其圖書館，是因為這里空氣清新、水源清潔、安全、隱蔽并且地價實惠。該建筑將在削減孤兒院一半運營成本的同時極大地完善其設(shè)施，從而使孤兒院能在未來繼續(xù)在社區(qū)中扮演重要角色。

設(shè)計中采用了本地手工藝，通過使用鄉(xiāng)土建造技術(shù)以及簡單、牢固的本地材料，使物化能達到最小化并最大限度地延長了其使用壽命。采用粉煤灰混凝土，從而節(jié)約了原始物料并減少了過程性能源。孤兒院裸露的混凝土體現(xiàn)了典型的施工工藝，這與當?shù)鼗炷两ㄖ没夷喾埏椀娘L(fēng)格形成鮮明對比。窗框、嵌入式家具和獨立構(gòu)件均采用本地的耐用柚木制成。

加德滿都位于地震高發(fā)區(qū)，擁有筏式地基以及用300mm鋼筋混凝土建成的外骨骼框架的孤兒院將可以為當?shù)厝可鐓^(qū)居民提供避難區(qū)。

蓄熱體可以在整個白天吸收輻射并在夜晚釋放，從而在加德滿都的炎熱白天和寒冷夜晚實現(xiàn)溫度調(diào)節(jié)。在冬季，太陽較低，照射充足，其還可用于供暖。活動窗戶可讓居民控制溫度和調(diào)節(jié)空氣質(zhì)量。較大空間的設(shè)計可以形成對流通風(fēng)并且主樓梯井也可提供自然通風(fēng)。雖然，孤兒院通過百葉窗和植物很好地遮擋住了陽光直射，但其間接光照充足，可削減用電量。

15個175W太陽能板可為整個建筑提供所需電力。兩個直徑達5m和6m的具有堅硬圓頂?shù)膮捬跽託獬乜梢蕴峁┤∨?、做飯和照明用氣。厭氧沼氣池在該地區(qū)較為普遍，可利用廚余廢棄物、農(nóng)業(yè)及社區(qū)廢棄物產(chǎn)氣。飲用水為地下水和雨水，通過UV過濾系統(tǒng)過濾之后存貯在一個較大的儲水箱中。

兩個屋頂花園、80個固定式滴灌花盆和超過300個的垂掛式花盆均用活性淤泥和灰水灌溉，它們可用于生產(chǎn)有機食品?；▓@中的果樹作為排列在外骨骼、社交空間、外部流線和屋頂花園中的蔬菜和草本植物的補充，相得益彰。它們的產(chǎn)量足以滿足孤兒院的需求。

The Lali Gurans orphanage and library in Kathmandu, Nepal by Hilary Sample and Michael Meredith of MOS Architects in New York, USA. The project addresses the needs of an under-served rural population with a facility that uses low-technology renewable energy and material resources, thus significantly reducing operating costs. The design invests in indigenous workmanship by using local construction techniques and materials. Vertical gardens and permaculture provide thermal insulation as well as food for cooking.

Aiming to overcome the image of "the orphanage" as institution, the project offers a publicly accessible library and a seismically stable refuge area during earthquakes.

The site for the Lali Gurans Orphanage and Library in Gagalphedi, Kathmandu was selected for its clean air and water, safety in seclusion, and economical land value. The building will vastly improve the orphanage facilities, while cutting operating costs in half, allowing the organization to play a prominent role in the community as they proceed into the future.

The design invests in local artisanship, by following vernacular building techniques and employing simple, sturdy, locally-available materials to minimize embodied energy and maximize lifespan. Its concrete made with fly ash avoids waste, conserves virgin materials, and reduces processing energy. In contrast to local concrete buildings finished in stucco, the orphanage's exposed concrete expresses the typical construction technique. Window frames, built-in furniture and freestanding elements are made from durable, locally-sourced teak?

Kathmandu is expecting a major earthquake. The orphanage's raft foundation, and its double exoskeleton frame of 300mm reinforced concrete is highly engineered as an area of refuge for the entire local community.

2 施工中/Under construction

Thermal mass mediates Kathmandu's hot days and cold nights, absorbing radiation throughout theday and releasing it at night. During winter, the low sun penetrates deeper, providing warmth. Operable windows allow inhabitants to control temperature and air quality. Larger spaces have cross-ventilation, and the main stairwell provides stack ventilation. Although the orphanage is well-shaded from direct sunlight by its brise-soleil and planting, its glazing allows for plentiful indirect light reducing electrical use.

3 可持續(xù)策略/Sustainability strategy

4 剖面/Section

Fifteen 175W solar panels provide the building’s entire electricity usage. Two 5m and 6m diameter solid-dome anaerobic digesters provide gas for heating, cooking and lighting. They are common to the area and will run on kitchen, agricultural, and community waste. Drinking water is collected from the ground and rainwater, passes through a UV filtration system, and will be stored in large tanks.

Organic food will be produced by the two rooftop gardens, 80 fixed drip-irrigation planters, and more than 300 vertical hanging planters, fed with bio-slurry and graywater. Fruit trees in the garden will complement vegetables and herbs grown in planters lining the exoskeleton, social spaces, exterior circulation, and roof garden. Together they will provide enough capacity to fulfill the orphanage's needs.

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client：Christopher Gish, Seeds of Change Foundation, Littleton, Co., USA

主創(chuàng)建筑師/Principal Architects：邁克爾·梅雷迪斯，希拉里·桑普爾/Michael Meredith, Hilary Sample

設(shè)計團隊/Design Team：Hanif Kara, Adams Kara Taylor, London MRB Engineering, Kathmandu, Nepal Atelier TEN, New Haven, CT

建筑面積/Floor Area：2322m2

建筑材料/Materials：鋼筋混凝土，柚木，玻璃/Reinforced concrete, teak, glass

層數(shù)/Number of Floors：4

設(shè)計時間/Design Period：2013.08

攝影/Photos：Sagar Chitraka, MOS

5 平面/Floor plan

6 效果圖/Rendering

評論

羅德胤：最好的設(shè)計，就是不做設(shè)計。尤其是為孤兒院這種公益到極致的建筑所做的設(shè)計。要抗震，所以用了鋼筋混凝土的框架結(jié)構(gòu)。要省錢，所以去掉了所有裝飾。要生活自給，所以要有室外果園和屋頂菜園。如果說多少還有點設(shè)計的話，大概就是采用了類似于《營造法式》中金箱斗底槽的柱網(wǎng)布局，這讓小空間和大空間各得其所，也讓整座建筑的室內(nèi)瞬間充斥了建筑的復(fù)雜性。

魯安東：這是一個具有原型意義的項目。將孤兒院和社區(qū)圖書館并置創(chuàng)造了賦有人情味的社會空間。在這個復(fù)合功能體外的混凝土格構(gòu)既是一種防衛(wèi)性的邊界（它同時為調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)境提供了緩沖區(qū)），又是垂直的花園，后者可以遮陽、處理廢物、凈化空氣，并與屋頂花園一起為孤兒提供了充足的食物和水果。簡潔有力的最終形態(tài)將孤兒院的傳統(tǒng)建筑形象改變?yōu)橐粋€充滿驚喜和生機的立體花園。

Comments

LUO Deyin: The best design is to make no design at all, especially for full public facilities like orphanages. To be aseismatic, a reinforced concrete frame structure is used. To save money, all the decorations are removed. To be self-sufficient, an outdoor orchard and a rooftop vegetable garden are built. If some design can be observed, it probably is the column grid layout that is similar to the "Jin Xiang Dou Di Cao" as described in Ying Zao Fa Shi. This structure not only properly arranges small space and large space, but also creates architectural complexity in the indoor space of the whole building.

LU Andong: This is a project of prototypical significance. By juxtaposing an orphanage with a community library, it creates a humane social space.The concrete grid surrounding this complex is both a defensive boundary (it formulates a buffer zone for environment) and a vertical garden. The latter shades the building, processes waste, purifies the air, and together with the rooftop gardens, provides ample food and fruits for the orphans. The simple and robust form replaced the traditional institutional orphanage architecture with a stereoscopic garden, a place of surprises and lives.

Children's Ziggurat: Locally-adapted Orphanage and Library, Kathmandu, Nepal

Architects: Michael Meredith, Hilary Sample/MOS Architects

7 施工現(xiàn)場/Construction process

8 施工現(xiàn)場/Construction process

9 施工現(xiàn)場/Construction process