洪美珍
定語從句是高考的考點之一,學生在高一年級就具體學習了這一復合句型,但從整體的學習情況看,學生學習的整體效果并不好,看似簡單的幾個關系代詞、關系副詞的運用,實際做起來卻錯誤百出。究竟怎樣才能將這一句型運用自如昵?
首先要了解什么是定語從句。
在復合句中,修飾名詞或代詞的從句就叫做定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,具有先行詞是定語從句與其他復合句不同的一個重要特點,而找出先行詞恰恰是學生不能完全掌握的一個關鍵所在。
如:I visited the school where I used to study.
我參觀了我曾經(jīng)學習過的學校。
在這一句子中:the school是先行詞,在從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語,where I used to study修飾the school作定語。
其次要掌握關系詞的運用。
關系詞在定語從句的構成里至關重要,我們甚至可以說掌握不好關系詞,就無法做成定語從句,也無法理解文中帶有定語從句部分的意思。定語從句只有兩種關系詞,一種是關系代詞,另一種是關系副詞,沒有連詞。也就是說,定語從句中的所有關系詞都有一定意義,并在從句中擔任一定成分。
定語從句的關系代詞主要有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as等。
關系副詞主要有:when,where,why等。在定語從句中,關系副詞=介詞+關系代詞。實際上,每個關系副詞本身就已經(jīng)含有一個介詞,至于用哪個具體介詞,就得依據(jù)具體情況而定。
下面,我就定語從句及其關系詞的運用,結(jié)合多年教學實踐,對它詳加歸納。
一、由關系代詞who,whom,whose引導的定語從句
(一)who用于代替“表示人的意義”的先行詞,并且在從句中作定語。在現(xiàn)代英語中,也可取代whom在從句中作動詞的賓語。
1.who,whom作主語。
如:She is the woman who cleans the room every day.
她是每天打掃房間的人。(who作主語)
He is the man whom/who I know.
他是我認識的人。(whom,who作賓語)
Anyone who plays with fire will get burnt.
玩火者自焚。
2.在there be開頭的句子中,先行詞是人時,用who。
There’s a man who wants to see you.
有個人想見你。
3.在非限制性定語從句中,先行詞是人時,用who。
Li Ping,who helped me a lot,went abroad last week.
給我很大幫助的李平上周出國了。
4.先行詞是人且有較長定語時(也叫間隔性定語從句),用who。
I helped the boy in the park last week who lost his way.
上周我?guī)椭诉@個在公園里迷路的男孩。
(二)whom用于代替“表示人的意義”的先行詞,并且在從句中作動詞或介詞的賓語。在現(xiàn)代英語中,如果whom在從句中作動詞的賓語,與who可通用,但若whom在從句中作介詞的賓語,就只能用whom而不能用who了。在口語中或非正式文體中,介詞沒有提前,則不受這個限制。
如:The girl to whom you are talking is my sister.
The girl whom/who you are talking to is my sister.
正和你說話的那個女孩子是我的妹妹。
同時要注意,whom作介詞賓語時,介詞可放在whom前,也可放在從句原來的位置,如上例。但在含有介詞的動詞固定詞組中,介詞只能放在原來的位置。
如:This is the boy whom you are looking for.
這是你正在尋找的那個男孩。
(三)whose在從句中作定語,既可代表人,又可代表物,表達的是“某人的、某物的”之意。
如:Do you know the boy whose father is a doctor?
你認識他的父親是個醫(yī)生的那個男孩嗎?
whose在代表物時,可與of which等結(jié)構互換,但應注意與冠詞的位置。
如:I can see the classroom whose windows are open.
I can see the classroom of which the windows are open.
我可以看見窗戶打開的那間教室。
二、由Which引導的定語從句
如:(1)The building which is being built is our new library.
正在建的這座建筑是我們的新圖書館。(Which作主語)
(2)The factory in which he worked has moved.
他工作過的那家工廠已經(jīng)搬走了。(Which作介詞的賓語)
(3)This is the book which you want to borrow.
這是你想借的那本書。(Which作動詞的賓語)
三、由that引導的定語從句
that在定語從句中可以指人,也可以指物,在從句中既可以作主語,又可以作謂語動詞的賓語,但不能作介詞的賓語,有時可以作表語。在一般情況下,可與Which互換,如上例(1),(3)。
The building that is being built is our new library.
This is the book that you want to borrow.
但在特定情況下,二者絕不能互用。
(一)只能用which引導定語從句的幾種情況。
1.關系代詞前有介詞。
如:This is the room in which Lu Xun 1ived.
這是魯迅住過的房間。
2.先行詞本身是that。
如:The clock is that which tells the time.
時鐘就是告訴時間的東西。
3.引導非限制性定語從句。
如:I got the letter,which I had been expecting.
我收到了信,這是我一直盼望的。(which作定語,代替主句中的letter)
She won a gold medal of the 29th 01ympic Games,which made us proud.
她獲得了第29屆奧運會的一枚金牌,這使我們感到自豪。(which作主語,代表整個主句)
(二)只能用that引導定語從句的幾種情況。
1.先行詞是不定代詞all,few,1ittle,much,something,nothing,anything,everything,None,the one等。
如:I want the one that was bought yesterday.
我想要昨天買的那一個。
Everything that can be done has been done.
一切能被做的都已經(jīng)做了。
2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾。
如:He was the first friend that I made.
他是我交的第一個朋友。
The most interesting book that I have ever read was bought in Nanjing.
我讀過的最有趣的書是在南京買的。
3.先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,1ittle,no,some,one of,only等修飾。
如:I have returned all the books that you lent me.
我已經(jīng)歸還了你借給我的所有的書。
4.先行詞被the only,the very,the same,the last修飾時。
如:She is the only person that I want to make friends with.
她是我唯一想交的朋友。
This is the very magazine that I want to borrow.
這正是我想借的那本雜志。
此時,還得注意先行詞中被one of或被the only修飾的定語從句中的主謂一致,結(jié)構一般是:
(1)one of+復數(shù)名詞+關系代詞+復數(shù)謂語動詞。
(2)the only one of+復數(shù)名詞+關系代詞+單數(shù)謂語動詞。
如:He was one of the workers that were invited to the party.
他是應邀參加舞會的工人之一。
He was the only one of the workers that was invited to the party.
他是應邀參加舞會的唯一一個工人。
5.先行詞既有人又有物。
如:They remembered things and persons that they stayed abroad.
他們記得他們待在國外時的人和事。
6.句中已有who(為避免重復)。
如:Who is the gir1 that is standing there?
站在那兒的那個女孩是誰?
7.用作關系副詞,修飾表示時間的名詞,如:day,time,moment等,代替when。
如:It happened on the day that/when I was on business.
事情發(fā)生在我出差的那一天。
8.先行詞為數(shù)詞。
如:Look at these flowers.You can see the two that you gave me.
看看這些花,你可以看見你給我的那兩朵。
9.先行詞在主句中作表語或關系代詞在從句中做表語。
如:It’s a book that will help you a lot.
這是一本能給你很大幫助的書。
10.先行詞是who,what,which。
如:What that is on the table belongs to me?
桌上的那個是我的嗎?
11.主句是there be結(jié)構,修飾主語的定語從句。
如:There is no difficulty that can’t be overcome in the world.
世上沒有克服不了的困難。
四、由關系副詞when,where,why引導的定語從句
前面提到了關系副詞when(表時間),where(表地點),why(表原因),都可以用介詞+with來表示,在定語從句中充當狀語,具體的介詞使用依具體情況而定。
如:He was born on October 1st,1949 when New China was founded.
He was born on October 1st,1949 on which New China was founded.
他出生于1949年,那年新中國成立。
I will never forget the museum where I met him.
I will never forget the museum in which I met him.
我永遠也忘不了我遇見他的那個博物館。
I know the reason why he was late for class.
I know the reason for which he was late for class.
我知道他上學遲到的原因。
在定語從句中使用關系代詞或關系副詞,取決于先行詞在從句中的成分,特別是先行詞表地點時,判斷用關系代詞還是關系副詞,學生總是有很多困惑。這時,就要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物還是不及物的來判斷。如果是及物動詞,就用關系代詞that或which,否則就用where。
如:This is the school where he studied 1ast year.(study是不及物動詞)
This is the school which he visited 1ast year.(visit是及物動詞)
五、由as引導的定語從句
(一)as用作關系代詞和關系副詞引導定語從句,并在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或狀語,通常構成the same...as;such...as;as many/much...as等結(jié)構。
如:Such students as were mentioned by the teacher were good students.(as作主語)
I like the same film as you do.(as作賓語)
I’ve never seen such a stupid man as he is.(as作表語)
I’ll do it in the same way as he is。(as作狀語)
(二)as引導非限制性定語從句,在定語從句中作主語、表語或賓語,用來代表主句所表運的意思,可以放在主句前或后,類似插入語。
如:As we all know,Yao Ming is a famous basketball player.(as代表整個句子作賓語)
As is known to all,Liu Huan is a popular singer.(as代表整個句子作主語)
常用的類似的插入語有:as is said above;as is already mentioned above;as is known to all;as it is;as is often the case;as is reported in the newspaper等。
但是,在使用中,還要注意as與which引導的定語從句存在的一些異同。
1.as和which都可指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容,有時可互換。
如:She passed the exam as we had hoped.
She passed the exam which we had hoped.
2.which引導的非限制性定語從句,不能放句首,而as可以。as有“正如,就像”之意,而which沒有此意。as可用作插入語,which不能。
如:She has to do housework at weekends,which she doesn’t like.
As is often the case,he comes to schoo1 early.
=He comes to school early,as is often the case.
3.在“as+be+過去分詞”這一結(jié)構中,“be”可以省略,which后的“be”不能省略。
The bridge is really wonderful,as shown in the picture.
He liked the picture very much,which was shown in the exhibition.
此外,要注意以下結(jié)構的用法差異:
(1)The same as與the same that的區(qū)別。
the same as指的是“與……相似”,不是指同一事物。
the same that指的是“與……一樣”,是同一事物。
如:This is the same bag as I bought yesterday.
這個包與我昨天買的相似。(相似物)
This is the same bag that I bought yesterday.
這正是我昨天買的那個包。(同一物)
(2)such...as與such...that的區(qū)別。
Such...as引導定語從句;
such...that引導結(jié)果狀語從句。
如:They talked in such simple English as children could understand.
他們用孩子們能聽懂的簡單英語交談。
They talked in such simple English that children would understand.
他們用十分簡單的英語交談,連孩子們都能聽懂。
六、其他
前面還提到了限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句,究竟這二者有何不同呢?
(一)限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分,主句和從句之間不用逗號分開,沒有這種從句會影響主句意思的完整。而非限制性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補充說明,沒有這種從句不影響主句意思的完整,需用逗號把主句和從句分開。非限制性定語從句的關系代詞用which(指物),who,whom,whose,of which等,不能用that。
如:He has a brother,who is a doctor.
他有個兄弟,是個醫(yī)生。
(二)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句區(qū)分,即從句有無逗號,會引起句意變化。
如:He said nothing that made her angry.
他沒有說使她生氣的話。
He said nothing,which made her angry.
他什么也沒說,這使她很生氣。
(三)非限制性定語從句的關系代詞不可省略,而限制性定語從句中:
1.若關系代詞作表語,??墒÷?。
如:She is no longer the girl(that)she was ten years.
她不再是十年前的那個女孩了。
2.在口語中,作動詞賓語或介詞賓語(這時介詞不能在關系代詞前)的關系代詞可省。
Have you found the book(that)you want?
你找到了你想要的書了嗎?
This is the machine(that)we have talked about.
這是我們談到過的機器。
3.在口語中,關系副詞或其對等結(jié)構:介詞+which有時可省,特別是先行詞是the way時,它的關系詞有三種形式:
如:I don’t like the way that you talked to her.
I don’t like the way(that)you talked to her.
I don’t like the way in which you talked to her.
(四)先行詞是專有名詞,整個句子或世界上獨一無二的名詞時,一般用非限制性定語從句。
如:The sun,which gives us light and heat,is very big.
學生在運用定語從句時,只要注意到上述情況并加以融會貫通,就可以運用自如。