魯亞杰夏麟武圣君
·論 著·
右側(cè)額葉低頻重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療抑郁癥的meta分析☆
魯亞杰*夏麟*武圣君*
目的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)右側(cè)額葉低頻重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)治療抑郁癥的療效。方法檢索PubMed、Web of Science、CBM、CNKI、VIP數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中有關(guān)低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)額葉背外側(cè)皮質(zhì)(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,DLPFC)治療抑郁癥的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究(randomized controlled trials,RCT)。采用RevMan 5.2軟件,根據(jù)對(duì)照組刺激方法的不同,分別以無(wú)效刺激及高頻rTMS為對(duì)照,對(duì)治療應(yīng)答率進(jìn)行meta分析。結(jié)果納入以無(wú)效刺激為對(duì)照的RCT研究9項(xiàng),其中低頻rTMS組156例抑郁癥患者,無(wú)效刺激組162例,meta分析顯示低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥,其治療應(yīng)答率相比無(wú)效刺激組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義RR=2.15(95%CI:1.57~2.95,P<0.01);納入以高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC為對(duì)照的RCT研究11項(xiàng),其中低頻rTMS組178例患者,高頻rTMS組200例,meta分析表明兩組間應(yīng)答率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(RR=0.80,95%CI:0.63~1.02,P=0.07)。結(jié)論低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥有效,但相比高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC方法而言,不具有療效優(yōu)勢(shì)。
抑郁癥 重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激 Meta分析
重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激(repetitive transcranial mag?netic stimulation,rTMS)作為一種非侵入治療抑郁癥的方法,近年來(lái)引起了臨床科研工作者的廣泛關(guān)注。關(guān)于大腦皮層功能的研究表明,抑郁癥患者左右側(cè)額葉背外側(cè)皮質(zhì)(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,DLPFC)功能失衡,通常左側(cè)功能異常減弱而右側(cè)功能異常增強(qiáng)[1]。有研究證實(shí)高頻刺激可以增加興奮,低頻刺激可以抑制興奮[2]。因此高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC或低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLP?FC有望糾正這種失衡而達(dá)到治療抑郁癥的目的。目前大量臨床試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)證實(shí)高頻rTMS刺激對(duì)抑郁癥的療效,美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)也于2008年正式批準(zhǔn)采用10 Hz高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥。而關(guān)于低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC的研究報(bào)道相對(duì)較少,其療效也不夠明確。本研究通過(guò)收集已有證據(jù)進(jìn)行meta分析,綜合評(píng)估低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥的療效,及其與高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC方法的療效差異。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究設(shè)計(jì)類型為臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),且至少為單盲設(shè)計(jì);②研究對(duì)象為抑郁癥患者,診斷以《美國(guó)精神障礙診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)第四版》(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition,DSM-Ⅳ)或《中國(guó)精神障礙分類方案與診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders,CCMD)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且抑郁量表評(píng)分符合抑郁癥評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),無(wú)其他嚴(yán)重精神或軀體疾??;③干預(yù)措施為低頻rTMS組接受右側(cè)DLPFC低頻(≤1 Hz)rTMS,對(duì)照組接受無(wú)效刺激或左側(cè)DLPFC高頻(≥10 Hz)rTMS;④結(jié)局指標(biāo)為漢密頓抑郁評(píng)分量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)、蒙哥馬利抑郁評(píng)分量表(Montgomery-Asberg de?pression rating scale,MADRS)或貝克抑郁自評(píng)量表(Beck depression inventory,BDI)評(píng)價(jià)治療效果,量表改善30%以上視為治療應(yīng)答。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①文獻(xiàn)信息不完整或數(shù)據(jù)有誤;②重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)選取方法學(xué)質(zhì)量較高者;③組間基線資料(年齡、性別、抑郁量表評(píng)分等)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索檢索發(fā)表于1995年至2015年2月的文獻(xiàn)。英文文獻(xiàn)檢索PubMed、Web of Science(SCI)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索詞為repetitive transcranial mag?netic stimulation、rTMS、depression、frequency;中文文獻(xiàn)檢索中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CBM)、中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CNKI)、維普數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(VIP),檢索詞為抑郁癥、經(jīng)顱磁刺激、rTMS。對(duì)所檢文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展檢索,以減少漏檢。
1.3 方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)采用改良Jadad量表評(píng)價(jià)納入文獻(xiàn)的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量[3]:①隨機(jī)序列產(chǎn)生合理;②隨機(jī)方案隱藏;③盲法;④退出與失訪描述清楚。質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)1~3分為低質(zhì)量,4~7分為高質(zhì)量。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法通過(guò)Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的RevMan 5.2軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。采用χ2檢驗(yàn)對(duì)納入研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),各研究滿足統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)同質(zhì)性時(shí)(P>0.1,I2<50%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型對(duì)應(yīng)答率及退出率進(jìn)行meta分析;反之,則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。合并效應(yīng)值為相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(relative risk,RR)及其95%CI。對(duì)于納入文獻(xiàn)可能產(chǎn)生的偏倚,采用漏斗圖進(jìn)行評(píng)定。敏感性分析選取高質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α為0.05,雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn)。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果檢索獲得英文文獻(xiàn)810篇,中文文獻(xiàn)363篇。經(jīng)篩選,最終納入17篇:以無(wú)效刺激為對(duì)照的研究文獻(xiàn)9篇,其中英文8篇,中文1篇;以高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC為對(duì)照的研究文獻(xiàn)11篇,均為英文文獻(xiàn)。文獻(xiàn)納入與排除情況如圖1。
2.2 以無(wú)效刺激為對(duì)照的meta分析結(jié)果
2.2.1 納入研究的特征 以無(wú)效刺激為對(duì)照的9項(xiàng)研究共納入研究對(duì)象318例,其中低頻rTMS組156例,無(wú)效刺激組162例。各研究特征如表1。
2.2.2 應(yīng)答率的meta分析 低頻rTMS組156例患者中治療應(yīng)答76例,應(yīng)答率48.7%;無(wú)效刺激組162例患者中治療應(yīng)答35例,應(yīng)答率21.6%。納入各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(χ2=13.40,P=0.10,I2=40%),故采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥,治療應(yīng)答率高于無(wú)效刺激組(RR=2.15,95%CI:1.57~2.95),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=0.48,P<0.01)。漏斗圖基本對(duì)稱,可認(rèn)為研究結(jié)果偏倚較小。見(jiàn)圖2。
2.2.3 退出率的meta分析 3項(xiàng)研究描述有研究對(duì)象退出,對(duì)退出率進(jìn)行meta分析。各研究間同質(zhì)(χ2=0.12,P=0.94,I2=0%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析。低頻rTMS組退出5例患者,無(wú)效刺激組退出13例,兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(RR=0.49,95%CI:0.20~1.20,Z=1.57,P=0.12)。
2.2.4 敏感性分析 選取納入文獻(xiàn)中的7篇高質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行敏感性分析,研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(χ2=9.60,P=0.14,I2=38%),故選取固定效應(yīng)模型分析。結(jié)果顯示,低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥有效(Z=1.57,P=0.12),低頻rTMS組治療應(yīng)答率高于無(wú)效刺激組(RR=2.01,95%CI:1.44~2.79)。
2.3 以高頻rTMS刺激為對(duì)照的meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 納入研究特征 以高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLP? FC為對(duì)照的11項(xiàng)研究共納入研究對(duì)象378例,其中低頻rTMS組178例,高頻rTMS組200例。各研究特征見(jiàn)表2。
2.3.2 應(yīng)答率的meta分析 低頻rTMS組178例患者中治療應(yīng)答67例,應(yīng)答率37.6%;高頻rTMS組200例患者中治療應(yīng)答88例,應(yīng)答率44.0%。納入的研究具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)同質(zhì)性(χ2=4.06,P=0.94,I2= 0%),故采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行meta分析。結(jié)果顯示低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC的治療應(yīng)答率與高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(RR= 0.80,95%CI:0.63~1.02,Z=1.81,P=0.07)。漏斗圖對(duì)稱性良好,認(rèn)為研究結(jié)果偏倚較小。見(jiàn)圖3。
2.3.3 退出率的meta分析 3項(xiàng)研究描述有研究對(duì)象退出,提取退出數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行meta分析。各研究間同質(zhì)(χ2=0.43,P=0.81,I2=0%),以固定效應(yīng)模型分析。低頻rTMS組退出1例患者,高頻rTMS組退出3例,兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(RR=0.69,95%CI:0.14~3.55,Z=0.44,P=0.66)。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)納入與排除流程圖
2.3.4 敏感性分析 選取11篇文獻(xiàn)中的8篇高質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行敏感性分析,研究同質(zhì)(χ2=1.75,P=0.97,I2=0%),采用固定模型分析。結(jié)果顯示低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC與左側(cè)高頻rTMS相比,治療應(yīng)答率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(RR=0.88,95%CI:0.67~1.17,Z=0.87,P=0.38)。
表1 以無(wú)效刺激為對(duì)照的納入研究特征
抑郁癥的腦功能障礙主要表現(xiàn)在參與正性情緒調(diào)節(jié)的左側(cè)DLPFC和參與負(fù)性情緒調(diào)節(jié)的右側(cè)DLPFC發(fā)生功能紊亂。有研究證實(shí)rTMS可以激活抑郁癥患者的DLPFC,高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC或低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC均有可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)腦功能紊亂達(dá)到治療抑郁癥的效果[21]。目前國(guó)外已有多項(xiàng)meta分析證實(shí)高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥的療效。但關(guān)于低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC的研究較少,且多為小樣本研究,其療效尚未明確。2013年Chen等[22]納入7項(xiàng)研究對(duì)上述兩種方法的療效進(jìn)行meta分析,結(jié)果顯示高、低頻rTMS療效無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。但受限于小樣本量原因,此結(jié)論有待進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
本研究關(guān)注低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥的療效,納入以無(wú)效刺激為對(duì)照的RCT研究9項(xiàng),以高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC為對(duì)照的研究11項(xiàng)。由于rTMS研究難以做到雙盲,因此大多數(shù)研究設(shè)計(jì)僅為單盲。Meta分析顯示,低頻rT?MS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥,其治療應(yīng)答率與無(wú)效刺激相比有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(RR=2.15,95%CI:1.57~2.95);與高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC方法相比,二者應(yīng)答率差異不具統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(RR=0.80,95%CI:0.63~1.02)。對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)退出率進(jìn)行meta分析,低頻rTMS組與對(duì)照患者的退出率的不具統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。以上結(jié)果提示低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC是治療抑郁癥的一種有效方法,并且其療
效與高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC方法相當(dāng)。以無(wú)效刺激為對(duì)照的9項(xiàng)RCT研究中,6項(xiàng)顯示低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC治療抑郁癥的療效與無(wú)效刺激無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。出現(xiàn)這種結(jié)果一方面是因?yàn)檠芯繕颖玖窟^(guò)小,更重要的是因?yàn)橐钟舭Y具有異質(zhì)性,對(duì)于不同類型和不同階段的抑郁癥患者,采取的治療方案也應(yīng)有所區(qū)別?,F(xiàn)階段rTMS治療的有效性有限,因此臨床應(yīng)用rTMS需要做到精細(xì)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、個(gè)體化,這就要求對(duì)刺激部位、治療周期、刺激頻率等參數(shù)進(jìn)行深入研究。
表2 以高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC為對(duì)照的納入研究特征
續(xù)表2
圖2 低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC與無(wú)效刺激對(duì)照應(yīng)答率的meta分析森林圖及漏斗圖
圖3 低頻rTMS刺激右側(cè)DLPFC與高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC對(duì)照應(yīng)答率的meta分析森林圖及漏斗圖
安全性較高是rTMS治療的重要特征。研究顯示,與高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC相比,低頻刺激右側(cè)DLPFC的安全性更高,不易誘發(fā)抽搐,也更容易被患者接受[23]。也有一些研究報(bào)道低頻rTMS與文拉法辛、舍曲林等抗抑郁藥物合并治療,能夠提前藥物起效時(shí)間,增強(qiáng)藥物療效[24],但rTMS治療是否需要結(jié)合藥物還未有定論。臨床合理應(yīng)用低頻rTMS還需更多大樣本、多中心、隨機(jī)對(duì)照的高質(zhì)量臨床研究提供依據(jù)。本研究存在局限性:①研究納入樣本量較??;②各研究的特征存在一定差異,刺激儀器、刺激強(qiáng)度、治療期間服藥情況等不完全一致;③以量表評(píng)分為結(jié)局指標(biāo),納入文獻(xiàn)采用的量表不一,其效度有一定差異。因此本研究所得結(jié)論還需深入驗(yàn)證。
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Efficacy of low-frequency rTMS to the right frontal cortex for depression:a meta-analysis.
LU Yajie,XIALin,WU Shengjun.School of Psychology,The Fourth Military Medical University,Xi’an 710032,China.Tel: 029-84774826.
ObjectiveTo systematically assess the efficacy of the low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)to the right frontal cortex for depression.MethodsClinical randomized controlled trials(RCT)studies about low-frequency rTMS to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC)for depression were collected from database such as PubMed,SCI,CBM,CNKI,and VIP.The meta-analysis using the software of RevMan 5.2 was conducted to com?pare the response rate of low-frequency rTMS to the right DLPFC with sham stimulation and high-frequency rTMS to the left DLPFC,respectively.ResultsNine RCT studies with 156 patients in low-frequency rTMS group and 162 patients in sham stimulation group were included.Meta-analysis showed that low-frequency rTMS to the right DLPFC significantly improved response rate compared with sham stimulation(RR=2.15,95%CI:1.57~2.95,P<0.01).Eleven RCT studies with 178 patients in low-frequency rTMS group and 200 patients in high-frequency group were included.There was no significant difference in response rate between the two groups(RR=0.80,95%CI:0.63~1.02,P=0.07).ConclusionThe efficacy of low-frequency rTMS to the right frontal cortex for depression is significant but the efficacy is not superior in comparison with the high-frequency rTMS to left DLPFC.
Depression Transcranial magnetic stimulation Meta-analysis
R749.4
A
2015-02-04)
(責(zé)任編輯:肖雅妮)
10.3936/j.issn.1002-0152.2015.06.005
☆ 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(編號(hào):81401134);陜西省科學(xué)技術(shù)研究發(fā)展項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2013KJXX-90)
* 第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)心理系(西安710032)