陳友玲(福建省永安一中366000)
2014福建高考英語科考試說明解讀之二
——詞匯篇
陳友玲(福建省永安一中366000)
解讀一《2014福建高考英語科考試說明》在語言運用的要求中提到,英語單詞的含義并非等同于詞典中所標(biāo)注的漢語意思,其含義隨不同的語境會有所不同。學(xué)生應(yīng)能根據(jù)上下文正確理解靈活變化的詞義,初步具備一定的閱讀能力。解讀二在《附錄:語法項目表》中提出,要求學(xué)生掌握構(gòu)詞法、合成法、派生法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、縮寫和簡寫。解讀三在詞匯表II收入40個詞頻較高的常用詞;解讀四2014短文填詞設(shè)題特點稍有改動。
正確理解詞義構(gòu)詞法新增詞匯2014短文填詞設(shè)題
關(guān)于2014年考綱的解讀,福州的一位專家已經(jīng)對考試說明、命題特點、二輪復(fù)習(xí)建議做了全面講評,所以我的這次解讀是“之二”。通過這次解讀,我發(fā)現(xiàn)考綱就像航海中的燈塔,能夠照亮我的教學(xué)之路,使我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己教學(xué)中存在的問題。這次最大的收獲是詞匯方面,所以這篇為詞匯篇。
《2014考試說明》語言運用的要求中說到英語單詞的含義并非等同于詞典中所標(biāo)注的漢語意思,其含義隨不同的語境會有所不同。學(xué)生要能根據(jù)上下文正確理解靈活變化的詞義,真正初步具備一定的閱讀能力。我分析每一年福建高考英語卷,發(fā)現(xiàn)出題人都在考查學(xué)生這方面的能力。比如,
(2013福建高考英語試題C篇)65.If you buy six 2012 U.S.Mint Silver Eagles by post, you should pay at least____.
A.$230.7B.$233.7
C.$240.7D.$243.7
而在文章中的最下方有這段內(nèi)容:Yourcost
·1-4 Coins$38.95 each+s/h
·5-9 Coins$38.45 each+s/h
·10-19 Coins$37.95 each+s/h
·20-40 Coins$37.45 each+s/h
學(xué)生看到這里,大多就選了A,實際上在圖片下面有個Note:$10 s/h(shipping and handling)for each purchase。這就需要聯(lián)系上下文,明確知道shipping和handling的詞義。如果學(xué)生看不懂這兩個詞,答案無法正確。
(2013福建高考英語試題D篇)...It would remain the case,of course,that Mrs.Bennet would be one of very few women on the company board,...—and might even have hobnobbed (攀談)with influential figures.
如果學(xué)生只知道board是“板”,figure是“計算”的意思,那這段內(nèi)容會給他們帶來干擾。
(2012福建高考英語試題完形填空)“Raddar?”he said,using my childhood nickname(綽號).I was astonished at being so 50 addressed(稱呼).
address大家熟悉的意思是地址,這里卻是稱呼。
(2010福建高考英語試題完形填空)I found the fish 45 surrounded in a sea of customers.“I’d like to buy some fresh fish,”I shouted to the fishman.
45.A.farm B.standC.pondD.market
這題在當(dāng)年的得分率非常低。因為很少學(xué)生了解stand有“攤位”的意思。
(2014廈門高三質(zhì)量檢查閱讀理解A 1)... picking up speed once we hit the main road.
聯(lián)系上下文,這里的picking up是“加速”的意思,hitthemainroad是上了主干道的意思。
(閱讀理解E)The linguist,whose work is published in the journal PLOS ONE,said,Once you’re outside of a certain range of familiarity, novel and exotic sounding voices might become more attractive.
這兒,“novel”不是小說的意思,而是新穎、奇特的意思。
縱觀這幾年的試卷,出現(xiàn)了stand,address,board,figure,handle,ship等類似這樣的大量的詞,那今年又會出現(xiàn)哪些詞,我們應(yīng)如何應(yīng)對呢?
策略一:通過文本學(xué)習(xí)熟詞(生)新意、一詞多義、激發(fā)學(xué)生動腦思考,提高詞語猜測能力,培養(yǎng)思維能力
比如,1.Many of his friends backed his plan.
2.Mother cans fruit.
3.The UN has done a lot for the cause of world peace.
4.Here is$500;that should cover all your expenses.
5.His name escaped me for the moment.
6.It was in that express way that the traffic accident happened.
7.Are you game to climb the mountain?
8.He has strong grounds for more money.
策略二:鍛煉學(xué)生的猜詞能力
在實際教學(xué)中,我經(jīng)常直接把單詞的意思、用法告訴學(xué)生,很少去培養(yǎng)他們根據(jù)語境猜詞的能力,頂多在講評閱讀理解中有遇到猜測詞義的題目,才講解一下。而在高考中,這項能力是需要我們在平時的教學(xué)中進行訓(xùn)練的,要不斷創(chuàng)造各種語境,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的猜測能力。
在《附錄:語法項目表》中要求學(xué)生掌握構(gòu)詞法、合成法、派生法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、縮寫和簡寫。
例如,(2013福建高考英語試題E篇)72.
According to Alex Goldberg,it is difficult for schools to offer the mentoring due to_____.
A.the lack of support from firms
B.the cultural differences
C.the effect of unemployment
D.the shortage of money
原文提到:
At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring,it is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.
這題答案選項(D)是the shortage of money,原文詞cutbacks顯然是答案中shortage的同義詞表達,而這兩個詞都是合成詞。
(2013福建高考英語試題C篇)66.The ad strongly encourages people to purchase the silver coins by____.
A.shopping online
B.making a phone call
C.lining up in front of the stores
D.writing to the company
·Note:$10 s/h(shipping and handling)for each purchase
·For fastest service,call toll-free 24 hours a day
66題的原文:For fastest service,call tollfree 24 hours a day.
66題的答案選項(B)就是making a phone call,是原文詞call的同義詞表達,而toll-free帶來干擾。
(2013福建高考英語試題C篇)Today, you can graduate to the front of that line.Buy now and you can own these brilliant uncirculated Silver Dollars for only$38.95!
64.What is stressed in the ad?
A.The coin is of high quality and worth collecting.
B.The coin can be circulated as a currency.
C.Limited supplies guarantee a stable price of the coin.
D.Demand for the coin is bound to break records.
在B選項中uncirculated是circulated的否定式,這樣,很快可以排除B選項。
(2013福建高考英語試題B篇)…a technology already available on smartphones and tablets(平板電腦)that overlays information onto the screen about one’s surroundings.
這句話中smartphones和overlays都是合成詞。
(2014廈門高三質(zhì)量檢查)Last week’s announcement marks the first time an endangered fish has recovered enough to be delisted.
Delisted詞根是list,前綴de,后綴ed.如果學(xué)生不具備這些基本的構(gòu)成法,在閱讀理解與完形填空中將舉步維艱。
策略:掌握構(gòu)詞法知識,擴大詞匯量
1.掌握合成詞,如stand的合成詞:
Four steps to succeed:Stand the loneliness,withstandthetemptation,understand how to give up,learn to choose.成功人生四部曲:耐住寂寞,抵住誘惑,懂得放棄,學(xué)會選擇。
2.了解前綴后綴含義。比如詞根pose,掌握了ex-,im-,dis-,re-,de-,inter-,trans-, pro-的含義,就可以明白expose,impose,dispose,repose,depose,interpose,transpose,propose。
由《考試說明》解讀可知,詞匯表II收入40個詞頻較高的常用詞;詞匯總計約3420個;(不含附錄后的國家、月份、星期、數(shù)詞等詞匯);新增20個詞。
2014新增20詞:
1.capable(a.),2.career(n.),3.critical (a.),4.curiosity(n.),5.detail(n.),6.drama(n.),7.economy(n.),8.efficient(a.),9.emotional (a.),10.factor(n.),11.feature(n.),12.highlight (n.&v.),13.impact(n.),14.investigation(n.),15.issue(n&,v.),16.release(v.),17.resource (n.),18.significant(a.),19.transfer(n&V.),20. vary(v.)
那這些詞匯會如何被檢測呢?我們來看看2013新增詞匯的考法。例如,2013新增高頻詞involve,在2013高考中以單選的形式考出來。
24.Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which____spending quite a lot of time with students.
A.enjoysB.involvesC.practices D.suggests
2013新增高頻詞opportunity在2013高考中以完形填空的形式考出來:
In 1972 David Smith had such an 40.Smith,an adventurer,decided to spend a night 41 in St.Michael’s Cave as a test of 42.In his book HUG THE MONSTER,he tells of hearing 43 sounds all around him as he lay there in the dark,damp,and deserted cave.
40.A.journeyB.dreamC.accident D.opportunity
2013新增高頻詞community在短文填詞中的體現(xiàn):
The Old saying starts,“Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day…and distribute them to(80)______(社區(qū))center and homeless shelters.
策略:全面掌握這二十個詞匯的用法。
Noun
1.[C]an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about
重要議題;爭論的問題:
a key/sensitive/controversial issue關(guān)鍵的╱敏感的╱有爭議的問題
This is a big issue;we need more time to think about it.這是個重大問題,我們需要花較多的時間考慮。
Don’t confuse the issue.不要模糊焦點。
2.[C]a problem or worry that somebody has with something(有關(guān)某事的)問題,擔(dān)憂:
Money is not an issue.錢不是問題。
If you have any issues,please call this number.?如有問題,請撥打這個電話號碼。
3.[C]one of a regular series of magazines or newspapers一期;期號:
The article appeared in issue 25.該文發(fā)表在第25期。
4.[C]a number or set of things that are supplied and made available at the same time一次發(fā)行額(或一套):
The company is planning a new share issue.公司正計劃發(fā)行新股。
a special issue of stamps特別發(fā)行的一套郵票
Verb[VN]
1.~something(to somebody)to make something known formally宣布;公布;發(fā)出:
They issued a joint statement denying the charges.他們發(fā)表聯(lián)合聲明否認指控。
The police have issued an appeal for witnesses.警方發(fā)出了尋找目擊證人的呼吁。
2.[often passive]~something(to somebody) ~somebody with something to give something to somebody,especially officially(正式)發(fā)給,供給:
to issue passports/visas/tickets發(fā)護照╱簽證╱票
New members will be issued with a temporary identity card.新成員將配發(fā)臨時身分卡。
2014廈門市高三質(zhì)量檢查中考查issue的用法:
23.The authorities______an orange warning and urged people to stay indoors due to the smog.
A.commandedB.struckC.cancelled D.issued
今年增加了詞匯和短文填詞的長度,便于為提供考生更多的信息;設(shè)題方式也變了,不是一行一個詞;
2014短文填詞設(shè)題特點:
·共10小題,每小題1分,本題以一篇約180詞的短文為載體,要求考生根據(jù)問題語境和提示,在短文的空格內(nèi)填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~,使短文意思連貫通暢??疾橐詫嵲~為主,兼顧其他詞類;
·首字母和語境提示分別3-4個,漢語提示2-3個。
策略:多加練習(xí)
1.選擇一篇180詞左右的文本,根據(jù)你想要考查的詞匯進行改編.
2.學(xué)生完成任務(wù)后還可成為一篇很好的文本誦讀材料。
如2014廈門一中月考卷,短文填詞:
...Cycling is a safe,clean,healthy,inexpensive way to get around.It not only(77)reduces(減少)traffic congress and pollution,but also(78)contributes to public health.Bikefriendly(79)policies(政策)have also led to the phenomenon.
這篇短文不僅讓學(xué)生掌握reduces,policies,而且也可以收獲a way to do,contribute to, lead to的用法,非常值得背誦。
著名語言學(xué)家David Wilkins說過:“沒有語法幾乎不能交流思想,沒有詞匯根本不能交流思想?!苯處煈?yīng)讓學(xué)生掌握熟詞新意、構(gòu)詞法、新增詞匯用法、熟讀文本。相信得詞匯者得天下。
本文系福建省教育科學(xué)“十二五”規(guī)劃課題《英語閱讀與詞匯附帶習(xí)得研究》(立項批準(zhǔn)號:FJJKXB13-106)論文。
(責(zé)編 張亞欣)