二尖瓣反流診治進展

闞通綜述秦永文審校

(第二軍醫(yī)大學附屬長海醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科, 上海200433)

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二尖瓣反流診治進展

闞通 綜述秦永文 審校

(第二軍醫(yī)大學附屬長海醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科, 上海200433)

二尖瓣關(guān)閉功能取決于瓣葉、瓣環(huán)、腱索、乳頭肌和左心室的結(jié)構(gòu)完整和功能正常，影響到這些結(jié)構(gòu)的疾病都可以導致嚴重的二尖瓣反流(mitral regurgitation，MR)，降低患者的生存時間[1-3]。在西方國家，MR是常見的心臟瓣膜病[4]。

2014年3月，美國心臟協(xié)會與美國心臟病學會發(fā)表的心臟瓣膜病管理指南對慢性原發(fā)性(退行性)MR和慢性繼發(fā)性(功能性)MR進行了明確區(qū)分[5]。慢性原發(fā)性MR由瓣葉、瓣環(huán)、腱索和乳頭肌1項或以上發(fā)生病理學改變引起；慢性繼發(fā)性MR繼發(fā)于左心室功能異常，二尖瓣膜通常是正常的。左心室異常擴張引起乳頭肌移位，致瓣葉腱索過度緊張，最終導致MR。原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性MR在病理生理學、預后、決策與管理上是完全不同的。在工業(yè)化國家，原發(fā)性MR最常見的病因是二尖瓣退行性變，不常見的病因是風濕性心臟病和先天性畸形，發(fā)展中國家風濕性心臟病較普遍[6]。繼發(fā)性MR使擴張型心肌病患者的預后惡化[7]，缺血性MR是功能性MR的一種，其左心室功能紊亂繼發(fā)于心肌梗死。重度MR的自然病程不容樂觀，可引起左心室衰竭、肺動脈高壓、心房顫動、腦卒中和死亡[8]。

1 MR的分期

美國心臟協(xié)會與美國心臟病學會發(fā)表的心臟瓣膜病管理指南對MR進行了分期。原發(fā)性MR和繼發(fā)性MR都可依據(jù)瓣膜的解剖學改變、瓣膜的血流動力學及其結(jié)局和相關(guān)癥狀等分為4個漸進階段。A期：危險期；B期：進展期；C期：無癥狀重度病變期；D期：有癥狀重度病變期(見表1、表2)。

表1 原發(fā)性MR分期

*許多評估瓣膜血流動力學的標準被用以評估MR的嚴重程度，但并非所有標準都能在每個級別患者身上呈現(xiàn)。MR的嚴重程度通常分為輕、中、重度，取決于數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量以及其他臨床證據(jù)。

表2 繼發(fā)性MR分期

*許多評估瓣膜血流動力學的標準被用以評估MR的嚴重程度，但并非所有標準都能在每個級別患者身上呈現(xiàn)。MR的嚴重程度通常分為輕、中、重度，取決于數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量以及其他臨床證據(jù)。

#可通過二維經(jīng)胸心臟超聲進行等速表面積法計算繼發(fā)性MR患者的有效反流口面積，但由于該孔常為新月形，測得值常低于真實值。

2 MR的診斷

2.1 慢性原發(fā)性MR

推薦使用經(jīng)胸心臟超聲對任何懷疑患有慢性原發(fā)性MR的患者(A～D期)進行如左心室大小和功能、右心室功能、左心房大小、肺動脈壓力，以及MR的程度及可能原因的基本評估(Ⅰ，證據(jù)B)[9-13]；若經(jīng)胸心臟超聲無法確定原發(fā)性MR患者的左右心室容量、功能及反流的程度時，推薦使用心臟核磁共振幫助評估上述指標(Ⅰ，證據(jù)B)[14-15]；推薦手術(shù)中使用經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖以評估慢性原發(fā)性MR(C、D期)的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)，指導修復方案的制定(Ⅰ，證據(jù)B)[16]；當非創(chuàng)傷性影像檢查提供的診斷信息不足時，推薦使用經(jīng)胸心臟超聲以判斷慢性原發(fā)性MR的嚴重程度(B～D期)、發(fā)病機制及左心室功能狀態(tài)(Ⅰ，證據(jù)C)。

2.2 慢性繼發(fā)性MR

通過經(jīng)胸心臟超聲可評估慢性繼發(fā)性MR(B～D期)的嚴重程度和病因、瓣膜運動異常的程度和位置、左心室功能及肺動脈高壓等級(Ⅰ，證據(jù)C)。無創(chuàng)的影像學檢查(如壓力原子/電子斷層掃描、心臟核磁共振、負荷超聲心動圖)，心臟增強CT，心導管檢查(包括冠狀動脈造影術(shù))等，有助于明確慢性繼發(fā)性MR(B～D期)的病因及評估心肌活性，進而為制定MR的治療方案提供決策參考(Ⅰ，證據(jù)C)。

3 MR的治療

3.1 藥物治療

對有癥狀的慢性原發(fā)性MR(D期)患者，若其射血分數(shù)<60%，但無手術(shù)指征時，可用藥物治療以改善左心室的收縮功能(Ⅱa，證據(jù)B)[17-18]；不推薦對無癥狀和左心室收縮功能正常的慢性原發(fā)性MR(B和C1期)患者使用血管舒張劑(Ⅲ，證據(jù)B)[19-20]。

對慢性繼發(fā)性MR(B～D期)患者，若其伴有左心室射血分數(shù)降低的心力衰竭，則需要給予指南推薦的藥物治療方案，以改善其心功能。常見的藥物有：血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑、血管緊張素受體拮抗劑、β受體阻滯劑和醛固酮拮抗劑等(Ⅱ，證據(jù)A)[21-22]。

3.2 起搏器治療

對有癥狀的慢性繼發(fā)性MR(B～D期)患者，若滿足安置起搏器的指征，則推薦采用左右雙起搏療法(Ⅱ，證據(jù)A)[23]。

3.3 手術(shù)治療

及時適當?shù)募m正退行性MR可顯著改善患者預后，甚至可使患者獲得同普通人群相似的預期壽命和生活質(zhì)量[24]。目前指南推薦有癥狀的重度原發(fā)性MR患者接受手術(shù)治療(推薦類型：Ⅰ級)，伴有左心室功能衰竭無癥狀患者接受手術(shù)治療(推薦類型：Ⅰ級)，左心室功能正常的無癥狀患者如果成功修復可能性大接受手術(shù)治療(推薦類型：Ⅱa級)[5, 25]。有癥狀的繼發(fā)性MR患者接受最佳藥物治療后也可考慮手術(shù)治療(推薦類型：Ⅱb級)。歐洲心臟病協(xié)會和美國心臟病學會頒布的指南在左心室功能障礙和幾項推薦的證據(jù)等級上稍有不同。

雖然有癥狀的重度MR患者沒有手術(shù)治療和藥物治療的隨機對照研究，觀測到的數(shù)據(jù)已表明手術(shù)治療可提高生存率[26]。

3.4 經(jīng)導管途徑治療

手術(shù)治療伴隨著1%～5%的病死率和10%～20%包括腦卒中、再次手術(shù)、腎功能衰竭和吸氧時間延長的發(fā)生率[27]。在合并左心室功能障礙的老年患者中更是如此；80～89歲的患者手術(shù)后病死率達17%，超過1/3的患者發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥[28]。由左心室功能障礙引起的繼發(fā)性MR患者，無論是否接受手術(shù)治療生存率較原發(fā)性患者低。通過外科二尖瓣成形術(shù)未提高繼發(fā)性MR患者的生存率。無論是缺血性和不缺血性的功能性MR，年齡和并發(fā)癥對患者生存率影響最大。創(chuàng)傷小、并發(fā)癥少、費用少的經(jīng)導管途徑治療MR的方法將更加適合老年、高風險患者。

目前只有美國雅培公司的Mitra Clip一種經(jīng)導管途徑裝置被批準用于臨床治療繼發(fā)性MR。此設(shè)備在2013年10月被批準應用是基于隨機對照試驗EVEREST Ⅱ的結(jié)果[29-31]。在EVEREST Ⅱ中來自37個中心的279例患者(73%為繼發(fā)性MR)被隨機分為接受經(jīng)皮二尖瓣修復組(n=184)和開放手術(shù)二尖瓣修復組(n=95)。同開放手術(shù)組相比經(jīng)皮二尖瓣修復組患者雖然療效略差，但安全性較高。同開放手術(shù)組相比經(jīng)皮二尖瓣修復組患者需要再次手術(shù)解決殘留MR的患者較多，但1年隨訪后，兩組患者需再次手術(shù)的很少，4年后病死率兩組未見明顯差別[31]。

幾項研究表明，同開放手術(shù)相比，雖然經(jīng)導管二尖瓣修復術(shù)在減少MR上效果較差，但提高了不能手術(shù)或者高危患者的生活質(zhì)量和臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸[32-37]。

4 總結(jié)

MR是常見的心臟瓣膜病，依據(jù)病因可將MR分為原發(fā)性MR和繼發(fā)性MR，嚴重MR對患者危害極大。MR依據(jù)瓣膜的解剖學改變、瓣膜的血流動力學及其結(jié)局和相關(guān)癥狀等分為A期：危險期；B期：進展期；C期：無癥狀重度病變期；D期：有癥狀重度病變期4個漸進的階段。MR診斷主要依據(jù)經(jīng)胸心臟超聲，無創(chuàng)的影像學檢查(如壓力原子/電子斷層掃描、心臟核磁共振、負荷超聲心動圖)，心臟增強CT，心導管檢查(包括冠狀動脈造影術(shù))等。MR主要有藥物治療、起搏器治療、手術(shù)治療和經(jīng)導管途經(jīng)治療。經(jīng)導管二尖瓣修復術(shù)在減少MR上效果較差，但提高了不能手術(shù)或者高?；颊叩纳钯|(zhì)量和臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸，是治療MR安全可靠的方法。

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Recent Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Mitral Regurgitation

KAN Tong, QIN Yongwen

(DepartmentofCardiology,ChanghaiHospital,TheSecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China)

影響二尖瓣關(guān)閉功能的疾病都可以導致二尖瓣反流。輕度二尖瓣反流患者僅有輕微勞力性呼吸困難，重度二尖瓣反流癥狀嚴重，降低患者的生存時間。目前依據(jù)病因可將二尖瓣反流分為原發(fā)性二尖瓣反流和繼發(fā)性二尖瓣反流，這兩種二尖瓣反流有不同的診斷和治療原則。現(xiàn)就二尖瓣反流的診斷治療進展做一綜述。

二尖瓣反流；二尖瓣；診斷；治療結(jié)果

The diseases that affect the function of mitral valve can lead to mitral regurgitation (MR). The patients with mild MR can only feel mild exertional dyspnea and the patients with severe MR can feel severe symptoms, which reduces the patients’ survival time. Presently, MR is classified into primary and secondary entities based on the pathogen. The diagnosis and treatment of the primary and secondary MR are quite different. This paper aims to make a comprehensive review about the recent progress in diagnosis and treatment of MR.

mitral regurgitation; mitral valve; diagnosis; treatment outcome

闞通(1990—)，在讀碩士，主要從事心血管病介入治療研究。Email: 871415868@qq.com

秦永文(1952—)，主任醫(yī)師，教授，博士，主要從事心血管病介入治療研究。Email: chqinyw@163.com

1004-3934(2015)06-0686-05

R542.5

A

10.3969/j.issn.1004-3934.2015.06.008

2015-06-02

2015-07-21