曾慶東,郭莎莎,孫燕華,劉 剛,周 琴,李勇男,吉冰洋,鄭 哲
·臨床研究·
體外循環(huán)下心臟手術(shù)患者圍Me術(shù)ta期血糖嚴(yán)格控制與常規(guī)控制的 分析
曾慶東,郭莎莎,孫燕華,劉 剛,周 琴,李勇男,吉冰洋,鄭 哲
目的 為了比較接受體外循環(huán)下心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期血糖嚴(yán)格控制與常規(guī)控制患者的術(shù)后早期死亡率和相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,利用現(xiàn)有的臨床試驗數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Meta分析。方法 計算機檢索PubMed、EMBASE以及Cochrane library數(shù)據(jù)庫,收集公開發(fā)表的有關(guān)對比體外循環(huán)下心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期血糖嚴(yán)格控制與常規(guī)控制的文獻(xiàn),提取相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),并用RevMan 5.1進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。結(jié)果 共納入14個隨機對照試驗,納入人數(shù)總計2 732人。通過meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)與常規(guī)血糖控制相比,嚴(yán)格血糖控制能降低術(shù)后早期死亡率(OR=0.62,95%CI[0.41,0.95],P=0.03)減少術(shù)后呼吸機輔助時間(SMD=-0.44,95%CI[-0.84,-0.04],P=0.03),但是增加了嚴(yán)重低血糖事件的發(fā)生率(OR=3.78,95%CI[1.58,9.02],P=0.003)。結(jié)論 與常規(guī)血糖控制相比,嚴(yán)格血糖控制能降低心臟手術(shù)患者術(shù)后早期死亡率并減少術(shù)后呼吸機輔助時間,但是增加了嚴(yán)重低血糖事件的發(fā)生率。
心臟手術(shù);體外循環(huán);血糖
體外循環(huán)輔助下心臟手術(shù)的圍術(shù)期高血糖已經(jīng)被證實為一個與術(shù)后早期死亡率及并發(fā)癥相關(guān)的獨立危險因素[1-2]。已有文獻(xiàn)報道,無論對于糖尿病患者還是非糖尿病患者而言,接受心臟手術(shù),特別是體外循環(huán)輔助下心臟手術(shù)時,圍術(shù)期出現(xiàn)高血糖的風(fēng)險都會明顯增加[3-4]。因此,心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期血糖控制問題越來越引起人們的關(guān)注。然而,近些年對于是否應(yīng)該對接受體外循環(huán)輔助下心臟手術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的血糖控制存在著廣泛的爭議。本篇Meta分析旨在客觀評價心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期嚴(yán)格血糖控制所帶來的收益與風(fēng)險。
本文采用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評價方法,對相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評價和薈萃分析。納入本篇Meta分析的文獻(xiàn)必須符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①隨機對照試驗(RCT);②試驗的研究對象為接受體外循環(huán)輔助下心臟手術(shù)的成人患者;③試驗組患者在術(shù)中和(或)術(shù)后接受嚴(yán)格血糖控制(血糖控制范圍<8.3mmol/L);④對照組患者在術(shù)中和(或)術(shù)后接受常規(guī)血糖控制;⑤試驗報道的結(jié)果中包含術(shù)后早期死亡率或者至少含有以下結(jié)果中的兩種:圍術(shù)期嚴(yán)重低血糖事件發(fā)生率、術(shù)后房顫、急性腎衰竭、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、術(shù)后感染率、呼吸機輔助時間、術(shù)后ICU停留時間及術(shù)后住院日。
1.1 檢索策略 根據(jù)流行病學(xué)指南,筆者系統(tǒng)性的檢索了PubMed、Cochrane以及EMBASE,檢索語言為英文,檢索時間從數(shù)據(jù)庫的創(chuàng)建一直到2014年10月,有兩位作者分別進(jìn)行檢索最后進(jìn)行對比,在做此次系統(tǒng)評價期間也會間斷的檢索這幾個數(shù)據(jù)庫,防止遺漏,同時還交叉檢索了相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)。使用以下檢索詞進(jìn)行自由組合:tight glycemic control、tight glucose control、strict glucose control、strict glycemic control、maintenance of glycaemia、management of hyperglycemia、perioperative glycemic control、intraoperative glucose control、perioperative insulin infusion、high-dose insulin treatment、intensive insulin therapy、cardiac surgery、extracorporeal circulation及cardiopulmonary bypass。未發(fā)表的以及會議摘要并未納入研究。由兩位作者單獨進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)檢索以及數(shù)據(jù)的采集,最后進(jìn)行結(jié)果比對,盡量避免遺漏和出錯。
1.2 數(shù)據(jù)的提取 由兩位作者使用統(tǒng)一的表格收集數(shù)據(jù),并對納入的文獻(xiàn)使用JADA評分進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評價,兩者的不同意見在本研究負(fù)責(zé)人的參與下通過協(xié)商解決。提取的數(shù)據(jù)包括作者、發(fā)表年代、樣本量、JADA評分、分組情況、血糖控制范圍、血糖控制時間以及試驗結(jié)果等。見表1。
表1 納入研究的基本特征
1.3 統(tǒng)計分析 對于二分類變量的數(shù)據(jù),使用OR值來計算效應(yīng)量;對于連續(xù)性變量,采用SMD來計算效應(yīng)量。通過計算I2來評估統(tǒng)計學(xué)異質(zhì),I2<50%認(rèn)為異質(zhì)性較低,采用固定效應(yīng)模型計算合并效應(yīng)量;I2>50%則認(rèn)為存在較大的異質(zhì)性,使用隨機效應(yīng)模型對效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行合并。在一些研究中,提供呼吸機輔助時間和術(shù)后ICU停留時間及住院日為中位數(shù)值,筆者根據(jù)Cochrane Handbook將其轉(zhuǎn)換為平均值。統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件采用RevMan 5.1,P≤0.05認(rèn)為統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異顯著。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索流程及結(jié)果 按照以上檢索策略,833條引文信息去重84條后剩余749篇潛在相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。通過閱讀題目及摘要排除650篇無關(guān)文獻(xiàn)后,對剩余的99篇文獻(xiàn)通讀全文,根據(jù)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)排除了85篇文獻(xiàn)(35篇綜述,16篇研究對象并非接受心臟手術(shù)的成人患者,13篇與圍術(shù)期血糖控制不相關(guān),11篇信息數(shù)據(jù)不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中包含兩篇將嚴(yán)格血糖控制組的血糖控制目標(biāo)大于8.3 mmol/L的 RCT[5-6],以及10篇回顧性分析),最終,共納入14個RCT,納入人數(shù)總計2 732人[7-20]。
2.2 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.2.1 術(shù)后早期死亡率 共有8項研究報道了術(shù)后早期死亡率(n=2 384)[7-9,12,14-15,17,20]。 本研究將術(shù)后早期死亡率定義為術(shù)后30天內(nèi)或在ICU內(nèi)死亡的發(fā)生率。異質(zhì)性檢驗:(P=0.46,I2=0),無顯著異質(zhì)性,故選用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。與常規(guī)血糖控制組相比,嚴(yán)格血糖控制可以降低術(shù)后早期死亡率,且有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(OR=0.62,95%CI[0.41,0.95],P=0.03,Z=2.19)(圖1)。
2.2.2 圍術(shù)期嚴(yán)重低血糖發(fā)生率 共有9項研究報道了圍術(shù)期低血糖發(fā)生率(n=2466)[7-9,12-15,17,20]。本研究將圍術(shù)期嚴(yán)重低血糖定義為血糖值低于2.2 mmol/L。異質(zhì)性檢驗:(P<0.0001,I2=76%)異質(zhì)性較為顯著,故選用隨機效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。與常規(guī)血糖控制組相比,嚴(yán)格血糖控制增加了圍術(shù)期嚴(yán)重低血糖發(fā)生率,且有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(OR=3.78,95%CI[1.58,9.02],P=0.003,Z=3.00)(圖2)。
圖1 兩組術(shù)后早期死亡率的森林圖(OR and 95%cofidence intervals)
圖2 兩組嚴(yán)重低血糖事件發(fā)生率的森林圖(OR and 95%cofidence intervals)
圖3 兩組圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥森林圖(OR and 95%cofidence intervals)。
2.2.3 術(shù)后感染率,圍術(shù)期及術(shù)后房顫、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥、急性腎衰竭發(fā)生率 與常規(guī)血糖控制組相比,嚴(yán)格血糖控制可以降低術(shù)后感染率(OR=0.79,95%CI[0.52,1.18],P=0.25,Z=1.16),圍術(shù)期房顫發(fā)生率(OR=0.87,95%CI[0.64,1.18],P=0.36,Z=0.91),神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率(OR=0.69,95%CI[0.16,2.98],P=0.60,Z=0.52),但兩組間無明顯的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。在急性腎衰竭發(fā)生率方面,兩組結(jié)果相似(圖3)。
2.2.4 呼吸機輔助時間、術(shù)后ICU停留時間及住院日 在呼吸機輔助時間組,異質(zhì)性檢驗:(P<0.00001,I2=87%)異質(zhì)性較為顯著,故選用隨機效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。與常規(guī)血糖控制組相比,嚴(yán)格血糖控制可以減少呼吸機輔助時間,且有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(SMD=-0.44,95%CI=[-0.84,-0.04],P=0.03,Z=2.14)。在術(shù)后ICU停留時間及住院日方面,兩組結(jié)果相似(圖4)。
本篇Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,對于接受體外循環(huán)輔助下心臟手術(shù)的成人患者而言,與常規(guī)的血糖控制相比,嚴(yán)格的血糖控制可以降低術(shù)后早期死亡率,減少呼吸機輔助時間,同時增加了圍術(shù)期嚴(yán)重低血糖的風(fēng)險,并具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。
非缺血狀態(tài)下心肌的能量供應(yīng)主要來源于游離脂肪酸的氧化磷酸化[21]。體外循環(huán)過程中,心肌處于缺氧狀態(tài),游離脂肪酸無法正常代謝,蓄積的游離脂肪酸抑制了葡萄糖的氧化并刺激了葡萄糖在肝臟的合成,使血糖水平升高[22]。外科手術(shù)及體外循環(huán)促進(jìn)了包括胰高血糖素、皮質(zhì)醇及兒茶酚胺類激素的釋放,造成了外周胰島素抵抗。同時,胰島素與體外循環(huán)管道的直接接觸,進(jìn)一步破壞了胰島素的功能[2,23]。此外,術(shù)中及術(shù)后大量的肝素及兒茶酚胺類藥物的應(yīng)用也會影響糖代謝,使血糖濃度升高[24-25]。
高血糖會促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng),同時影響血管內(nèi)皮功能,從而降低了一氧化氮活性,并增加了超氧自由基的產(chǎn)生[26-29]。此外,炎癥反應(yīng)會導(dǎo)致血管的氧化應(yīng)激,促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)血栓形成、斑塊破裂并影響血小板功能[30]。另外,高血糖還會影響單核細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能,進(jìn)而增加術(shù)后感染的風(fēng)險[31]。
本Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,嚴(yán)格血糖控制可以降低術(shù)后早期死亡率,這一結(jié)果與Van den Berghe等于2001年發(fā)表的結(jié)果一致[32],而與Finfer等(NICESUGAR研究)2009年發(fā)表的結(jié)果相反[33]。主要原因可能是研究對象不同:Van den Berghe的研究中,研究對象為外科手術(shù)后的ICU患者,且其中67%的患者接受的是心臟手術(shù);而Finfer的研究中,研究對象為混合的ICU患者,其中手術(shù)后患者比例僅為37%;而納入本Meta分析的研究對象均為接受體外循環(huán)輔助下心臟手術(shù)的患者。一篇納入了26個隨機對照研究的Meta分析已經(jīng)報道嚴(yán)格的血糖控制僅對外科ICU患者有益,而對內(nèi)科或混合ICU并無益處[34]。
本Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,嚴(yán)格血糖控制增加了圍術(shù)期嚴(yán)重低血糖事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險,這與Finfer發(fā)表的結(jié)果一致[33]。嚴(yán)重的低血糖對于患者來說同樣是危險的,它既可以增加早期死亡率,同時也會增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,特別是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥[35]。因此,如果能夠在進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格血糖控制的同時避免或者減少嚴(yán)重低血糖事件的發(fā)生,那么將會進(jìn)一步增加嚴(yán)格血糖控制的收益。為了避免嚴(yán)重低血糖事件的發(fā)生,需要做到以下幾個方面:①制定科學(xué)合理的血糖控制及營養(yǎng)支持方案;②及時并且精確地檢測血糖濃度;③組建由外科醫(yī)生、麻醉醫(yī)生、體外循環(huán)醫(yī)生、ICU醫(yī)生、護(hù)士共同組成的團隊以保證血糖控制的安全性和有效性。已經(jīng)有研究報道,運用科學(xué)合理的血糖控制方案,可以成功的將嚴(yán)格血糖控制組的嚴(yán)重低血糖事件發(fā)生率控制在1%以下[17,36]。
圖4 兩組術(shù)后呼吸機輔助時間森林圖(SMD and 95%cofidence intervals)
嚴(yán)格血糖控制與患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系,對于糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者而言可能是不同的。相比于非糖尿病患者,糖尿病患者對于高血糖期間血糖波動的耐受性更好[37]。一篇回顧性分析報道,血糖水平為8~10mmol/L和10~11mmol/L的非糖尿病患者的術(shù)后早期死亡率分別為相同血糖水平的糖尿病患者的1.7倍和3.3倍[38]。納入本研究的14個RCT中,有 2個 RCT的研究對象全部為糖尿病患者[11,13],4個RCT的研究對象全部為非糖尿病患者[9,14,19-20]。筆者對非糖尿病患者組術(shù)后早期死亡率進(jìn)行了亞組分析,結(jié)果沒有明顯的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(OR=0.76,95%CI[0.27,2.15],P=0.61),這可能與樣本量太小有關(guān)。因此,目前迫切需要一個區(qū)別對待糖尿病患者與非糖尿病患者大規(guī)模的多中心臨床試驗來給出結(jié)論。
本研究存在一定的局限性,主要有一下幾方面:①納入的研究中,試驗組與對照組的血糖控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一致;②開始進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格血糖控制的時間點及持續(xù)的時間段不一致;③各個被納入的研究,其研究對象中糖尿病患者與非糖尿病患者比例不一致(表1)。
總之,與常規(guī)血糖控制相比,嚴(yán)格血糖控制能降低心臟手術(shù)患者術(shù)后早期死亡率并減少術(shù)后呼吸機輔助時間,但是增加了嚴(yán)重低血糖事件的發(fā)生率。由于本篇meta分析存在一定的局限性,這一結(jié)論仍需大規(guī)模多中心臨床RCT的驗證。
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Tight glycem ic control versus conventional glycem ic control during cardiac surgery w ith cardiopulmonary bypass:a M eta-Analysis
Zeng Qing-dong,Guo Sha-sha,Sun Yan-h(huán)ua,Liu Gang,Li Yong-nan,Zhou Qin,Ji Bing-yang,Zheng Zhe Department ofCardiopulmonary Bypass,F(xiàn)uwai Hospital,National center for Cardiovascular disease,Chinese Academy ofMedical science and Peking Union Medical College,Beijing,100037,China Corresponding author:Ji Bingyang,E-mail:jibingyang@fuwai.com
ObjectiveThe aim of thismeta-analysis is to determine the effect of tight versus conventional glycemic control during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)on measures ofmorbidity and mortality.MethodsStudies in which adult cardiac surgical patientswere assigned randomly to tight glycemic control(TGC)versus conventional glycemic control(CGC)were searched through PubMed,EMBASE,and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.Data extracted from identified studies were analyzed using RevMan 5.1.The resultswere presented as odd ratio(OR)and standardized mean difference(SMD)with 95% confidence intervals(CIs).ResultsFourteen randomized controlled trials that included 2732 patientswere identified,although notall trials could be used in each analysis.Tight glycemic control reduced earlymortality after surgery(OR=0.62,95%CI[0.41,0.95],P=0.03)and themechanical ventilation time(SMD=-0.44,95%CI[-0.84,-0.04],P=0.03),while it conversely increased the incidence ofhypoglycemia(OR=3.78,95%CI[1.58,9.02],P=0.003).ConclusionIntraoperative use of TGCmay decrease earlymortality and shorten themechanical ventilation time in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB,conversely increase the incidence of hypoglycemia compared with CGC group.Beneficial effects of TGCmay be demonstrated when the appropriate glycemic targets arematched to the appropriate population.
Cardiac surgery;Cardiopulmonary bypass;Glycemic
2015-04-07)
2015-04-15)
10.13498/j.cnki.chin.j.ecc.2015.02.02
100037北京,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院國家心血管病中心阜外醫(yī)院體外循環(huán)科(曾慶東、郭莎莎、孫燕華、劉 剛、周 琴、李勇男、吉冰洋),心臟外科(鄭 哲)
通迅作者:吉冰洋,E-mail:jibingyang@fuwai.com