大五人格問卷(BFI-44)信度元分析
——基于信度概化方法

黎紅艷 徐建平 陳基越 范業(yè)鑫,2

(1北京師范大學(xué)心理學(xué)院, 應(yīng)用實驗心理北京市重點實驗室, 北京 100875)(2首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院, 北京 100503)

1 引言

大五人格問卷(Big Five Inventory, BFI-44)自1991年開發(fā)以來, 得到了研究者們的持續(xù)關(guān)注。在其基礎(chǔ)上, 相繼產(chǎn)生了多種不同語言的版本和修訂版, 并被廣泛應(yīng)用于教育、臨床、家庭咨詢、組織行為等研究領(lǐng)域(Blüml, Kapusta, Doering,Br?hler, Wagner, & Kersting, 2013; Gerend, Aiken,& West, 2004; Gonzaga, Campos, & Bradbury,2007; Koh et al., 2014; McAbee & Oswald, 2013;Zaidi, Wajid, Zaidi, Zaidi, & Zaidi,2013)。

1.1 BF I的理論基礎(chǔ)及發(fā)展

BFI是以 Goldberg (1981)提出的“大五” (Big Five)人格結(jié)構(gòu)為理論基礎(chǔ)發(fā)展出來的人格測驗。有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn), 很多人格特質(zhì)只能通過形容詞進(jìn)行描述, 大約有1715個形容詞能清晰的表示出人格的原型(Prototype) (Angleitner, Ostendorf, &John, 1990)。John等人通過因素分析, 從這1715個表示人格原型的形容詞中選出了“大五”各維度中因素載荷最高的形容詞(John & Srivastava,1999), 并采用詞匯學(xué)取向的“大五”人格理論構(gòu)建BFI。但是, 為了詳盡描述人格特質(zhì), 提高作答一致性, 編制者在每道題目中選用了 1～2個最能表現(xiàn)大五人格結(jié)構(gòu)的人格描述形容詞, 并增加了對形容詞描述或說明性的信息, 因而每道題目被編制成一個短語而非詞匯。例如, 開放性維度中的特質(zhì)詞匯“獨創(chuàng)的” (original), 在 BFI中被編制為“具有獨創(chuàng)性, 會產(chǎn)生新點子” (is original, comes up with new ideas); 盡責(zé)性維度中的特質(zhì)詞匯“堅持不懈的” (persevering), 在BFI中被編制為“堅持到任務(wù)完成” (perseveres until the task is finished)(John, Naumann, & Soto, 2008)。最初, BFI有BFI-44和BFI-54兩個版本, 但是BFI-54中有10道題目計分不便, 現(xiàn)在已基本不再使用; 研究者公開發(fā)表的測驗為 BFI-44 (John, Donahue, &Kentle,1991; John et al., 2008)。

隨著BFI-44研究需求的增加, 也為了在國際上廣泛應(yīng)用且便于跨文化研究比較, 各國研究者在BFI-44原版的基礎(chǔ)上, 先后修訂并產(chǎn)生了德、法、荷、韓、意、匈、挪等 7種語言的版本, 并有相關(guān)的研究文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表 (Denissen, Geenen, van Aken, Gosling, & Potter, 2008; Engvik & F?llesdal,2005; Farkas & Orosz, 2013; Fossati, Borroni,Marchione, & Maffei, 2011; Kim et al., 2010; Lang,Lüdtke, & Asendorpf, 2001; Plaisant, Srivastava,Mendelsohn, Debray, & John, 2005)。在伯克利人格實驗室官方網(wǎng)站(http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/～johnlab/bfi.htm), 除了以上這些語言的版本, 還有中、立、瑞三種語言版本。其中, BFI-44中文版測驗題目可見 http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/～johnlab/pdfs/BFI-Chinese.pdf。在BFI-44研究與使用過程中, 研究者還相繼修訂開發(fā)出了BFI-25、BFI-S、BFI-K、BFI-10、BFI-20五個簡版BFI測驗(Engvik& Clausen, 2011; Gerlitz & Schupp, 2005; John et al., 1991; Rammstedt &John, 2005; Rammstedt &John, 2007)。目前, BFI多個測驗版本中使用最為廣泛的是BFI-44。

1.2 問題提出

不同語言版本的 BFI-44在各個國家的廣泛應(yīng)用中, 研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)測驗的信度水平會隨著施測樣本的變化而變化, 但只有少數(shù)研究者探究了其跨樣本時的信度穩(wěn)定性。例如, 有研究者將 28種語言的BFI-44在56個國家的18,378名被試中進(jìn)行了施測,發(fā)現(xiàn)各維度的α系數(shù)處于 0.76～0.79之間(Schmitt,Allik, McCrae, & Benet-Martínez, 2007)。此外, 還有研究者探究了BFI-44在55個國家不同性別的差異,其平均α系數(shù)為 0.72(Schmitt, Realo, Voracek, &Allik, 2008)。但大多數(shù)研究只提供了研究中單一樣本的α系數(shù), 沒有考慮到測驗的信度水平在不同樣本中具有變異性。因此, 很有必要對已有文獻(xiàn)中使用的BFI-44測驗信度進(jìn)行元分析, 為BFI-44使用者提供一個有代表性的α系數(shù)參考值和范圍。

信度是心理測量學(xué)的基本概念, 指測驗的可靠程度, 它表現(xiàn)為測驗結(jié)果的一貫性、一致性和穩(wěn)定性。信度是反映測驗結(jié)果受到隨機誤差影響程度的指標(biāo), 是評價測驗質(zhì)量的最基本的指標(biāo)之一(Guttman, 1945; 張力為, 2002)。信度是效度的必要不充分條件, 一個測驗要有效度必須要有信度, 沒有信度就沒有效度。如果一個測驗測量的數(shù)據(jù)不準(zhǔn)確, 就不能有效地解釋和說明所研究的現(xiàn)象。由于對一個測驗進(jìn)行多次施測時, 信度不是測驗工具固有不變的屬性, 它會隨著施測條件而變化, 在具體應(yīng)用中, 它指的是測驗結(jié)果的可靠程度。針對信度的可變性, Vacha-Haas (1998)提出了“信度概化” (reliability generalization)的概念,并用這種概化理論思想來指導(dǎo)信度的元分析技術(shù)。信度概化的目的是確定某一測驗工具在不同研究中α系數(shù)的變化范圍, 該測驗工具信度的變異性, 以及影響測驗信度水平的變量(Vacha-Haas,1998)。有研究者指出, 信度概化已經(jīng)成為對測驗α系數(shù)進(jìn)行元分析的主要方法之一(Rodriguez &Maeda, 2006)。它將已有研究中的α系數(shù)作為研究樣本, 通過描述統(tǒng)計、回歸分析等方法, 探究影響α系數(shù)變異的預(yù)測源, 分析它們?yōu)槭裁磿Ζ料禂?shù)有影響以及如何影響, 為研究者在今后的研究中使用BFI-44時提供參考, 注意平衡自己的研究需求與α系數(shù)變異預(yù)測源之間的關(guān)系, 并為后來測驗的使用者提供一些建議。本研究將采用一種最新的信度概化技術(shù)(Rodriguez & Maeda, 2006)對BFI-44的信度進(jìn)行元分析。

2 研究方法

2.1 文獻(xiàn)來源及篩選步驟

檢索了包含Proquest系列在內(nèi)的共計17個數(shù)據(jù)庫中自1991年1月1日至2014年4月4日共24年來有關(guān)BFI的學(xué)術(shù)期刊文獻(xiàn)和書籍。(1)標(biāo)題查找。在數(shù)據(jù)檢索的“標(biāo)題”欄中輸入關(guān)鍵詞“Big Five Inventory”或簡寫 “BFI”, 查詢到文獻(xiàn) 20 篇。(2)摘要查找。在數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索“摘要”欄中輸入關(guān)鍵詞“Big Five Inventory”或“BFI”, 并在“引用作者”一欄中輸入“John, Donahue & Kentle”, 去掉重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后, 查到文獻(xiàn)165篇, 其中1991～2009年間共67篇, 2010年至今共98篇。(3)全文查找。在數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索“全文”欄中輸入關(guān)鍵詞“Big Five Inventory”,刪除與前兩種查找方法重復(fù)的文獻(xiàn)后, 共收集到571篇文獻(xiàn), 其中1991～2009年間共230篇, 2010年至今共341篇。三種查詢方法查詢到1991年至今有關(guān)BFI的學(xué)術(shù)期刊文獻(xiàn)、書籍共計756篇。

在 CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫中, 使用關(guān)鍵詞“Big Five Inventory”在“標(biāo)題”或“英文摘要”或“全文”或“參考文獻(xiàn)”欄中搜索, 共查找到26篇中文文獻(xiàn)。

總共查找中、英文文獻(xiàn)782篇。其中, 有129篇報告了研究中 BFI-44各維度的α系數(shù), 有 85篇除報告了各維度的α系數(shù), 還報告了被試樣本量、被試國籍、測驗語言版本、被試平均年齡、男女比例(通過計算獲得)等人口學(xué)變量信息。在這85篇文獻(xiàn)中, 部分論文包括了多個子研究, 共計包括110個樣本。本研究最終用于對BFI-44 的α系數(shù)進(jìn)行元分析以及研究α系數(shù)變異的預(yù)測源的85篇文獻(xiàn)都是英文文獻(xiàn), 大多數(shù)發(fā)表在“Journal of personality and social psychology(IF: 5.51),Journal of personality(IF: 2.94)Personality and Individual Differences(IF: 1.88)”, 其文章引用率和期刊在專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的影響力都比較高。

以往的研究一般都會對影響α系數(shù)變異最重要的樣本特定因素進(jìn)行編碼。Vacha-Haase (1998)對《貝姆性別量表》(BSRI)的α系數(shù)元分析中, 考察了樣本量、測驗類型、測驗語言版本、國籍等變量對測驗α系數(shù)的影響。有研究者利用信度概化方法對《工作倦怠量表》的α系數(shù)進(jìn)行元分析時, 探究了樣本量、測驗語言版本、被試的職業(yè)、國籍等變量對α系數(shù)的影響(Wheeler, Vassar,Worley, & Barnes, 2011)。還有研究者選取樣本量、中國南北區(qū)域差異、男女比例、平均年齡、健康類型等作為MMPI問卷各分量表α系數(shù)元分析的預(yù)測變量(焦璨, 張潔婷, 吳利, 張敏強, 2010)。在本研究涉及到的 110個研究樣本中, 可選擇的預(yù)測變量有種族、樣本量、被試國籍、測驗語言版本、被試平均年齡、交往時間、工齡、男女?dāng)?shù)量等變量。其中, 樣本量、被試國籍、測驗語言版本、平均年齡、男女比例(通過計算獲得)在 110個研究樣本中信息完整。因此, 本研究中把這 5個變量作為考察BFI-44信度水平的預(yù)測變量。

在 5個變量中, 被試樣本量、平均年齡、男女比例為連續(xù)變量; 被試國籍和測驗語言版本為分類變量, 對其進(jìn)行虛無編碼。由于BFI-44最先由美國的研究者以英語修訂發(fā)表, 因此本研究將被試國籍編碼為美國(1)、非美國(0)兩類, 測驗語言版本相應(yīng)編碼分為英語(1)、非英語(0)。

3 研究結(jié)果

3.1 BF I各維度的代表性信度水平

Rodriguez和 Maeda (2006)認(rèn)為,α系數(shù)會隨著樣本的變化而變化, 但先前的信度元分析沒有涉及到α系數(shù)的抽樣分布(Vacha-Haase, 1998;Vacha-Haase, Kogan, Tani, & Woodall, 2001)。于是,他們對Vacha-Haase的信度概化方法進(jìn)行了改進(jìn),運用樣本量加權(quán)方法和T轉(zhuǎn)換加權(quán)方法, 使信度估計更準(zhǔn)確。其中,T轉(zhuǎn)換是一個假設(shè)檢驗的過程,提出虛無假設(shè)H0是“所有樣本中BFI-44各維度的α系數(shù)沒有顯著差異”。通常, 先采用Q檢驗來對該假設(shè)進(jìn)行驗證。然后, 將各個研究樣本的α系數(shù)采用公式轉(zhuǎn)換成本研究選用了 85篇文獻(xiàn)中的110個樣本α系數(shù)的算術(shù)平均數(shù)、樣本量加權(quán)平均數(shù)和T轉(zhuǎn)換加權(quán)平均數(shù)進(jìn)行計算。轉(zhuǎn)換公式及Q檢驗公式為：

表1 BF I-44各維度α系數(shù)的各類平均數(shù)

三種算法中, BFI-44問卷E維度的α系數(shù)處于0.824～0.855間, A維度處于0.745～0.794間, C維度處于0.792～0.823間, N維度處于0.813～0.833間, O維度處于0.788～0.796間。各維度的α系數(shù)都接近或超過0.8, 其中樣本量加權(quán)平均數(shù)和T轉(zhuǎn)換加權(quán)平均數(shù)兩種算法的結(jié)果比較相似。除開放性維度外, 其他維度T轉(zhuǎn)換加權(quán)計算的平均數(shù)都比采用另兩種算法得到的數(shù)值高。

五個分維度Q檢驗結(jié)果為：QE(109) = 3579.601,QA(109) = 2242.416,QC(109) = 2150.65,QN(109) =1918.299,QO(109) = 1860.496, 各維度的Q檢驗都達(dá)到顯著水平(p<0.0001)。說明樣本中各維度的α系數(shù)差異顯著。

3.2 BF I各維度α系數(shù)變異的預(yù)測源

以T轉(zhuǎn)換量為因變量,wi為權(quán)重, 進(jìn)行加權(quán)最小二乘回歸分析, 探究BFI-44信度系數(shù)變異的預(yù)測源(Rodriguez & Maeda, 2006)。結(jié)果如表2所示。

表2結(jié)果顯示, 樣本量對BFI量表中的A、C、N和O維度的α系數(shù)有影響,ΔR2分別為19.2%、4%、8.5%、15%。其中, 樣本量對 A、C起正向預(yù)測作用, 對N、O起負(fù)向預(yù)測作用。國籍對E、A、C維度α系數(shù)起正向預(yù)測作用,ΔR2分別為10.5%、20.5%、15.6%。男女比例對E、C、O維度α系數(shù)有影響,ΔR2分別為10.3%、20%、6.4%,其中, 男女比例對E、O維度的α系數(shù)起正向預(yù)測作用, 對 C維度起負(fù)向預(yù)測作用。測驗的語言版本和被試的平均年齡對各維度的α系數(shù)影響沒有達(dá)到顯著水平。

表2 BF I-44各維度α系數(shù)回歸分析表

4 討論

從元分析結(jié)果可知, 在各個國家的 110個樣本研究中, BFI-44各分量表的α系數(shù)介于0.745～0.855間。通常, 人格量表的信度比智力測驗要低,α系數(shù)不低于0.6即可接受(戴海琦, 張峰, 陳雪楓,2011)。研究表明 BFI-44在國籍、語言版本、樣本量、被試平均年齡、男女比例等不同情境中的應(yīng)用是穩(wěn)定的。在國內(nèi)發(fā)表的26篇文獻(xiàn)中, 只有4篇完整地報告了各維度的信度, 很多研究則犯了“信度引入” (reliability induction)的錯誤, 在自己的研究中報告的是前人研究中測驗的信度, 缺少自己研究樣本施測數(shù)據(jù)的信度值, 把前人的研究結(jié)果作為判斷測驗質(zhì)量的依據(jù)。國內(nèi)其余的研究, 甚至沒有對其信度做任何描述, 這在一定程度上阻礙了對國內(nèi)研究中所使用的測驗進(jìn)行信度概化研究, 影響了測驗可靠性和有效性的進(jìn)一步提升(焦璨等, 2010)。在今后研究中, 研究者應(yīng)意識到“信度引入”的錯誤所在, 并能夠有意識地完整報告自己研究中使用的測驗施測數(shù)據(jù)的信度系數(shù)。

在選取的 5個預(yù)測源中, 樣本量、國籍、男女比例對不同維度的α系數(shù)均有影響, 而測驗語言和平均年齡對各維度的α系數(shù)均沒有影響。在A、C維度中, 樣本量越大,α系數(shù)越高; 而在N、O維度中,α系數(shù)則隨著樣本量增大而減小。這可能是由于樣本選取方法不科學(xué)導(dǎo)致分?jǐn)?shù)出現(xiàn)偏態(tài)分布。例如, 用于本研究元分析的樣本中, 很多研究都采取方便取樣, 樣本缺乏代表性, 或者在抽樣過程中沒有考慮到樣本的國籍、男女比例等人口學(xué)變量, 而這些變量都會對BFI-44不同維度的信度水平產(chǎn)生顯著影響。有研究選用1013名學(xué)生被試施測BFI-44, 其中男生占63%, 女生占37%,平均年齡21.88歲, 年齡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為0.74, 測驗的信度范圍處于 0.54～0.74間(Furnham, Nuygards, &Chamorro-Premuzic, 2013), 而Soh和Jacobs (2013)利用BFI-44對165名學(xué)生和在職人員施測時, 男女比例分別為42%和53%, 年齡跨度為18～59歲,測驗的信度范圍達(dá)到 0.76～0.87。以上說明, 有時簡單盲目地增加樣本量不僅不能提高測驗的信度水平, 反而會造成相反的結(jié)果, 因此, 應(yīng)注意分層或分類抽樣。

結(jié)果顯示, 國籍對 BFI-44測驗的 E、A、C三維度α系數(shù)起正向預(yù)測作用。在美國實施的研究中,α系數(shù)高于其他國家研究的值, 因為BFI最先由美國的研究者開發(fā)而成, 在其他國家的樣本中應(yīng)用施測時, 由于文化差異、不同地區(qū)的人所具有的某種穩(wěn)定的人格特征不同, 問卷言語表達(dá)等因素會造成被試?yán)斫獾钠? 進(jìn)而影響其信度水平。有研究者對 462名美國被試進(jìn)行施測,BFI-44各維度的α系數(shù)為E (0.88)、A (0.79)、C(0.82)、N (0.84)、O (0.83), 均值為 0.83 (John &Srivastava, 1999)。John等人(2008)對829名美國和加拿大被試進(jìn)行施測, BFI-44各維度的α系數(shù)為：E (0.86)、A (0.79)、C (0.82)、N (0.87)、O (0.83),均值為0.83。在美國和加拿大樣本中, BFI-44各維度的α系數(shù)介于0.75～0.90之間。而韓語版BFI-44在韓國人群中施測, 各維度的α系數(shù)為E (0.52)、A (0.61)、C (0.75)、N (0.71)、O (0.75), 均值為 0.67(Kim et al., 2010)。此外, 德語版各維度的α系數(shù)介于0.67～0.82之間(Lang et al., 2001), 明顯低于美國樣本。

男女比例變量會對BFI-44不同維度的α系數(shù)起不同的作用。在E、O維度中, 男性越多,α系數(shù)越高; 而在 C維度中, 女性越多,α系數(shù)越高,表明男女在人格結(jié)構(gòu)中的差異也會影響測驗的α系數(shù)。有研究者利用 BFI-44測驗探究全世界 55個國家不同性別的被試在人格得分上的差異, 結(jié)果顯示很多國家的女性在神經(jīng)質(zhì)、外傾性、宜人性和盡責(zé)性等維度上的分?jǐn)?shù)都高于男性(Schmitt et al., 2008)。此外, 有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn), 女性在神經(jīng)質(zhì)和宜人性兩個維度中得分高于男性, 但其他三個維度得分與男性沒有明顯差異(Costa, Terracciano,& McCrae, 2001)。除神經(jīng)質(zhì)維度外, 男女比例對其他四個維度的影響并沒有形成一致的結(jié)果。

被試年齡對其BFI-44各維度的α系數(shù)沒有影響, 其結(jié)果與之前研究一致。Denissen 等人(2008)在荷蘭通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)邀請本國 6948名被試完成了BFI-44測驗, 年齡跨度從 10歲至 70歲, 經(jīng)過多樣本分析發(fā)現(xiàn), 被試在各個年齡段的得分差異不大, 且BFI-44結(jié)構(gòu)很穩(wěn)定。而本研究中語言版本對BFI-44各維度的α系數(shù)都沒有影響, 這一結(jié)果與前人研究不符, Caruso (2000)利用信度概化方法對NEO人格測驗α系數(shù)分析中發(fā)現(xiàn), 英語和非英語版本的測驗對E、N、O三個維度的α系數(shù)有影響。這可能是因為本研究綜合了很多研究結(jié)果,整合了單一研究的差異。如有研究者利用英、德、中三種語言版本BFI測驗對三個國家被試施測時,德國樣本中有些維度的α系數(shù)高于美國被試(Gunkel, Schlaegel, Langella, & Peluchette, 2010)。該結(jié)果還有待于今后的研究者通過收集原始數(shù)據(jù),進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步驗證。

比較 BFI-44與其簡版測驗, 結(jié)果表明,BFI-10與 BFI-44各維度的相關(guān)雖達(dá)到 0.7以上,但英語版和德語版的BFI-10對BFI-44的解釋率分別為 55%和 62%, 因此使用簡版問卷會存在一些隱患(Rammstedt & John, 2007)。同時, 有研究對不同長度版本的五因素人格測驗進(jìn)行比較后發(fā)現(xiàn), 測驗的信度水平隨測驗題目數(shù)量的增多而提高。使用題目數(shù)量過少的問卷, 會增加測驗結(jié)果犯一類錯誤和二類錯誤的概率, 進(jìn)而對整個問卷的結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響, 因此, 建議在施測時采用中等長度的問卷(Credé, Harms, Niehorster, & Gaye-Valentine, 2012)。

5 結(jié)論及應(yīng)用建議

運用信度概化方法對85篇BFI-44英文文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行元分析后得出以下結(jié)論：

(1)用于信度概化分析的樣本間 BFI-44各維度的α系數(shù)差異顯著。

(2) BFI-44各維度的α系數(shù)均接近或高于0.8,其中E、N維度的α系數(shù)高于其他3個維度。

(3)被試樣本量、國籍、男女比例均對BFI-44測驗不同維度的α系數(shù)有影響。樣本量對 A、C維度的α系數(shù)起正向預(yù)測作用, 對N、O維度的α系數(shù)起負(fù)向預(yù)測作用; 國籍對E、A、C維度的α系數(shù)起正向預(yù)測作用; 男女比例對E、O維度的α系數(shù)起著正向預(yù)測作用, 對 C維度則起負(fù)向預(yù)測作用。測驗的語言版本和被試的平均年齡對各維度的α系數(shù)沒有顯著影響。

BFI-44語言版本多樣, 在世界范圍內(nèi)應(yīng)用廣泛, 各維度α系數(shù)均接近 0.8, 且該測驗僅由 44道形容詞短語題目構(gòu)成, 簡短省時, 建議在國內(nèi)推廣使用。使用時建議報告研究中測驗工具施測數(shù)據(jù)的信度水平, 并進(jìn)一步考察其信效度。在使用中還應(yīng)注意抽取被試的方法, 注意平衡地區(qū)差異、男女比例對其信度水平的影響。

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