潘章源,狄 冉,劉秋月,儲(chǔ)明星
(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽遺傳資源與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193)
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學(xué)科動(dòng)態(tài)
綿羊多羔主效基因BMPR1B的研究進(jìn)展
潘章源,狄 冉,劉秋月,儲(chǔ)明星*
(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽遺傳資源與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193)
骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白受體1B(Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B,BMPR1B)是一種重要的跨膜受體蛋白,主要參與轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)通路,其在調(diào)控成骨分化、細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散以及卵巢卵泡發(fā)育等過程中起重要作用,并直接影響如綿羊等動(dòng)物的繁殖性狀。綿羊BMPR1B基因發(fā)生A746G突變(命名為FecB突變),導(dǎo)致第249位氨基酸由谷氨酰胺(Q)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫彼?R),進(jìn)而使得綿羊排卵數(shù)和產(chǎn)羔數(shù)顯著增加,因此BMPR1B成為目前最受關(guān)注的綿羊多羔主效基因。論文就綿羊BMPR1B基因定位、功能機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展及其對(duì)高繁殖力綿羊的影響進(jìn)行了綜述,同時(shí)也對(duì)BMPR1B功能研究中一些亟待解決的問題展開了討論。
BMPR1B基因;FecB;綿羊;多羔
BMPR1B是多種骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白的膜受體,廣泛存在于機(jī)體各種組織中,但主要在卵巢中表達(dá)。FecB是BMPR1B基因上的一個(gè)突變位點(diǎn),攜帶FecB等位基因的綿羊具有高排卵現(xiàn)象,有研究推測(cè)可能是因?yàn)樵撏蛔兏淖兞寺殉矊?duì)激素的敏感性[1],也有研究推測(cè)該突變導(dǎo)致了激素分泌的增加[2],但由于BMPR1B配體多樣、功能多樣和通路復(fù)雜,目前對(duì)其影響產(chǎn)羔數(shù)的機(jī)制尚不明確。對(duì)綿羊BMPR1B基因定位、表達(dá)規(guī)律、功能和效應(yīng)機(jī)制的最新研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,將有助于進(jìn)一步探究BMPR1B調(diào)控綿羊繁殖力的機(jī)制。
1982年,Davis等[3-4]在對(duì)Booroola羊高繁殖力原因進(jìn)行研究時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)常染色體突變位點(diǎn),該突變對(duì)綿羊排卵數(shù)具有加性效應(yīng),即每增加一個(gè)拷貝將額外多排卵1.65枚[5]。1989年,該突變基因被綿、山羊遺傳命名委員會(huì)正式定名為FecB基因(即Fec=fecundity, B=Booroola),F(xiàn)ecB基因存在三種基因型,產(chǎn)羔數(shù)BB型(突變型)>B+型>++型(野生型)。在接下來的研究中,主要對(duì)FecB通過微衛(wèi)星OarAE101和OarHH55[6]、OarAE101[7]、OarAE101和BM1329[8]進(jìn)行了連鎖不平衡定位。隨后,由于人BMPR1B基因被定位于第4號(hào)常染色體4q22-24的區(qū)間[9],Mulsant等、Wilson等和Souza等[10-12]證明FecB基因位于綿羊第6號(hào)染色體與人BMPR1B基因相對(duì)應(yīng)的區(qū)域,進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)Booroola 綿羊BMPR1B基因高度保守的胞內(nèi)激酶信號(hào)區(qū)域A746G突變就是FecB突變,其導(dǎo)致谷氨酰胺轉(zhuǎn)變成精氨酸,最終導(dǎo)致綿羊排卵數(shù)增加。
骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白受體(BMPR)分為I型和II型,其中BMPR1B屬于I型受體[13]。綿羊BMPR1B基因位于6q23-31,全長20 K,包含10個(gè)外顯子,大部分為內(nèi)含子,編碼區(qū)僅長1 509 bp,編碼503個(gè)氨基酸。綿羊BMPR1B蛋白空間結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)建主要是根據(jù)人TGF-β受體(TβR-I)和克莫司結(jié)合蛋白-12(FKBP-12)復(fù)合物模型[14],綿羊和人BMPR1B蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)具有高度的相似性(68%),綿羊BMPR1B的FecB突變(即Q249R)位于GS結(jié)構(gòu)域和L45環(huán)之間,與人TGF-β受體結(jié)構(gòu)域中的Q250殘基相對(duì)應(yīng),Q250殘基位于與抑免蛋白(Immunophilin)FKBP-12分子相連的α-C螺旋的C末端。FKBP-12是人TβR-I家族成員活性的反饋調(diào)節(jié)劑[15],能與BMPR1B受體結(jié)合,抑制BMPR1B與配體的結(jié)合能力。Booroola綿羊的Q249R突變使得BMPR1BQ250與FKBP-12 P88形成氫鍵,增強(qiáng)了FKBP-12和BMPR1B之間π電子的相互作用,進(jìn)而結(jié)合更加緊密,導(dǎo)致對(duì)BMPR1B受體活性的抑制作用增加[10]。因此,可以認(rèn)為,Q249R突變使得FKBP-12對(duì)BMPR1B活性抑制作用增強(qiáng),細(xì)胞對(duì)BMPR1B特異性配體的敏感性下降,最終可能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)一系列的變化,如信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)度差異、轉(zhuǎn)錄本的表達(dá)差異。
Wilson等[11]證實(shí)BMPR1B基因不僅在綿羊繁殖相關(guān)組織和器官中高表達(dá),而且在腦、骨骼肌和腎臟中也有中度表達(dá),同時(shí)運(yùn)用原位雜交技術(shù)將BMPR1B蛋白特異地定位于卵母細(xì)胞和顆粒細(xì)胞上。最近的研究顯示,在中國美利奴中,BMPR1B基因在各組織中的表達(dá)量存在差異,由高到低依次為卵巢、耳、脊髓、垂體、骨骼、子宮、下丘腦、腎臟、骨骼肌和輸卵管,在肝臟中無表達(dá)[16]。
通常羊卵泡各發(fā)育階段均表達(dá)BMPR1B,但在卵細(xì)胞和顆粒細(xì)胞中表達(dá)模式存在一定的差異。Wilson等[11]通過原位雜交檢測(cè)了綿羊卵泡發(fā)育各階段(原始卵泡、初級(jí)卵泡、次級(jí)卵泡、有腔卵泡)顆粒細(xì)胞和卵母細(xì)胞的BMPR1B表達(dá)情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)BMPR1B在卵母細(xì)胞中一直表達(dá),而在顆粒細(xì)胞中除了原始卵泡不表達(dá),其余階段卵泡均表達(dá)。一般大卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞BMPR1BmRNA表達(dá)量要高于小卵泡[17-18]。
FecB是BMPR1B最重要的突變位點(diǎn),其對(duì)綿羊高繁殖力的影響研究也最為廣泛和清楚。FecB對(duì)排卵數(shù)為加性效應(yīng),對(duì)產(chǎn)羔數(shù)為部分顯性效應(yīng)。最開始鑒定FecB多態(tài)性主要是通過產(chǎn)羔數(shù)、排卵數(shù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)和后裔測(cè)定信息[3],而近年主要是使用DNA基因型檢測(cè)。Piper等[4]在很早的時(shí)候就對(duì)FecB基因產(chǎn)羔效應(yīng)進(jìn)行了記錄,一個(gè)拷貝的FecB增加排卵數(shù)為1.0~1.5,增加產(chǎn)羔數(shù)為0.8~1.2,Booroola 綿羊BB型母羊的平均排卵數(shù)4.65 枚,顯著高于對(duì)照組++型母羊的平均排卵數(shù)(1.62 枚)。隨后的大量研究驗(yàn)證了Piper的結(jié)果,F(xiàn)ogarty等[19]對(duì)這些結(jié)果進(jìn)行總結(jié),表明一個(gè)拷貝將增加1.26枚排卵和0.67只產(chǎn)羔,兩個(gè)拷貝將增加3.61枚排卵和0.77只產(chǎn)羔。不同羊品種的FecB效應(yīng)是不一樣的,在國外品種中,F(xiàn)ecB基因突變純合型(BB)比野生純合型(++)產(chǎn)羔數(shù)多0.67~1.14 只,B+型比++型產(chǎn)羔數(shù)多0.48~1.16 只。在國內(nèi)品種中,BB 基因型比++型增加產(chǎn)羔數(shù)0.16(灘羊)-1.89只(小尾寒羊),B+型比++型增加產(chǎn)羔數(shù)0.083(灘羊)-1.110 只(小尾寒羊)。
由于BMPR1B的FecB突變能提高綿羊繁殖力,可帶來巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,因此對(duì)各綿羊品種進(jìn)行FecB檢測(cè)具有重要的意義[20]。目前研究表明FecB突變存在于世界各地各種高繁殖力綿羊品種中,以下列出含有FecB突變的綿羊品種以及它們的B等位基因頻率:Booroola Merino綿羊(0.53)(澳大利亞)[10]、Garole綿羊(0.61)(印度)[21]、Kendrapada綿羊(0.73)(印度)[22]、Javanese綿羊(0.83)(印度尼西亞)[22]、Bonpala綿羊(0.87)(印度)[23]、Kalehkoohi綿羊(0.35)(伊朗)[24]、小尾寒羊(0.5~0.55)(中國)[25-29]、湖羊(0.8~1.0)(中國)[30]、中國美利奴多胎品系羊(0.2~0.5)(中國)[31-32]、多浪羊(0.13~0.17)(中國)[33-34]、策勒黑羊(0.33)(中國)[35]、洼地綿羊(0.57~0.63)(中國)[36-37]、灘羊(0.02~0.22)(中國)[38-39]、阿勒泰羊(0.168)(中國)、新疆巴音布魯克綿羊(0.01)(中國)[40]。對(duì)于其他的一些綿羊品種,目前研究表明并不存在FecB突變,如中國美利奴、Lleyn,Deccani, Bannur, Madras Red, Barbarine, Queue Fine de L'Ouest, Noire de Thibar, Sicilo-Sarde, D'Man, Dorset, Suffolk, Thoka, Coopworths, Gotland, Perindale, Romney, Texel, Merinos d'Arles, Woodlands, Lacaune, Belclare, Cambridge, Teeswater, Blueface Leicester, German Whiteheaded Mutton, Galician, Barbados Blackbelly, Sangsari綿羊[10-11,21,27,30,41-47]。
BMPR1B基因除存在FecB突變位點(diǎn),還存在其他突變位點(diǎn)。2001年,Souza等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)突變位點(diǎn),一個(gè)為FecB,另一個(gè)為C1113A。2011年,儲(chǔ)明星等[48]對(duì)綿羊BMPR1B基因9個(gè)外顯子的多態(tài)性進(jìn)行了研究,除了FecB和C1113A,還發(fā)現(xiàn)20個(gè)新的突變位點(diǎn),其中3個(gè)SNPs(G922T、 T1043C、G192A)導(dǎo)致了氨基酸的改變,但并沒有影響產(chǎn)羔數(shù)。探究微衛(wèi)星座位與FecB突變之間的連鎖關(guān)系,可為綿羊高繁殖力的標(biāo)記輔助選擇提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。儲(chǔ)明星團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)綿羊微衛(wèi)星BMS2508、OarJL36、LSCV043、300U、471U與FecB突變的連鎖關(guān)系開展了較全面的研究,并分別找到了與FecB的B等位基因有緊密連鎖的微衛(wèi)星片段[49-53]。
生長分化因子5(Growth differentiation factor,GDF5)和BMP4是BMPR1B的天然配體,可通過BMPR1B對(duì)綿羊顆粒細(xì)胞分泌孕酮起強(qiáng)烈的抑制作用。在體外試驗(yàn)中,發(fā)現(xiàn)BB突變型母羊的卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞對(duì)GDF5和BMP4的敏感性顯著低于++型母羊,BB型顆粒細(xì)胞類固醇生成量顯著高于++型,表明BMPR1B突變使得其配體對(duì)顆粒細(xì)胞的類固醇生成抑制作用減弱,因此顆粒細(xì)胞可以進(jìn)一步分化,并促進(jìn)卵泡成熟[10]。然而類固醇激素并不具有促進(jìn)顆粒細(xì)胞分化的功能,即要達(dá)到促進(jìn)顆粒細(xì)胞分化,類固醇類激素需進(jìn)一步刺激通路下游以發(fā)揮作用,如改變SMAD的表達(dá)或磷酸化狀態(tài),而以上均有待研究。
下丘腦-垂體-卵巢軸在調(diào)控動(dòng)物排卵中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。在對(duì)Booroola綿羊研究過程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)下丘腦各FecB基因型個(gè)體間促性腺激素釋放激素(Gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)表達(dá)無顯著性差異,因此推測(cè)FecB可能主要作用于垂體和卵巢[1,54]。垂體主要分泌卵泡刺激素(Follicle-stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)和黃體生成素(Luteinizing hormone,LH),大部分研究表明LH分泌不存在FecB基因型特異性;對(duì)于FSH,一些研究表明在不同時(shí)間段和不同生理狀態(tài)BB型綿羊FSH水平顯著高于++型[54-57],但也有一些研究表明無差異[58-59];在細(xì)胞水平研究發(fā)現(xiàn)BB型單個(gè)垂體細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的FSH顯著高于++型個(gè)體[60-61]。因此整體上,F(xiàn)ecB突變導(dǎo)致FSH表達(dá)水平上升證據(jù)更為充分。在對(duì)下丘腦-垂體失聯(lián)(Hgpothalamic-pituitary disconnected,HPD)、卵巢完整的FecB++型綿羊使用促性腺激素時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)++型綿羊的排卵數(shù)要高于無處理的BB型綿羊,當(dāng)BB和++型綿羊具有相同濃度的FSH時(shí),它們的排卵數(shù)相似[62],這表明BB型個(gè)體高產(chǎn)可能由于其更高濃度的FSH。下丘腦分泌的GnRH控制FSH的分泌,然而先前的研究表明下丘腦GnRH表達(dá)無FecB基因型差異性,一方面可能由于當(dāng)時(shí)的技術(shù)相對(duì)落后靈敏度差,當(dāng)前還需要從分子角度對(duì)下丘腦進(jìn)行研究,另一方面可能FecB通路確實(shí)不經(jīng)過下丘腦,而是通過反饋直接作用于垂體,該機(jī)制還有待研究。
由于BMPR1B直接影響排卵數(shù),可通過觀察卵泡的形態(tài)差異來探究FecB影響排卵數(shù)的機(jī)制。有人對(duì)綿羊卵泡發(fā)育各階段表型進(jìn)行觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)BB型個(gè)體成熟卵泡直徑顯著小于B+和++型[63-64],BB型個(gè)體成熟卵泡中顆粒細(xì)胞少于++型[63]。BB型個(gè)體在保持整體顆粒細(xì)胞數(shù)量和++型一致的情況下,降低了每個(gè)卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞數(shù),增加了成熟卵泡數(shù)[59]。通過更高清的顯微觀察不同基因型卵泡形態(tài),發(fā)現(xiàn)相比++型綿羊,BB型個(gè)體初級(jí)卵泡有更大的直徑,有更多的線粒體、光滑內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)和核糖體,連接顆粒細(xì)胞的面積更大,表明BMPR1B從卵泡早期發(fā)育就已經(jīng)開始起作用了[65]。
通常運(yùn)用模式生物研究基因功能是最佳選擇,然而攜帶FecB基因突變的模式生物小鼠無多排卵功能[66],在模式生物上研究FecB效應(yīng)機(jī)制的思路無法實(shí)現(xiàn);選擇在綿羊中研究FecB機(jī)制又受困于綿羊?qū)儆诖笮蛣?dòng)物,功能機(jī)制更為復(fù)雜。因此目前對(duì)BMPR1B基因機(jī)制研究比較困難,然而隨著分子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,可以從以下幾點(diǎn)進(jìn)行突破。
6.1 綿羊BMPR1B突變影響排卵數(shù)的機(jī)制
如上述,無論是通過GDF5和BMP4通路提高孕酮水平,還是通過增加FSH水平,都未能對(duì)FecB突變影響排卵數(shù)的機(jī)制給出非常合理的解釋。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)BMP15多態(tài)性與綿羊高產(chǎn)密切相關(guān)[67-69],BMP15能抑制顆粒細(xì)胞FSH受體的表達(dá),從而抑制FSH誘導(dǎo)的StAR(Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein)、P450scc(P450 side-chain cleavage en zyme)、3β-HSD(3β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase)、LH受體、抑制素/激活素亞基(α、βA和 βB)和孕酮的合成[70]。因此,猜測(cè)FecB突變可導(dǎo)致BMP15與BMPR1B的結(jié)合能力下降,使得BMP15對(duì)顆粒細(xì)胞的FSH受體生成抑制能力下降,顆粒細(xì)胞表達(dá)更多的FSH受體來增強(qiáng)對(duì)FSH的敏感性,進(jìn)而使得多個(gè)卵泡可以同時(shí)發(fā)育成熟增加排卵。但目前尚無文獻(xiàn)表明BB型個(gè)體FSH受體表達(dá)上調(diào),因此該推論還有待研究。
6.2 綿羊BMPR1B受表觀調(diào)控機(jī)制
最近有研究對(duì)人BMPR1B調(diào)控區(qū)進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)BMPR1B上游調(diào)控區(qū)的一個(gè)突變與小RNA miR-125 b顯著相關(guān),該突變能打斷miR-125b與BMPR1B的結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致BMPR1B的表達(dá)上升,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散障礙,該突變可能有助于防止子宮內(nèi)膜異位和乳腺癌[71-72]。該突變位點(diǎn)是否在綿羊中存在,是否具有類似功能,從表觀調(diào)控上探究BMPR1B的功能機(jī)制或許是一條全新的途徑。甲基化是表觀調(diào)控的重要方式之一,而目前未見BMPR1B基因甲基化相關(guān)研究報(bào)道,當(dāng)前對(duì)BMPR1B啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的結(jié)構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)等研究并不全面。
6.3 綿羊BMPR1B通路
BMPR1B是骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白信號(hào)通路的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn),其具有多個(gè)配體,因此其突變不僅影響單個(gè)基因,推測(cè)FecB突變導(dǎo)致綿羊高產(chǎn)很可能是多基因共同效應(yīng)的結(jié)果,而通路也可能不止一條。Miao等[73]用轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序方法對(duì)BB型和++型綿羊卵巢進(jìn)行研究,以期篩選影響綿羊高產(chǎn)的BMPR1B信號(hào)通路,但可能是測(cè)序量小和混池測(cè)序的原因,文中并未提出BMPR1B確切的信號(hào)通路[73]。
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Advances in Ovine Prolificacy GeneBMPR1B
PAN Zhang-yuan, DI Ran, LIU Qiu-yue, CHU Ming-xing*
(KeyLaboratoryofFarmAnimalGeneticResourcesandGermplasmInnovationofMinistryofAgriculture,InstituteofAnimalScience,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100193,PRChina)
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B) is a transmembrane receptor protein primarily involved in TGF-β pathway and plays an important role in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation, cell proliferation and development of ovarian follicles. The sheepBMPR1Bgene, when A746G mutation (FecB) happens, results in one amino acid substitution (arginine to glutamate) increasing the ovulation rate and litter size significantly in ewes. Therefore,BMPR1Bis one of most important high fecundity major genes. The paper reviewed recent progress in the research on gene mapping, effect on reproduction, functional mechanism ofBMPR1Band discussed on some unresolved issues in the research ofBMPR1Bgene function.
BMPR1Bgene;FecB;sheep;prolificacy
2014-10-16
2015-01-04
中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(ASTIP-IAS13);國家肉羊產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系專項(xiàng)(CARS-39);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)科技支疆項(xiàng)目(2013911056)資助
潘章源(1986-),男,江西贛州人,博士,主要從事動(dòng)物遺傳育種與繁殖研究。E-mail:pzq170450077@163.com
*[通訊作者] 儲(chǔ)明星(1968-),男,安徽貴池人,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事動(dòng)物遺傳育種與繁殖研究。E-mail:mxchu@263.net
S811.6
A
1005-5228(2015)05-0001-06