劉景蘭(綜述),韓 薇(審校)
(哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,哈爾濱 150001)
?
心房顫動(dòng)患者左心耳血栓的研究進(jìn)展
劉景蘭△(綜述),韓薇※(審校)
(哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,哈爾濱 150001)
摘要:經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖是診斷左心耳血栓的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,心臟聲學(xué)造影結(jié)合能量多普勒、心臟CT延遲成像、二維增強(qiáng)單相心臟CT等檢測(cè)左心耳血栓的敏感性和特異性也都非常高。左心耳血流速度降低、左心耳壁運(yùn)動(dòng)速度降低、左心耳射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低、左心耳應(yīng)變降低、左心室肥大、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低、左心房增大等都是左心耳血栓的預(yù)測(cè)因子,有助于指導(dǎo)心房顫動(dòng)患者的抗凝治療和預(yù)防血栓栓塞事件。
關(guān)鍵詞:心房顫動(dòng);左心耳血栓;左心耳血流速度;左心耳壁運(yùn)動(dòng)速度;左心耳射血分?jǐn)?shù)
心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)是臨床上常見(jiàn)的心律失常,其最常見(jiàn)也最嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥是左心房尤其是左心耳附壁血栓脫落后引起的血栓栓塞。Donal等[1]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),90%非風(fēng)濕瓣膜性房顫患者血栓都是在左心耳形成;在持續(xù)時(shí)間>48 h的房顫患者左心耳血栓的發(fā)生率約15%;在近期發(fā)生血栓栓塞事件,房顫持續(xù)時(shí)間<3 d的患者,左心耳血栓的發(fā)生率為14%,房顫持續(xù)時(shí)間>3 d的患者左心耳血栓的發(fā)生率為27%。在房顫患者中左心耳內(nèi)皮功能不良,整體舒縮功能減低,血液易出現(xiàn)瘀滯,加之左心耳的自身結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及其內(nèi)部豐富的肌小梁組織,使得左心耳成為心房?jī)?nèi)最易形成血栓的部位[2]。即使是CHADS2或CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分為0以及少數(shù)抗凝治療的房顫患者,1.6%~2.1%也可出現(xiàn)左心耳血栓或泥漿樣改變[3-7]。研究左心耳血栓對(duì)于指導(dǎo)臨床房顫患者的抗凝治療和預(yù)防血栓栓塞事件具有非常重要的意義,現(xiàn)就房顫患者左心耳血栓的檢測(cè)方法、左心耳結(jié)構(gòu)功能與左心耳血栓的關(guān)系等方面的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
1人體正常左心耳的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能
左心耳是沿左心房前側(cè)壁向前下延伸的狹長(zhǎng)、彎曲的管狀盲腔,主要包括左心耳尖、左心耳體、左心耳底及梳狀肌等[8-10]。正常情況下,左心耳容積占左心房總?cè)莘e的30%[9]。
左心耳的心肌細(xì)胞在功能上與心室肌細(xì)胞及骨骼肌細(xì)胞相似,因此左心耳具有主動(dòng)收舒和縮張功能[10-12]。左心耳在調(diào)節(jié)心臟壓力和容積負(fù)荷方面起著非常重要的作用,還具有分泌心房鈉尿肽、腦鈉肽的作用[9,12-13]。
2左心耳血栓形成的3個(gè)階段
左心耳血栓形成主要包括自發(fā)性顯影(spontaneous echo contrast,SEC)、泥漿樣改變及血栓形成3個(gè)階段[14]。判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是SEC:左心耳內(nèi)血流呈動(dòng)態(tài)的、漩渦狀云霧回聲;泥漿樣改變:左心耳內(nèi)血流呈黏滯的、半流體樣改變,即重度SEC及血栓形成前期;血栓形成:邊界清楚的團(tuán)塊狀回聲附著在左心耳壁上,多切面、多角度可重復(fù),其中稍低回聲為近期新鮮血栓,稍高及強(qiáng)回聲為陳舊性血栓。
3左心耳血栓的檢測(cè)方法
傳統(tǒng)的彩色多普勒、組織多普勒成像、脈沖多普勒等對(duì)左心耳血栓的診斷都是有幫助的,而經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖(transesophageal echocardiographic,TEE)檢測(cè)左心耳血栓形成的靈敏度和特異度分別為100%和99%,是診斷左心耳血栓和評(píng)價(jià)其結(jié)構(gòu)及功能的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[1]。當(dāng)對(duì)持續(xù)時(shí)間>24~48 h的房顫患者選擇節(jié)律控制策略,2010年歐洲心臟病學(xué)雜志房顫治療指南和2011美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)基金會(huì)/美國(guó)心臟學(xué)會(huì)/美國(guó)心律協(xié)會(huì)房顫治療指南建議行TEE檢查排除左心耳血栓來(lái)替代3周的抗凝治療[15-16]。Ruiz-Arango和Landolfo[17]首次報(bào)道對(duì)3例房顫患者使用心臟聲學(xué)造影(contrast echocardiography,CE)和能量多普勒(power Doppler,PD)檢測(cè)左心耳血栓,結(jié)果表明,CE可有效確診或排除房顫患者左心耳血栓的存在,當(dāng)帶有主觀性的傳統(tǒng)成像技術(shù)診斷左心耳血栓模棱兩可時(shí),CE結(jié)合PD可提供更客觀的有效信息,提高TEE檢測(cè)左心耳血栓陽(yáng)性或陰性的價(jià)值。Romero等[18]對(duì)19個(gè)研究中2955例房顫患者的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),心臟CT檢測(cè)左心房/左心耳血栓的靈敏度、特異度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值、準(zhǔn)確度分別為96%、92%、41%、99%、94%,而心臟CT延遲成像檢測(cè)左心房/左心耳血栓的靈敏度、特異度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值、準(zhǔn)確度分別為100%、92%、92%、100%、99%,由此得出結(jié)論,心臟CT尤其心臟CT延遲成像是可靠的替代TEE檢測(cè)左心房/左心耳血栓的檢查,以避免TEE相關(guān)的不適和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,Hur等[19]對(duì)101例計(jì)劃行射頻消融術(shù)的持續(xù)性房顫患者在同一日行二維增強(qiáng)單相心臟CT和TEE,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)二維增強(qiáng)單相心臟CT檢測(cè)左心耳血栓的靈敏度、特異度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為89%、100%、100%和99%,由此得出結(jié)論,二維增強(qiáng)單相心臟CT是檢測(cè)和鑒別左心耳血栓和循環(huán)瘀滯的敏感方法。
4房顫患者左心耳結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)與血栓的關(guān)系
左心耳特殊的盲端結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是房顫患者血流淤滯、血栓形成的解剖基礎(chǔ)。左心耳內(nèi)的肌小梁凹凸不平,易使血流產(chǎn)生漩渦和流速減慢,也是促使血栓形成的條件。Nucifora等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨房顫頻率的增加,左心耳尺寸(即左心耳孔面積、左心耳孔的最大和最小直徑、左心耳深度)逐步增加,左心耳孔的偏心指數(shù)逐步減少。房顫患者左心耳結(jié)構(gòu)的改變與左心耳內(nèi)血栓形成密切相關(guān)。Ozer等[21]對(duì)47例伴有卒中的房顫患者行經(jīng)TEE,發(fā)現(xiàn)有左心耳SEC的患者左心耳最小和最大面積較無(wú)左心耳SEC的患者大。若房顫患者心耳過(guò)大,應(yīng)考慮是否已有血栓形成,或即將形成血栓的可能。
5房顫患者左心耳功能特點(diǎn)與左心耳血栓的關(guān)系
正常情況下,左心耳通過(guò)有效收縮預(yù)防血栓形成[9]。房顫患者左心耳舒縮功能減低,左心耳血流呈高凝狀態(tài)及血栓形成與左心耳功能異常密切相關(guān)[2,22]??煞从匙笮亩婵s功能的參數(shù)有左心耳血流速度、左心耳壁運(yùn)動(dòng)速度(left atrial appendage wall motion velocity,LAAWV)、左心耳射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left atrial appendage emptying fraction,LAAEF)、左心耳的應(yīng)變和應(yīng)變率等。
5.1左心耳血流速度與左心耳血栓的關(guān)系 房顫患者左心耳血流速度顯著降低[23]。在非瓣膜性房顫患者,左心耳血流速度是左心耳SEC的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,有左心耳SEC的患者較無(wú)SEC的患者左心耳血流速度低[21]。Ono等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),伴有左心耳血栓的房顫患者,左心耳最大血流速度下降,其臨界值為24 cm/s,診斷左心耳血栓形成的靈敏度為73%,特異度為75%。
5.2LAAWV與左心耳血栓的關(guān)系Tamura等[25]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),伴有左心耳血栓的房顫患者LAAWV比無(wú)左心耳血栓的房顫患者和竇性心律患者顯著降低[分別為(7.5±1.9) cm/s、(10.0±3.4) cm/s、(13.8±5.7) cm/s],并指出LAAWV<8.7 cm/s診斷房顫患者左心耳血栓形成的靈敏度為77%,特異度為76%。Tamura等[26]對(duì)非瓣膜性房顫患者的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),有左心耳SEC或血栓的患者比沒(méi)有左心耳SEC或血栓的患者LAAWV低。而且,Shih等[27]對(duì)慢性房顫患者的研究表明,左心耳頂部LAAWV降低是左心耳血栓形成的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。Yoshida等[28]對(duì)80例持續(xù)性房顫患者行經(jīng)胸和經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),隨SEC嚴(yán)重程度增加,LAAWV值顯著降低[重度SEC、輕度SEC、無(wú)SEC分別為(5.7±2.4) cm/s、(10.2±3.3) cm/s、(14.5±5.5) cm/s]。在LAAWV<10 cm/s的78例患者,診斷重度SEC的靈敏度、特異度以及陽(yáng)性和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為86%、88%、94%、77%。61例CHADS2評(píng)分≤2分的患者中,LAAWV<10 cm/s診斷嚴(yán)重SEC的靈敏度、特異度、陽(yáng)性和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為81%、92%、94%、77%。在46例CHADS2評(píng)分≤1分的患者中,LAAWV<10 cm/s診斷嚴(yán)重SEC的靈敏度、特異度以及陽(yáng)性和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為74%、91%、89%、77%。在21例 CHADS2評(píng)分為0分的持續(xù)性房顫患者,LAAWV<10 cm/s診斷嚴(yán)重SEC的靈敏度、特異度、陽(yáng)性和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為44%、83%、66%、67%。由此得出結(jié)論,按CHADS2評(píng)分判斷為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)血栓形成的患者,LAAWV<10 cm/s可能是一個(gè)特異的評(píng)估嚴(yán)重SEC的指標(biāo),并且是開(kāi)始抗凝治療和預(yù)防卒中的簡(jiǎn)單便捷的指標(biāo)。
5.3LAAEF與左心耳血栓的關(guān)系LAAEF與SEC的程度、血栓的形成密切相關(guān)。2007年,Habara等[29]對(duì)非瓣膜性房顫患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有左心耳血栓的患者LAAEF比無(wú)左心耳血栓的患者低。Iwama等[30]在研究中,分別對(duì)142例持續(xù)時(shí)間大于1個(gè)月的非瓣膜性慢性房顫患者通過(guò)TEE和速度向量成像技術(shù)測(cè)量LAAEF,并按照有無(wú)左心耳血栓將其分為兩組(有血栓組38例,無(wú)血栓組104例)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),有左心耳血栓的房顫患者LAAEF比無(wú)左心耳血栓的房顫患者顯著降低[(16.9±3.1)%比(29.0±9.7)%]。經(jīng)多變量邏輯回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),以LAAEF 20%作為預(yù)測(cè)左心耳血栓的臨界值,靈敏度為92%,特異度為88%。由此得出結(jié)論,經(jīng)TEE檢查L(zhǎng)AAEF<20%的房顫患者可能需要嚴(yán)格的華法林治療以避免血栓栓塞事件。Ono等[24]對(duì)260例接受華法林治療的非瓣膜持續(xù)性房顫患者行TEE檢查,并用速度向量成像測(cè)量LAAEF等,按照左心耳有無(wú)血栓,將患者分為血栓組(43例)和無(wú)血栓組(217例),根據(jù)CHADS2評(píng)分≤1分,每一組的患者進(jìn)一步分成兩個(gè)亞組。結(jié)果,多元邏輯回歸分析表明,在140例低CHADS2評(píng)分的亞組,LAAEF是左心耳血栓一個(gè)獨(dú)立的預(yù)測(cè)因子。ROC曲線分析表明,LAAEF為21%是預(yù)測(cè)左心耳血栓最佳臨界值,靈敏度為93%,特異度為96%。由此得出結(jié)論,左心耳血栓的形成取決于左心耳收縮能力,LAAEF≤21%的房顫患者,即使CHADS2評(píng)分≤1分,仍需要強(qiáng)有力的抗凝治療以避免血栓栓塞事件。
5.4左心耳的應(yīng)變與左心耳血栓的關(guān)系Ono等[24]對(duì)260例非瓣膜持續(xù)性房顫患者的研究表明,伴有左心耳血栓的房顫患者左心耳最大縱向應(yīng)變顯著降低。
6左心室、左心房相關(guān)參數(shù)與左心耳血栓的關(guān)系
Boyd等[31]的研究中,分別對(duì)165例持續(xù)性房顫患者(36例有左心耳血栓,129例無(wú)左心耳血栓)行經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖和TEE檢查,通過(guò)多元回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn)左心室肥大是左心耳血栓形成的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,由此得出結(jié)論,診斷和治療與持續(xù)性房顫相關(guān)的左心室肥大可能降低左心耳血栓和血栓栓塞性卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另外,Ayirala等[32]對(duì)334例房顫患者行TEE檢查的研究表明,左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低和左心房容積增大是左心耳血栓的重要預(yù)測(cè)因子,而且左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)與左心房容積的比值>1.5時(shí)排除左心耳血栓非常精確。
7小結(jié)
TEE、CE結(jié)合PD、心臟CT尤其心臟CT延遲成像、二維增強(qiáng)單相心臟CT等檢查檢測(cè)左心耳血栓的靈敏度和特異度均比較高,房顫患者左心耳血栓與左心耳結(jié)構(gòu)、左心耳血流速度、LAAWV、LAAEF、左心耳應(yīng)變、左心室大小等參數(shù)的變化均具有非常密切的聯(lián)系,根據(jù)這些參數(shù)的變化對(duì)左心耳血栓及其嚴(yán)重程度進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè),有重要的參考價(jià)值,可以使房顫患者得到及早的抗凝治療,有效預(yù)防血栓栓塞性疾病。此外,關(guān)于房顫患者左心耳應(yīng)變/應(yīng)變率與左心耳血栓關(guān)系的研究較少,需要對(duì)其進(jìn)行更多、更充分的研究。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]Donal E,Yamada H,Leclercq C,etal.The left atrial appendage,a small,blind-ended structure:a review of its echocardiographic evaluation and its clinical role[J].Chest,2005,128(3):1853-1862.
[2]Camm AJ,Camm CF,Savelieva I.Medical treatment of atrial fibrillation[J].J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown),2012,13(2):97-107.
[3]Providencia R,Botelho A,Trigo J,etal.Possible refinement of clinical thromboembolism assessment in patients with atrial fibrillation using echocardiographic parameters[J].Europace,2012,14(1):36-45.
[4]Yarmohammadi H,Varr BC,Puwanant S,etal.Role of CHADS2 score in evaluation of thromboem-bolic risk and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing direct current cardioversion (from the ACUTE trial substudy)[J].Am J Cardiol,2012,110(2):222-226.
[5]Wasmer K,Kobe J,Dechering D,etal.CHADS(2) and CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score of patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter and newly detected left atrial thrombus[J].Clin Res Cardiol,2013,102(2):139-144.
[6]McCready JW,Nunn L,Lambiase PD,etal.Incidence of left atrial thrombus prior to atrial fibrillation ablation:is pre-procedural transoesophageal echocardiography mandatory?[J].Europace,2010,12(7):927-932.
[7]Scherr D,Dalal D,Chilukuri K,etal.Incidence and predictors of left atrial thrombus prior to catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2009,20(4):379-384.
[8]ü?erler H,ikiz ZA,?zgür T.Human left atrial appendage anatomy and overview of its clinical significance[J].Anadolu Kardiyol Derg,2013,13(6):566-572.
[9]Asker M,Timucin OB,Asker S,etal.Effect of ramipril therapy on abnormal left atrial appendage function[J].J Int Med Res,2011,39(6):2429-2435.
[10]Uretsky S,Shah A,Bangalore S,etal.Assessment of left atrial appendage function with transthoracic tissue Doppler echocardiography[J].Eur J Echocardiogr,2009,10(3):363-371.
[11]Hara H,Virmani R,Holmes DR,etal.Is the left atrial appendage more than a simple appendage?[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2009,74(2):234-242.
[12]Qamruddin S,Shinbane J,Shriki J,etal.Left atrial appendage:structure,function,imaging modalities and therapeutic options[J].Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther,2010,8(1):65-75.
[13]Goetze JP, Friis-Hansen L,Rehfeld JF,etal.Atrial secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide[J].Eur Heart J,2006,27(14):1648-1650.
[14]徐海英,葉雪存.房顫患者左心耳血栓形成與結(jié)構(gòu)功能的關(guān)系[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù),2010,26(11):2079-2082.
[15]Camm AJ,Kirchhof P,Lip GY,etal.Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation:the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the european society of cardiol-ogy (ESC)[J].Eur Heart J,2010,31(19):2369-2429.
[16]Wann LS,Curtis AB,Ellenbogen KA,etal.2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (update on dabigatran):a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines[J].Circulation,2011,123(10):1144-1150.
[17]Ruiz-Arango A,Landolfo C.A novel approach to the diagnosis of left atrial appendage thrombus using contrast echocardiography and power Doppler imaging[J].Eur J Echocardiogr,2008,9(2):329-333.
[18]Romero J,Husain SA,Kelesidis I,etal.Detection of left atrial appendage thrombus by cardiac computed tomography in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2013,6(2):185-194.
[19]Hur J,Pak HN,Kim YJ,etal.Dual-enhancement cardiac computed tomography for assessing left atrial thrombus and pulmonary veins before radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation[J].Am J Cardiol,2013,112(2):238-244.
[20]Nucifora G,Faletra FF,Regoli F,etal.Evaluation of the left atrial appendage with real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography implications for catheter-based left atrial appendage closure[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2011,4(5):514-523.
[21]Ozer N,Kili? H,Arslan U,etal.Echocardiographic predictors of left atrial appendage spontaneous echocontrast in patients with stroke and atrial fibrillation[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2005,18(12):1362-1365.
[22]Stec S,Zaborska B,Sikora-Frac M,etal.First experience with microprobe transoesophageal echocardiography in non-sedated adults undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation: feasibility study and comparison with intracardiac echocardiography[J].Europace,2011,13(1):51-56.
[23]Kim BK,Heo JH,Lee JW,etal.Correlation of right atrial appendage velocity with left atrial appendage velocity and brain natriuretic peptide[J].J Cardiovasc Ultrasound,2012,20(1):37-41.
[24]Ono K,Iwama M,Kawasaki M,etal.Motion of left atrial appendage as a determinant of thrombus formation in patients with a low CHADS2 score receiving warfarin for persistent nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J].Cardiovascular Ultrasound,2012,10(1):50.
[25]Tamura H,Watanabe T,Hirono O,etal.Low wall velocity of left atrial appendage measured by trans-thoracic echocardiography predicts thrombus formation caused by atrial appendage dysfunction[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2010,23(5):545-552.
[26]Tamura H,Watanabe T,Nishiyama S,etal.Prognostic value of low left atrial appendage wall velocity in patients with ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2012,25(5):576-583.
[27]Shih JY,Tsai WC,Huang YY,etal.Association of decreased left atrial strain and strain rate with stroke in chronic atrial fibrillation[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2011,24(5):513-519.
[28]Yoshida N, Okamoto M, Hirao H,etal.Role of transthoracic left atrial appendage wall motion velocity in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and a low CHADS2 score[J].J Cardiol,2012,60(4):310-315.
[29]Habara S,Dote K,Kato M,etal.Prediction of left atrial appendage thrombi in non-valvular atrial fibrillation[J].Eur Heart J,2007,28(18):2217-2222.
[30]Iwama M,Kawasaki M,Tanaka R,etal.Left atrial appendage emptying fraction assessed by a feature-tracking echocardiographic method is a determinant of thrombus in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J].J Cardiol,2012,59(3):329-336.
[31]Boyd AC,McKay T,Nasibi S,etal.Left ventricular mass predicts left atrial appendage thrombus in persistent atrial fibrillation[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2013,14(3): 269-275.
[32]Ayirala S,Kumar S,O′Sullivan DM,etal.Echocardiographic predictors of left atrial appendage thrombus formation[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2011,24(5):499-505.
The Research Progress of Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus in Patients with Atrial FibrillationLIUJing-lan,HANWei.(DepartmentofCardiology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofHarbinMedicalUniversity,Harbin150001,China)
Abstract:Transesophageal echocardiographic(TEE) is ″gold standard″ of detection of left atrial appendage thrombus.The sensitivity and specificity of contrast echocardiography(CE) combined with power Doppler imaging (PD),cardiac CT delayed imaging and dual-enhancement single-phase cardiac computed tomography are also very high for the detection of left atrial appendage thrombus.Reduced left atrial appendage flow velocity,lower left atrial appendage wall motion velocity (LAAWV),lower Left atrial appendage emptying fraction(LAAEF),left ventricular hypertrophy,lower left atrial appendage strain,lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and increased left atrial volume are all predictors of left atrial appendage thrombus,and helpful to guide anticoagulant therapy and prevent thromboembolic events in the patients with atrial fibrillation.
Key words:Atrial fibrillation; Left atrial appendage thrombus; Left atrial appendage flow velocity; Left atrial appendage wall motion velocity; Left atrial appendage ejection fraction
收稿日期:2014-01-13修回日期:2014-06-09編輯:鮑淑芳
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.02.026
中圖分類號(hào):R318.11; R541.75
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)02-0262-04