喬 兵 孫學(xué)華 張 鑫 周振華 李 曼 高月求
(上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬曙光醫(yī)院,上海市中醫(yī)臨床重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海 201203)
趨化因子受體5(CCR5)是一類趨化因子受體,它之所以現(xiàn)在受到世界醫(yī)學(xué)界的日益關(guān)注,主要由于十幾年前它作為HIV 的輔助受體之一[1],CCR5基因編碼區(qū)32 bp 片段的缺失(即CCR5Δ32)導(dǎo)致其不表達(dá)在T 細(xì)胞表面,從而能夠阻止HIV 感染[2]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCR5 作為一個(gè)免疫反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)因子受體主要通過調(diào)節(jié)炎癥[3],調(diào)整免疫細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動及其功能而發(fā)揮重要作用[4-8]。CCR5 及其配體能夠吸引效應(yīng)T 細(xì)胞進(jìn)入肝臟并且調(diào)節(jié)炎性細(xì)胞分泌的炎性細(xì)胞因子如IFN-γ 和細(xì)胞表面分子FasL等,這就為研究T 細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的肝臟炎癥性疾病,如自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)以及HCV、HBV 等引起的病毒性肝病提供了可能的治療靶點(diǎn)和方向[9,10]。本文主要針對CCR5 在慢乙肝研究領(lǐng)域中的一些研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行闡述。
趨化因子是一類具有相似分子結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)胞因子超家族,根據(jù)N 端保守序列的前2 半胱氨酸殘基的排列分布狀況,分為4 類:C、CC、CXC、CX3C[11]。趨化因子通過趨化因子受體介導(dǎo)而促使免疫細(xì)胞的遷徙和募集,激活調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)的作用。趨化因子受體屬于七次跨膜蛋白偶聯(lián)受體超家族,其中CCR5屬于CC 族趨化因子受體家族。
人類的CCR5 基因位于3p21.31,與另4 個(gè)趨化因子受體CCR1、CCR2a、CCR2b、CCR3 的編碼基因共同位于3p 區(qū)域(如圖1)。其編碼的蛋白是1 個(gè)含有352 個(gè)氨基酸的跨膜蛋白,分子量為40.6 kD(CCR5 的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖2)。CCR5 主要表達(dá)于NKT 細(xì)胞、CD4+T 細(xì)胞、CD8+T 細(xì)胞以及巨噬細(xì)胞及樹突狀細(xì)胞(DC)等免疫細(xì)胞[4-8],它的主要配體有CCL3/MIP-1α、CCL4/MIP-1β 以 及CCL5/RANTES等[12],在炎癥反應(yīng)中主要調(diào)節(jié)Th1類免疫反應(yīng)[8,13,14]。
CCR5 作為7 次跨膜蛋白,其主要信號傳導(dǎo)通路有GPCR 經(jīng)典信號通路:當(dāng)CCR5 與相應(yīng)配體結(jié)合后異源三聚體Gap 蛋白被激活,形成ATP-Gα 復(fù)合物并與亞單位分離,Gaα 亞基激活磷脂酶C(PLC),水解4,5-二磷酸脂肌醇,產(chǎn)生第二信使1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇(IP3)和二酰甘油(DAG),促使細(xì)胞外Ca2+內(nèi)浸和胞內(nèi)Ca2+釋放。提高鈣蛋白對Ca2+的敏感性;Giα 亞基介導(dǎo)上述反應(yīng)并激活CCR5的末端磷酸化,激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-kB 的P65 亞基并調(diào)控基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(MMP-9)轉(zhuǎn)錄,同時(shí)可以激活磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K),激活后通過磷酸化Akt,IkB 和P65 活化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-kB,還可以通過雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR),p70s6k1 和4E-BP1 調(diào)控mRNA 的轉(zhuǎn)錄和細(xì)胞生長[15-17]。CCR5 通過其配體CCL4 結(jié)合后介導(dǎo)的相關(guān)粘附聚焦酪氨酸激酶(RAFTK)磷酸化,并通過細(xì)胞骨架蛋白paxillin激活MAPK 信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路[17,18]。JAK-STAT 信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,在PMIT 細(xì)胞中,CCR5 酪氨酸殘基快速磷酸化后,JAK2、JAK3 被激活;在HEK293 細(xì)胞中發(fā)生JAK1,STAT5 磷酸化;Molt-4,Jurkat T 細(xì)胞中,STAT1 同源二聚體及STAT1/ STAT3 異源二聚體形成等[18-20]。
圖1 CCR5 在3 號染色體上的分布Fig.1 Distribution of CCR5 on chromosome 3
圖2 CCR5 分子示意圖Fig.2 Schematic representation of molecular CCR5
HBV 感染導(dǎo)致肝組織中大量炎性細(xì)胞聚集,趨化因子及其受體在其中起到了重要的作用。CCR5誘導(dǎo)免疫細(xì)胞,主要是T 細(xì)胞、NK 細(xì)胞、單核巨噬細(xì)胞等的趨化,從而調(diào)節(jié)它們的免疫功能。HBV 引發(fā)的慢乙肝(CHB)以Th1 細(xì)胞炎性反應(yīng)為主,而Th1 細(xì)胞高表達(dá)其受體CCR5 和CXCR3 等[8,21,22]。
Ahmadabadi[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)伊朗東南部慢乙肝患者外周血CD8+T 細(xì)胞上的CCR5 表達(dá)明顯降低,提示了它們進(jìn)入肝臟的能力明顯降低,肝細(xì)胞對HBV病毒的清除作用被打亂。另一項(xiàng)Mirzaee[24]通過觀察63 例慢乙肝患者和96 例健康對照組發(fā)現(xiàn)在外周血NK 細(xì)胞上的CCR5 明顯降低,血清RANTES 明顯減少。Ahn 等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCR5 59029G/CCR5 59353T 在乙肝急性期病毒清除中有一定作用。Holst[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)對于炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤和病毒控制,CCR5 和CXCR3 必不可少,CCR5-/-小鼠T 細(xì)胞反應(yīng)增強(qiáng),肝臟由CD8+T 細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng)增強(qiáng),肝臟微小血管脂肪性變明顯增加。同樣Moreno[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ConA 小鼠模型中CCR5-/-缺失導(dǎo)致T 細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的炎癥增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致肝臟中CCR5 配體增多以及單核細(xì)胞的浸潤,揭示CCR5 能夠調(diào)節(jié)肝臟免疫反應(yīng)的嚴(yán)重性程度。CCR5 在NK 細(xì)胞的增殖和運(yùn)動中也起著重要作用,研究表明,與野生型C57BL/6J 小鼠相比,CCR5 基因敲除的C57BL/6J 小鼠的NK 細(xì)胞的增殖以及運(yùn)動活化都有明顯降低。NK細(xì)胞是小鼠先天免疫的重要細(xì)胞,在HBV 感染初期對病毒的清除起著重要作用[28]。但也有研究表明ConA 誘導(dǎo)的B6129PE2/J-CCR5KO 的小鼠的肝炎模型中,分泌IFN-γ 的NK 細(xì)胞數(shù)量增多,肝臟炎癥反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重,當(dāng)清除NK 細(xì)胞或者使用CCR1/CCR5 阻斷劑時(shí)能夠使炎癥明顯減輕[29]。
CCR5 在ATM(Adipose tissue macrophage)的召集和極化中起著關(guān)鍵性作用,ATM 是肝臟中促炎性因子如TNF-α 和IL-6 的重要來源,并且與炎癥和胰島素抵抗有著潛在聯(lián)系[30]。
Ajuebor 等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CCL3 基因敲除小鼠在ConA 誘導(dǎo)后,肝臟炎癥損傷明顯減少,并且在使用CCR1/CCR5 拮抗劑后,肝臟炎癥明顯減輕,CD4+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少,由此可見CCL3 是ConA 誘導(dǎo)的肝臟炎癥中一種重要的促炎因子。慰秀清等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CHB 患者肝組織中CCR5 的配體CCL5 的表達(dá)量明顯高于正常肝組織,在炎性反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重的區(qū)域中更為明顯。CHB 患者肝臟炎癥局部及血清中TNF-α 增高,TNF-α 能夠增強(qiáng)HepG2 的CCL5 表達(dá),因此TNF-α 誘導(dǎo)的CCL5 表達(dá)增高可能是其參與肝臟炎癥反應(yīng)的途徑之一[33]。因此阻斷CCL5 及其受體CCR1,CCR3 和CCR5 能夠明顯減輕慢性炎癥和纖維化,減少腫瘤發(fā)生[34]。
4.1 CCR5 與肝纖維化 眾所周知,肝纖維化及肝硬化起源于肝臟內(nèi)的慢性炎癥,其中心環(huán)節(jié)就是HSC 細(xì)胞的增殖和活化,CCR5 及其配體通過調(diào)節(jié)不同免疫細(xì)胞的浸潤及活化,來參與肝臟肝纖維化的形成及消除[35],Zimmermann[36]對226 例慢性肝病患者及184 例正常對照者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)肝臟慢性炎癥時(shí),大量非典型CD14+CD16+單核巨噬細(xì)胞高表達(dá)CCR1+CCR2+CCR5+浸潤肝臟,引起肝臟持續(xù)炎癥及HSC 細(xì)胞活化。Seki 等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在慢性肝纖維化患者肝臟中CCL5、CCR1 及CCR5 的表達(dá)明顯增加,CCR5 主要通過氧化還原及PI3K 途徑促進(jìn)HSC 細(xì)胞遷徙,當(dāng)使用35K(一種廣譜的CCR 族抑制劑)時(shí),肝臟的纖維化程度明顯減輕。另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MET-CCL5(一種CCL5 受體拮抗劑)能夠有效減輕肝纖維化程度[38]。
4.2 CCR5 與肝細(xì)胞癌 由于CCR5 及其配體在免疫細(xì)胞的粘附以及內(nèi)皮遷移方面有著重要作用,有研究顯示,腫瘤組織中趨化因子(CCL2、CCL3、CCL4、CCL5)及其受體(CCR5 及CXCR3)的表達(dá)增高,并且對HepG2 細(xì)胞系的研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí),并發(fā)現(xiàn)這些可能跟IFN-γ 相關(guān)[39,40]。另一項(xiàng)研究也顯示CCR5 在基于持續(xù)炎癥導(dǎo)致的肝細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生過程中起著關(guān)鍵性的作用[41]。Iida 等[42]研究表明CCR1 和CCR5 及其配體CCL3 在腫瘤內(nèi)樹突狀細(xì)胞的聚集和由自殺基因調(diào)控的腫瘤免疫誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡有相當(dāng)重要的作用。Tsai[43]研究證實(shí)CCL5 基因多態(tài)性(CCL5-28,CCL5-403)和CCR5 基因多態(tài)性及其協(xié)同作用能夠增加肝細(xì)胞癌的易感性。
5.1 CCR5 分子拮抗劑 CCR5 在炎癥、腫瘤、自身免疫病中的重要作用,使的其及其配體的拮抗劑研究成為國內(nèi)外研究的熱點(diǎn)[44,45]。針對CCR5 的拮抗劑可分為以下四類:①CCR5 的天然配體及其修飾產(chǎn)物,如NNY-RANTES,氨羥戊烷-RANTES、HCC-1、vMIP-2 等;②單克隆抗體,如PRO140、mAb004、2D7等;③肽類化合物,如T20、Peptide T、V1 等;④小分子CCR5 拮抗劑,如Maraviroc、Vicriroc、GW873140/AK-220、TAK-220、TAK-52 等,小分子CCR5 拮抗劑具有易于合成,成本低,口服利用度好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[46-48]。
馬拉維羅(maraviroc)是唯一一個(gè)FDA 批準(zhǔn)上市的一類CCR5 拮抗劑類藥物[49-52],可與其他種類抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄藥物聯(lián)用,用于治療CCR5-tropic HIV-1 陽性、且對HIV 藥物耐藥的成年HIV 患者[53-56]。近來研究表明馬拉維羅能降低肝細(xì)胞癌小鼠的死亡率,肝纖維化程度,主要是通過減少炎性細(xì)胞因子的釋放,減少細(xì)胞壞死等,并且能夠通過P38 和ERK 通路,抑制HSC 的活化[57,58];還能夠減輕非酒精性脂肪性肝病模型小鼠肝內(nèi)脂肪沉積,減輕體重,降低肝臟甘油三酯的量[59]。
5.2 CCR5 拮抗劑的副作用 由于CCR 類受體在體內(nèi)廣泛存在,且與多種配體間的相互作用介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)及影響免疫細(xì)胞的功能等的作用,使得趨化因子受體拮抗劑的使用范圍受到一定限制,并承受一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。進(jìn)入一期臨床的aplaviroc 被報(bào)道一些患者出現(xiàn)了肝毒性,而小劑量的vicriviroc 不能達(dá)到預(yù)期的治療效果且部分患者患上了淋巴瘤[60],因此作為唯一上市的CCR5 類拮抗劑maraviroc 并不推薦作為治療HIV 的一線藥物[61]。
隨著對CCR5 及其配體的研究深入,人們對CCR5 在慢乙肝的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中的作用的認(rèn)識越來越多,趨化因子及其受體在人體免疫反應(yīng)的作用是廣泛而又復(fù)雜的,具有重要治療前景的CCR5 及其配體作為治療慢乙肝藥物的靶點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)外慢乙肝研究領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn),怎樣充分利用其阻斷劑在免疫反應(yīng)中積極作用,減少因?yàn)樽钄嗨鴰砀狈磻?yīng)將是下一步研究的重點(diǎn)。
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