吳 浩,齊 猛,菅鳳增
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院,北京 100053)
頸椎后縱韌帶鈣化前路手術(shù)并發(fā)腦脊液漏的處理策略
吳 浩,齊 猛,菅鳳增
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院,北京 100053)
目的 探討前路手術(shù)治療頸椎后縱韌帶鈣化(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)時(shí)腦脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)漏的處理方法。方法 2010年8月至2014年12月期間治療的頸椎OPLL患者124例,其中75例行前路椎體次全切,49例行椎體次全切+單間隙間盤摘除術(shù)。分析發(fā)生CSF漏的處理方式及預(yù)后,總結(jié)前路手術(shù)并發(fā)CSF漏的處理策略。結(jié)果 124例患者術(shù)中硬脊膜破損發(fā)生率為 5.6%(7/124),CSF漏的發(fā)生率為3.2%(4/124)。硬脊膜破損但蛛網(wǎng)膜保持完整的患者未作任何特殊處理,患者預(yù)后良好,未出現(xiàn)明確CSF漏;CSF漏的患者術(shù)中使用脂肪或人工硬膜配合纖維蛋白膠修補(bǔ),術(shù)后均腰池引流4~5天,最終預(yù)后良好,無(wú)一例CSF漏患者并發(fā)腦膜炎、皮膚竇道等二次并發(fā)癥。結(jié)論 前路手術(shù)治療頸椎OPLL出現(xiàn)CSF漏的處理方式包括預(yù)防措施、術(shù)中硬脊膜修補(bǔ)(使用不同材料)、術(shù)后腰池引流,甚至腦室引流或腦室腹腔分流。術(shù)中硬脊膜直接縫合修補(bǔ)是最佳的處理方式,但是由于在技術(shù)操作困難,大部分情況是不能實(shí)施的。術(shù)中進(jìn)行一定的修補(bǔ)措施,同時(shí)術(shù)后進(jìn)行輔助手段,可以達(dá)到良好效果。
頸椎后縱韌帶骨化;前路手術(shù);腦脊液漏
頸椎后縱韌帶鈣化(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)是頸椎管狹窄的主要原因之一,可導(dǎo)致脊髓型頸椎病及神經(jīng)根型頸椎病。頸椎OPLL的治療有多種手術(shù)方式,包括頸前路椎體次全切、后路單開(kāi)門椎管擴(kuò)大成形術(shù)、后路椎板切除+固定融合術(shù)、前后聯(lián)合入路等[1]。對(duì)于連續(xù)型、多個(gè)節(jié)段(>3個(gè))的頸椎OPLL的治療往往采用后路單開(kāi)門手術(shù)或后路椎板切除+內(nèi)固定融合手術(shù),進(jìn)行間接減壓。對(duì)于局限性的OPLL,相對(duì)于后路手術(shù),前路椎體次全切去除鈣化后縱韌帶并固定融合,對(duì)脊髓能夠達(dá)到直接的更為充分的減壓效果,同時(shí)由于齒狀韌帶的作用,使神經(jīng)根袖套更為貼近椎管腹側(cè),因此對(duì)于神經(jīng)根型頸椎病,前路手術(shù)對(duì)于神經(jīng)根的減壓療效遠(yuǎn)好于后路手術(shù)[2,3]。但是許多頸椎OPLL的病例中,腹側(cè)硬脊膜往往與鈣化的后縱韌帶粘連緊密,有時(shí)甚至硬脊膜本身出現(xiàn)鈣化[2]。因此術(shù)中去除鈣化的后縱韌帶時(shí),極易造成硬脊膜撕裂、破損,導(dǎo)致CSF漏,有時(shí)甚至?xí)?dǎo)致脊髓或神經(jīng)根的損傷,所以前路手術(shù)導(dǎo)致CSF漏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于后路手術(shù)[4~6]。因此在選擇前路手術(shù)方式時(shí),術(shù)者必須考慮到CSF漏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并在術(shù)前評(píng)估、術(shù)中操作、術(shù)后處理等多方面應(yīng)對(duì)CSF漏[7~9]。
1.1 一般資料 2010年8月至2014年12月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科收治的頸椎OPLL患者124例。其中男68例,女56例;年齡18~73歲;75例行前路椎體次全切,49例行椎體次全切+單間隙間盤摘除術(shù)。
1.2 方法 分析頸椎OPLL患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后發(fā)生CSF漏的處理方式及預(yù)后,總結(jié)前路手術(shù)并發(fā)CSF漏的處理策略。
術(shù)中硬脊膜破損發(fā)生率為 5.6%(7/124),CSF漏發(fā)生率為3.2%(4/124)。7例硬脊膜破損患者中,寬基OPLL 2例,大于2節(jié)段OPLL的2例;硬脊膜破損、蛛網(wǎng)膜保持完整、無(wú)CSF流出3例,均采用自體脂肪結(jié)合纖維蛋白膠封堵;硬脊膜破損較小、合并CSF流出者采用自體脂肪結(jié)合纖維蛋白膠封堵;硬脊膜破損較大、合并CSF流出者采用術(shù)中顯微鏡下直接縫合修補(bǔ)。術(shù)中發(fā)生硬膜囊撕破、有CSF流出的患者,均留置術(shù)區(qū)硬膜外引流;硬脊膜破損、蛛網(wǎng)膜保持完整的患者未用術(shù)區(qū)硬膜外引流。CSF漏的患者均行腰池引流4~5天,其中1例在拔出腰池引流第2天后再次出現(xiàn)術(shù)區(qū)腫脹,予以二次腰池引流,保持10天后拔出,最終預(yù)后良好。隨訪顯示CSF漏患者最終預(yù)后均良好,未出現(xiàn)感染、腦膜炎、皮膚竇道等二次并發(fā)癥。
對(duì)于頸椎病的治療,前路手術(shù)(椎間盤摘除、椎體次全切)作為一種直接有效的減壓方式被廣泛運(yùn)用。頸椎前路手術(shù)出現(xiàn)硬脊膜破損,導(dǎo)致CSF漏的概率為0.5%~3%[10~13]。其中,OPLL手術(shù)出現(xiàn)CSF漏的概率更高,為4.3%~32%[5,13~19]。Hannallah等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)OPLL是CSF漏的主要原因,合并有OPLL的患者,經(jīng)頸前手術(shù)減壓出現(xiàn)CSF漏的概率是無(wú)OPLL患者的13.7倍[11]。CSF漏可以繼發(fā)多種二次并發(fā)癥,包括腦膜炎、傷口延期愈合、氣道阻塞、皮膚竇道、假性腦膜膨出等。早期有效地處理CSF漏,可防止二次并發(fā)癥[12,17~22]。CSF處理有多種方式,包括術(shù)中直接縫合修補(bǔ)、使用凝膠海綿、脂肪、人工硬膜等材料,配合纖維蛋白膠進(jìn)行修補(bǔ),術(shù)后傷口硬膜外引流、腰池引流或腰穿、術(shù)區(qū)CSF腔隙-腹腔分流、腦室外引流以及腦室腹腔分流等[22~24]。更為重要的是術(shù)前對(duì)于發(fā)生CSF漏的可能性進(jìn)行評(píng)估。術(shù)前影像學(xué)的表現(xiàn)極為重要,往往通過(guò)頸椎CT可發(fā)現(xiàn)鈣化的硬脊膜[2](圖1)。對(duì)于多個(gè)節(jié)段或基底較寬的后縱韌帶鈣化(圖2),術(shù)中發(fā)生CSF漏可能性極大。
圖1 頸部軸位CT
圖2 頸椎側(cè)位片 可見(jiàn)多節(jié)段的后縱韌帶鈣化,與硬膜囊粘連
因此,有術(shù)者在麻醉時(shí)先放置腰池引流,如果術(shù)中發(fā)生CSF漏,就打開(kāi)腰池引流,這樣可迅速有效地減少CSF的溢出,從而幫助人工硬膜進(jìn)行封粘貼修補(bǔ),或直接縫合修補(bǔ)。對(duì)于難以分離的硬脊膜或鈣化的硬脊膜,可采用漂浮技術(shù),盡量避免損傷硬脊膜。顯微鏡及高速磨鉆的應(yīng)用,可減少硬脊膜破損概率,有助于防止CSF漏。術(shù)中直接修補(bǔ)一般需要在顯微鏡下進(jìn)行,將破損的硬脊膜水密縫合,無(wú)疑是CSF漏的最佳處理方法,但是由于技術(shù)要求高,操作空間不足很難實(shí)施。Hannallah等[12]報(bào)道20例CSF漏的患者中只有5例能夠術(shù)中直接修補(bǔ)。研究顯示,CSF漏術(shù)中直接修補(bǔ)失敗率達(dá)到5%~10%。如果面對(duì)鈣化的硬脊膜,或者與鈣化的后縱韌帶粘連緊密,很難直接縫合修補(bǔ)。直接縫合修補(bǔ)容易失敗的另一原因是縫合后的針眼還可以流出CSF[2,18,25]。筆者曾試圖直接使用8~0縫合線直接修補(bǔ),均以失敗告終,分析原因,主要由于破損往往在側(cè)方,很難有空間操作。纖維蛋白凝膠的使用在臨床上比較普遍,對(duì)于直接縫合的針眼及連接處建議用纖維蛋白膠加固。實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究證實(shí)纖維蛋白凝膠在配合嚴(yán)密縫合后可以在術(shù)后抵抗較高的CSF壓力[26]。對(duì)于無(wú)法直接縫合修補(bǔ)的患者,若硬脊膜破損較小的可用脂肪及自體筋膜,配合纖維蛋白膠進(jìn)行粘貼修補(bǔ),若破損較大則可用人工硬膜配合纖維蛋白膠修補(bǔ)。纖維蛋白膠一般在術(shù)后5~7天吸收。因此,纖維蛋白膠只是在術(shù)后初期可以同人工硬膜或脂肪形成水密修補(bǔ)。在使用纖維蛋白膠時(shí)需要盡可能干燥的硬脊膜表面,吸引器盡量將CSF吸盡,如果術(shù)前已放置腰池引流,打開(kāi)腰池引流將非常有助于纖維蛋白膠粘連。值得注意的是,由于纖維蛋白膠凝固后較硬,因此不能過(guò)多使用纖維蛋白膠,以免形成新的致壓物。對(duì)于CSF漏的術(shù)后處理最為常用的是腰池引流,可以直接有效地降低CSF壓力,減少CSF滲出,有利于硬脊膜的生長(zhǎng)修復(fù)。由于硬脊膜的修復(fù)一般需要4~5天時(shí)間,因此建議術(shù)后腰池引流放置4~5天,引流量5~15 ml/h[27]。對(duì)于有條件的醫(yī)院建議在腰池引流中使用自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)壓力和流量的泵,對(duì)于患者會(huì)相對(duì)安全。通?;颊咴谘匾鲿r(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格臥床休息,防止過(guò)度引流造成的低顱壓、小腦扁桃體下疝以及硬脊膜破損處壓力梯度增大。腰池引流需嚴(yán)格無(wú)菌操作,避免感染,可以預(yù)防性使用抗生素。大便軟化劑可常規(guī)使用,可以避免Valsalva動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致CSF壓力梯度的巨大改變,從而破壞硬脊膜的修復(fù)。對(duì)于術(shù)后術(shù)區(qū)硬膜外引流目前存在一定爭(zhēng)議,對(duì)于CSF漏的患者,有學(xué)者不主張放置傷口深部引流,尤其是負(fù)壓吸引,擔(dān)心引流可能導(dǎo)致硬脊膜破損處CSF壓力差增大,不利于修復(fù)。筆者經(jīng)驗(yàn),術(shù)區(qū)硬膜外引流有助于傷口滲液的排放,促進(jìn)傷口愈合,以及便于觀察CSF漏的程度。腦室腹腔引流術(shù)或術(shù)腔硬膜外-腹腔分流術(shù)是最后的治療方案,是在所有治療手段都無(wú)效時(shí)才使用。由于分流手術(shù)存在潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如感染、分流管阻塞、移位、過(guò)度分流或分流不足等,因此較少采用,筆者寧可選擇二次手術(shù)修補(bǔ)CSF漏[28]。
綜上所述,對(duì)于頸椎OPLL的前路手術(shù),術(shù)前評(píng)估及手術(shù)技巧是減少CSF漏的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)于發(fā)生CSF漏的處理策略包含了術(shù)前影像學(xué)的判斷(是否術(shù)前即放置腰池引流),術(shù)中顯微鏡下直接縫合修補(bǔ),或使用脂肪,筋膜或人工硬脊膜,配合纖維蛋白膠進(jìn)行粘連修補(bǔ),術(shù)后術(shù)區(qū)引流、腰池引流等。早期干預(yù),及時(shí)處理會(huì)取的良好預(yù)后,減少二次并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
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The managements of intra-and postoperative CSF leakage of cervical surgery of OPLL
WUHao,QIMeng,JIANFeng-zeng
(XuanwuHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100053,China)
Objective To discuss the managements of intra-and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage during cervical surgery of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL).Methods The authors reviewed the 124 cases of cervical surgery of OPLL from Aug.2010 to Dec.2014.Of these cases,75 cases underwent the anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) while 49 cases underwent the anterior cervical hybrid decompression and fusion (ACHDF) combined with corpectomy and discectomy.The data were summarized to identify the treatment options and outcomes for various situations.A treatment algorithm was identified based on these findings and the experiences of the authors.Results The incidence of CSF leakage after the operation was 3.2% (4/124).No special treatment for the cases just presented the dural tears but arachnoid was intact.These patients had a good prognosis and no CSF leakage. Patients with postoperative CSF leakage were repaired with fat or artificial dural mater with fibrin glue.The postoperative lumbar puncture and CSF drainage were performed for 4~5 days.All the end results were good.No patients with CSF leakage had the second complications such as concurrent meningitis or skin antrum.Conclusion Techniques for managements of CSF leakage including preventative measures,intra-operative dural repair with various materials,and postoperative drainage or shunt placement have all been used.Although direct dural repair is the preferred treatment for the CSF leakage,this technique is not always practically possible.Intra operative adjuncts combined with postoperative measures are an effective way to treat the CSF leakage for cervical myelopathy associated with OPLL.
Cervical OPLL;Anterior approach surgery;CSF leakage
吳 浩,男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師。中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)脊柱脊髓分會(huì)委員,中國(guó)醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)神經(jīng)外科分會(huì)委員,華人神經(jīng)脊柱外科講師團(tuán)秘書長(zhǎng)。研究方向:脊柱退行性病變、脊髓腫瘤、椎體腫瘤、脊髓空洞、寰枕畸形等疾病的研究及治療。
R651.2
A
1672-6170(2015)03-0004-04
2015-01-22)