江 瑛, 麻玉秀, 劉宏斌, 朱 兵, 王 亮
(中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓心血管內(nèi)科, 北京 100853)
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中老年高血壓患者脈壓與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性腎動(dòng)脈狹窄的關(guān)系*
江 瑛, 麻玉秀, 劉宏斌△, 朱 兵, 王 亮
(中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓心血管內(nèi)科, 北京 100853)
目的:探討中老年高血壓患者脈壓與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性腎動(dòng)脈狹窄(ARAS)關(guān)系,為臨床ARAS的診治提供新的思路。方法:回顧性分析257例行腎動(dòng)脈造影的中老年高血壓患者資料,平均年齡 (64.09±7.81) 歲,按造影結(jié)果分ARAS 組(n=145)與非ARAS組(n=112),對(duì)其脈壓及多項(xiàng)與ARAS高度相關(guān)的臨床指標(biāo)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果:?jiǎn)我蛩氐南嚓P(guān)分析顯示:年齡、脈壓、血肌酐水平、50歲以后出現(xiàn)的高血壓與ARAS相關(guān)。四項(xiàng)變量均進(jìn)入回歸方程,并與ARAS呈正相關(guān),其中年齡、脈壓與血肌酐是一連續(xù)變量。結(jié)論:脈壓是中老年高血壓患者動(dòng)脈硬化性腎動(dòng)脈狹窄的新發(fā)危險(xiǎn)因素,是中老年高血壓患者ARAS發(fā)病的早期預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),也是ARAS治療的又一藥物治療靶。
脈壓;動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性腎動(dòng)脈狹窄;高血壓
高血壓是中老年人最常見(jiàn)的疾病之一,部分表現(xiàn)為脈壓差增大,臨床工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)該部分患者往往伴有不同程度的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性腎動(dòng)脈狹窄(atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, ARAS),但尚無(wú)確切的臨床研究。一項(xiàng)尸解調(diào)查資料顯示報(bào)道,在大于40歲的心腦血管病患者中,ARAS的比例達(dá)12%[1]。ARAS不僅可導(dǎo)致繼發(fā)性高血壓和終末期腎病,而且其死亡率顯著上升,預(yù)后甚至與結(jié)腸癌類似[2]。由于ARAS起病隱匿、進(jìn)展迅速,所以早期發(fā)現(xiàn)腎動(dòng)脈狹窄,適時(shí)干預(yù),對(duì)中老年高血壓的控制及減少心腦血管事件有重要意義。本文目的是探討中老年高血壓患者脈壓與ARAS的關(guān)系,為中老年高血壓的診治及腎動(dòng)脈狹窄的防治提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
2009年10月至2014年10月解放軍總醫(yī)院行非選擇性腎動(dòng)脈造影、年齡大于40歲的中老年高血壓患者257例,平均年齡 (64.09±7.81) 歲,ARAS組 145人,非ARAS組112人。
1.2 高血壓診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
血壓測(cè)量采用校正的汞柱式血壓計(jì), 測(cè)量前至少休息 5 min, 不講話, 測(cè) 2 次坐位右上臂肱動(dòng)脈血壓,測(cè)量時(shí)肘關(guān)節(jié)與心臟處同一水平, 以 Kroto koff第 1 音為收縮壓, 第 5 音為舒張壓, 兩次測(cè)量間隔至少 2 min, 取平均值。脈壓=收縮壓-舒張壓。所有血壓測(cè)量醫(yī)護(hù)人員皆經(jīng)過(guò)正規(guī)培訓(xùn)。根據(jù)JNC制訂的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),收縮壓≥140 mmHg和(或)舒張壓≥90 mmHg 診斷高血壓。
1.3 ARAS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
有動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的危險(xiǎn)因素,且腎動(dòng)脈造影示腎動(dòng)脈狹窄≥50%,病變位于開(kāi)口處或近端,呈偏心性,邊緣不整。排除 (1)大動(dòng)脈炎:病史中曾有結(jié)核、鏈球菌感染、風(fēng)濕或結(jié)締組織病史;有血沉、C-反應(yīng)蛋白、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、免疫球蛋白增高的化驗(yàn)檢查資料,有大動(dòng)脈炎相關(guān)的多部位動(dòng)脈狹窄表現(xiàn);(2)纖維肌性發(fā)育不良:病變位于腎動(dòng)脈主干中遠(yuǎn)段,狹窄呈串珠樣。
1.4 臨床觀察指標(biāo)
除脈壓以外,同時(shí)我們篩選了與ARAS高度相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素:年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)、吸煙史(分為從未吸煙或有吸煙史)、脈壓、血甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、血總膽固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、血肌酐水平、糖尿病病史、心肌梗塞病史、腦卒中病史、50歲以后出現(xiàn)的高血壓及頑固性高血壓。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 Logistic單因素分析結(jié)果
兩組人群年齡、性別、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的危險(xiǎn)因素(包括吸煙史、糖尿病、脂代謝紊亂)、心腦血管疾病及血壓水平均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。單因素的相關(guān)分析顯示年齡、脈壓、血肌酐水平與ARAS相關(guān)(表1)。
2.2 Logistic多因素分析結(jié)果
在單因素分析的基礎(chǔ)上,我們選取與ARAS相關(guān)的四個(gè)變量:年齡、脈壓、血肌酐、50歲以后出現(xiàn)的高血壓,代入多因素回歸方程(Enter 法),并應(yīng)用Good-Fitness進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果顯示:四項(xiàng)變量均進(jìn)入方程(表2)。年齡、脈壓、血肌酐、50歲以后出現(xiàn)高血壓這四個(gè)變量均可進(jìn)入回歸方程,并呈正相關(guān),其中年齡、脈壓與血肌酐Wald χ2值較大,作為連續(xù)變量,50歲以后出現(xiàn)高血壓是首要的危險(xiǎn)因素。
ARAS在中老年人群的發(fā)病較普通人群明顯升高[3]。早在2005年ACC/AHA頒布的指南就提出,55歲后出現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)重的高血壓、高血壓突然加重、頑
Tab. 1 Single factor correlation analysis: relativity between clinical indexes and ARAS(P<0.05)
clinicalin-dexesARASNon-ARASAge(years)69.44±8.1962.50±8.76**Man:Femal1.88∶11.03∶1BMI(kg/m2)24.08±2.3723.63±2.43Smoking(%)21.713.5PP(mm-Hg)57.6±9.743.3±11.1**TC(mmol/L)5.53±0.805.29±1.03TG(mmol/L)2.63±1.912.38±2.13SCr(umol/L)96.83±28.4081.45±25.67**DM(%)52.238.5Stroke(%)21.721.7MI(%)13.09.4New-onsethypertension(%)73.9 43.9**RAH(%)21.710.7
ARAS: Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis; BMI: Body mass index; PP: Pulse pressure; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Blood triglyceride; SCr: Serum creatinine; DM: Diabetes mellitus; MI: Miocardial infarction; RAH: Resistant arterial hypertension; New-onset hypertension: New onset of hypertension after 50 years of age**P<0.01vsARAS group
Tab. 2 Multivariate Logisitic regression analysis for ARAS variable
ARASvari-ableβWaldχ2POR95%CIAge(years)0.05612.2610.0331.0601.017-1.443PP(mm-Hg)0.03215.3630.0211.0331.005-1.061SCr(umol/L)0.01414.6290.0001.0151.001-1.028New-onsetHyperten-sion0.61411.2260.0281.8481.623-2.878Constant-2.8844.0970.0430.056
ARAS: Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis; OR: Odds ratio; PP: Pulse pressure; SCr: Serum creatinine; New-onset hypertension: New onset of hypertension after 50 years of age
固性高血壓、惡性高血壓、服用ACEI/ARB后血肌酐升高、B超示不明原因兩側(cè)腎臟長(zhǎng)徑相差1.5 cm以上、不明原因的腎功能不全為主要ARAS的臨床主要診斷線索[4]??梢?jiàn)本研究顯示年齡、血肌酐、50歲以后出現(xiàn)高血壓與中老年高血壓患者ARAS發(fā)病呈正相關(guān),這與臨床是相符的。
值得關(guān)注的是,脈壓作為新的變量出現(xiàn)在我們的研究中。在最初ARAS的研究中,脈壓未被引起重視。隨著人們對(duì)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病理生理的深入了解,脈壓已被公認(rèn)為是全身動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),已被證實(shí)與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化高度相關(guān)。301醫(yī)院最新的一項(xiàng)大型研究指出脈壓數(shù)是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的重要診斷指標(biāo)[5]。更為重要的是,在雙側(cè)ARAS的患者中,脈壓較同年齡無(wú)ARAS的患者平均增高23 mmHg[6]。而且脈壓的增高可能提示ARAS病人對(duì)介入治療的效果不佳[7]。
本研究顯示在中老年高血壓患者ARAS發(fā)病中,年齡、脈壓、肌酐是一連續(xù)變量,那么脈壓在ARAS的發(fā)病中扮演何種角色呢?基礎(chǔ)研究顯示:寬脈壓(脈壓≥60 mmHg)增加動(dòng)脈的牽拉,血管壁所受壓力增大,易使內(nèi)膜損傷而導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[8]。事實(shí)上,脈壓隨年齡的增加而增加,因?yàn)槟挲g與主動(dòng)脈及主要血管彈力喪失有關(guān),動(dòng)脈彈力層斷裂和損壞及膠原蛋白和彈力蛋白比例改變導(dǎo)致的大動(dòng)脈,特別是主動(dòng)脈僵硬度增加。由于動(dòng)脈退行性病變使脈壓增加,這是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的開(kāi)始階段,可由此引起進(jìn)一步的、反復(fù)的動(dòng)脈壁損害。小血管用乙酰膽堿活性評(píng)價(jià)法檢測(cè)也表明,脈壓增高致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能紊亂,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能紊亂是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的先兆。那么,脈壓增高使腎動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化增加導(dǎo)致ARAS,ARAS可引起缺血性腎病和腎性高血壓??梢?jiàn),本研究顯示的四項(xiàng)變量是與基礎(chǔ)研究相符的,并且在這一連續(xù)變量中,脈壓增加是疾病的起源。
最近也有另一種解釋[9]:脈壓增高具有雙重性,即脈壓既是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的原因,也是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的結(jié)果。主動(dòng)脈僵硬度增加將增加心腦血管的不良事件,也提示了脈壓增高的ARAS患者介入治療效果不佳的可能原因。
最新報(bào)道[10],約有20%~50%的ARAS病人并無(wú)明顯的臨床表現(xiàn)。ARAS一旦發(fā)病,進(jìn)展快但又是可治的,糾正ARAS后,部分病例不僅能糾正高血壓,而且能保護(hù)受損的腎功能,使ARAS成為少有的中老年人高血壓和慢性腎功能不全的可治性病因之一。因此本病的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)是關(guān)鍵。在本研究所得的四項(xiàng)變量中,無(wú)論從動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的原因還是結(jié)果來(lái)分析,脈壓是核心,是重要的危險(xiǎn)因素。因此脈壓值是中老年高血壓患者ARAS發(fā)病的早期預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),也是ARAS治療的又一藥物治療靶。
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Relationship between pulse pressure and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in middile-aged and elderly patients with hypertension
JIANG Ying, MA Yu-xiu, LIU Hong-bin△, ZHU Bing, WANG Liang
(Department of Cardiology of South Building, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China)
Objective: To analyze the relationship between the pulse pressure(PP) and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) in middile-aged and elderly patients with hypertension, so as to provide the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of ARAS. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 257 patients with hypertension undergoing renal arteriography at General Hospital of PLA between 2009 and 2014. Their mean age was (64.09±7.81) years. According the results of arteriography, they were divided into two groups: ARAS group (n=145), and non-ARAS group (n=112). Their PP and multinomial clinical indexes with ARAS were statistically analyzed. Results: Single factor correlation and Logisitic analysis showed that age, PP, serum creatinine (SCr) levels, and new onset of hypertension after 50 years of age were strongly positively related to ARAS. The age and PP and SCr was a team of continuous variable. Conclusion: PP was the first new risk factor of ARAS in middile-aged and elderly patients with hypertension. It is suggested that PP may be a early predictive indicator and a new therapeutic target for ARAS.
pulse pressure; atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis; hypertension
2015-04-07
2015-06-06
R443.5
A
1000-6834(2015)05-452-03
10.13459/j.cnki.cjap.2015.05.017
△【通訊作者】Tel: 13910669681; E-mail: liuhbin301@sohu.com
中國(guó)應(yīng)用生理學(xué)雜志2015年5期