苑洪濤,王玉堂
· 綜述 ·
肥胖與心房顫動(dòng)
苑洪濤,王玉堂
目前,接近三分之一的美國成年人是肥胖人群,而且,這一趨勢也向兒童、青少年發(fā)展,17%的美國兒童、青少年也達(dá)到了肥胖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]。肥胖的嚴(yán)重程度通常用體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)描述,BMI=體重/身高(kg/m2)。世界衛(wèi)生組織對(duì)于肥胖基于BMI進(jìn)行了分類:低體重(<18.5 kg/m2),正常體重(18.5~24.99 kg/m2),超重(25~29.99 kg/m2),Ⅰ型肥胖(30~34.99 kg/m2),Ⅱ型肥胖(35~39.99 kg/m2)和Ⅲ型肥胖也稱病態(tài)肥胖(≥40 kg/m2)[2]。
已經(jīng)證實(shí)肥胖與多種心血管危險(xiǎn)因素密切相關(guān),如血脂異常、糖代謝異常、胰島素抵抗、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停、高血壓以及系統(tǒng)性炎性反應(yīng)[3-8]。肥胖為多種疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,如缺血性心臟病[9]、心力衰竭(心衰)[10]、舒張功能不全和心房顫動(dòng)[11]。AFFIRM研究進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖不僅增加心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)發(fā)生率,還明顯增加房顫復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和房顫發(fā)作負(fù)荷[12]。
房顫也是心血管領(lǐng)域重要疾病[13],不僅降低了患者生活質(zhì)量,還可導(dǎo)致多種合并癥如心衰、腦卒中、動(dòng)脈栓塞等。房顫發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,包括老齡化、高血壓、糖尿病、瓣膜病、心肌梗死(心梗)、心衰、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停、心胸外科手術(shù)、甲亢、酒精攝入及肥胖等[14]。
目前已經(jīng)證實(shí),肥胖為房顫發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,多個(gè)大樣本隨機(jī)研究論證了肥胖與新發(fā)房顫的關(guān)系。
一項(xiàng)社區(qū)的前瞻研究,入選5282例受試者,平均隨訪13.7年,526例(234例女性)發(fā)生了房顫,校正后肥胖與房顫發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為男性1.52(95%CI:1.09~2.13,P =0.02)和女性1.46(95%CI:1.03~2.07,P=0.03)。但是校正左心房大小后,肥胖未顯示與房顫有明確相關(guān),提示肥胖患者增加房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能通過左心房增大介導(dǎo)[15]。丹麥的一項(xiàng)大型前瞻性研究入選了47,589例受試者,平均年齡56歲,平均隨訪5.7年,發(fā)現(xiàn)肥胖人群相對(duì)體重正常人群來說,房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著升高,男性和女性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為2.35(95%CI:1.70~3.25)和1.99(95%CI:1.31~3.02)[16]。梅奧診所的回顧性隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖在年齡小于65歲患者中為房顫發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但是對(duì)于年齡大于65歲的患者,卻并未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的相關(guān)性[17]。Wanahita等[18]的薈萃分析入選了16個(gè)研究468篇文章共123,249例受試者,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對(duì)于體重正常人群,肥胖人群房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加49%(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.49,95%CI:1.36~1.64)。挪威一項(xiàng)長期前瞻性隨訪入選了2014例健康受試者,從25歲開始經(jīng)過35年隨訪,270例發(fā)生房顫,其中BMI>28 kg/m2和體重增加>10 kg是年齡從25歲至中年、日常鍛煉低于平均水平人群發(fā)生房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的長期預(yù)測因素[19]。一項(xiàng)大型前瞻性研究中入選了14219例受試者,經(jīng)過22年隨訪,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),體重超重人群(BMI 25~29.9 kg/m2)校正后的房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.20(95%CI:1.06~1.36),肥胖人群(BMI≥30 kg/m2)校正后的房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比則為1.95(95%CI:1.72~2.21),較正常體重人群明顯升高[20]。瑞典的一項(xiàng)研究重點(diǎn)關(guān)注了心臟重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(CCU)的患者,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),收入CCU的患者20.3%為肥胖患者,肥胖證實(shí)為房顫的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[21]。
亞洲的研究也證實(shí)了東方人中肥胖對(duì)房顫發(fā)生的獨(dú)立預(yù)測作用。中國的一項(xiàng)社區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)的橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管東方人較西方人肥胖程度較低,但經(jīng)過校正后BMI升高仍與房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯相關(guān)(每增長1 kg/m2風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.21,95%CI:1.03~1.14)[22]。另一項(xiàng)中國橫斷面研究也證實(shí)了肥胖在中國中年和老年人中與房顫發(fā)生具有顯著相關(guān)性[23]。一項(xiàng)日本前瞻性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過平均13年的隨訪,超重人群(BMI≥25 kg/m2)較體重正常人群房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.35(95%CI:1.01~1.80),收縮壓升高亦與房顫發(fā)生相關(guān),若伴隨體重增加,則該相關(guān)性更明顯[24]。
有研究也進(jìn)一步闡述女性人群中肥胖與房顫的關(guān)系。一項(xiàng)大型前瞻性觀察研究入選了81,317例絕經(jīng)后女性受試者,平均年齡63.4歲,平均隨訪11.5年后,9,792例發(fā)生了房顫,經(jīng)過多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),體重增加和運(yùn)動(dòng)量減少是房顫發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其中BMI每增加5 kg/m2,其房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為1.12(95%CI:1.10~1.14)[25]。丹麥一項(xiàng)全國性的隊(duì)列研究入選了271,203例育齡期且未診斷房顫的年輕女性,平均年齡(30.6~4.7)歲,隨訪4.6年,隨訪中110例女性發(fā)生了房顫,而其中非常少的受試者具有明確的房顫危險(xiǎn)因素??傮w房顫發(fā)生率為9.3/100000人年(95%CI:7.7~11.2),針對(duì)不同BMI分類,房顫發(fā)生率分別為:正常體重7.4/100000人年(95%CI:5.6~9.7),超重患者8.5(95%CI:5.5~13.1),肥胖患者15.8(95%CI:9.3~26.7),非常肥胖患者27.3(95%CI:15.5~48.1)。多變量回歸分析校正年齡、甲亢、應(yīng)用β受體阻滯劑史后發(fā)現(xiàn)相對(duì)于體重正?;颊撸逝只颊叻款澃l(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比為2.04(95%CI:1.13~3.69),非肥胖患者則為3.50(95%CI:1.86~6.58)。因此,對(duì)于年輕且相對(duì)健康的育齡期女性,盡管房顫發(fā)生率低,肥胖仍然是其明確的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[26]。
對(duì)于陣發(fā)性房顫患者來說,轉(zhuǎn)變成持續(xù)性房顫意味著更高的合并癥和死亡率。識(shí)別并早期干預(yù)導(dǎo)致持續(xù)性房顫的危險(xiǎn)因素有利于改善患者長期預(yù)后。Thacker等[27]入選了1385例陣發(fā)性房顫患者,經(jīng)過至少六個(gè)月的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)5年累計(jì)進(jìn)展為持續(xù)性房顫的比例為24%。經(jīng)過校正性別、年齡、糖尿病、高血壓、冠心病、瓣膜病、心衰和既往腦卒中后,與體重正常比較,體重超重、Ⅰ型肥胖、Ⅱ型肥胖和Ⅲ型肥胖患者持續(xù)性房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為1.26(95%CI:0.92~1.72)、1.35(0.96~1.91)、1.50(0.97~2.33)、1.79(1.13~2.84),而糖尿病、高血壓和血壓值并未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯相關(guān)性。一項(xiàng)縱向隊(duì)列研究,入選了3,248例陣發(fā)性房顫患者,經(jīng)過平均5.1年隨訪,校正性別、年齡后,證實(shí)BMI可獨(dú)立預(yù)測陣發(fā)性房顫進(jìn)展為持續(xù)性房顫(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.04,95%CI:1.03~1.06,P=0.0001)。與體重正?;颊呦啾?,肥胖和重度肥胖患者房顫進(jìn)展的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)逐漸升高,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為1.54(95%CI:1.2~2.0,P=0.0004)和1.87(95%CI :1.4~2.5,P=0.0001)。即使經(jīng)過多因素校正,此相關(guān)性仍非常顯著,而且并不隨著BMI升高而增長的左房容積而減弱[28]。
肥胖與心外科手術(shù)均為房顫發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,是否肥胖會(huì)額外增加心外科術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Bramer等[29]研究了6788例男性和2560例女性接受心外科手術(shù)(冠脈搭橋、瓣膜手術(shù)或兩者都有)術(shù)后發(fā)生房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。經(jīng)過多變量邏輯回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),BMI無論在男性(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.03,95%CI:1.01~1.04,P<0.001)還是女性患者(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.03,95%CI:1.02~1.05,P<0.001)中均為心外科術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,隨著BMI升高,房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高[30-32]。在一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)回顧和Meta分析中入選了18個(gè)臨床研究,分析了是否肥胖與心外科手術(shù)術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生有關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖患者較非肥胖患者術(shù)后房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中度升高(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.12,95%CI:1.04~1.21,P=0.002)。此相關(guān)性與心外科手術(shù)類型、研究設(shè)計(jì)、發(fā)表年限無關(guān)。而術(shù)后房顫的發(fā)生則伴隨更高的腦卒中、呼吸衰竭和手術(shù)相關(guān)死亡[33]。
肥胖導(dǎo)致房顫的機(jī)制復(fù)雜,可由其相關(guān)的合并癥間接作用,比如肥胖相關(guān)的高血壓、2型糖尿病、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停,均已被證明是房顫發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。而肥胖本身引起的炎性反應(yīng)、心肌能量代謝異常、心房脂肪過多沉積等可直接作用于心房導(dǎo)致房顫。其中具體促發(fā)機(jī)制以及相互作用、影響關(guān)系目前仍不是很清楚。
肥胖患者心外膜脂肪過多沉積可增加炎性反應(yīng),從而在房顫發(fā)生演變中起到重要的病理生理作用。通過細(xì)胞膜片鉗方式研究離體兔左心房細(xì)胞,對(duì)比了經(jīng)過和不經(jīng)過脂肪細(xì)胞孵育后的電生理特點(diǎn),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪細(xì)胞可直接調(diào)節(jié)心房細(xì)胞的電生理特性和離子通道,從而增加心房致心律失常風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[34]。在Zucker肥胖兔模型和體重正常兔模型進(jìn)行模擬急性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖和急性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停共同作用可導(dǎo)致房顫發(fā)生,肥胖患者合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫??蓪?dǎo)致用力吸氣誘發(fā)的急性左心房高張力,以及與此相關(guān)的左心室舒張功能不全,可能是導(dǎo)致房顫發(fā)作的重要因素[35]。在綿羊動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P椭邪l(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖可導(dǎo)致心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)和電學(xué)重構(gòu),隨著肥胖進(jìn)展,心房大小、傳導(dǎo)、組織學(xué)、促纖維化介導(dǎo)因子等發(fā)生變化,這些均與房顫的發(fā)生發(fā)展有密切聯(lián)系[36]。瑞典關(guān)于CCU患者肥胖與房顫關(guān)系的研究中,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫與脂毒性有關(guān),而是與心房脂肪含量的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量變化相關(guān)[21]。在一項(xiàng)急性心?;颊叻逝峙c房顫關(guān)系的研究中,經(jīng)過多因素分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖確定為新發(fā)房顫的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,并且肥胖與C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)具有明顯的相互作用,提示此類患者中肥胖引起新發(fā)房顫的部分風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能由升高的炎性反應(yīng)所介導(dǎo)[37]。
Munger等[38]對(duì)63例接受房顫導(dǎo)管射頻消融治療的患者進(jìn)行了分析,根據(jù)BMI 情況將其分為兩組,BMI<25 kg/m2(n=19)和BMI>30 kg/m2(n=44)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖患者中左房壓力升高、左房容積增大、左房和肺靜脈有效不應(yīng)期縮短是導(dǎo)致房顫發(fā)作和維持的潛在因素。
房顫治療目前從藥物時(shí)代走向器械治療(導(dǎo)管射頻消融)時(shí)代,肥胖雖然已經(jīng)證明與房顫發(fā)生明確相關(guān),對(duì)于房顫合并肥胖患者射頻消融治療是否跟正常體重患者具有相似療效、并發(fā)癥和復(fù)發(fā)率,已有多個(gè)研究進(jìn)行了探討,但目前的研究結(jié)果仍存在矛盾。
Cha等[39]率先報(bào)道了肥胖房顫患者導(dǎo)管射頻消融治療,雖然肥胖房顫患者有較低的生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分,但導(dǎo)管射頻消融治療對(duì)房顫肥胖患者同樣有效,且術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量改善與非肥胖患者無明顯差別。也有報(bào)道肥胖患者接受房顫導(dǎo)管射頻消融后較非肥胖患者生活質(zhì)量改善更明顯[40]。比利時(shí)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然肥胖房顫患者導(dǎo)管消融有效,但患者術(shù)中接受的輻射劑量卻是正常體重患者的兩倍以上,因此對(duì)于肥胖房顫患者需評(píng)估風(fēng)險(xiǎn)獲益比以及采取有效措施降低輻射暴露[41]。而約翰霍普金斯一項(xiàng)109例接受房顫射頻消融患者的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過多因素分析,與阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停相比,只有肥胖是消融手術(shù)失敗的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.11,95%CI:1.00~1.21,P=0.03),是否治療肥胖能改善房顫導(dǎo)管消融療效仍需進(jìn)一步研究[42]。
Shoemaker等[43]研究了導(dǎo)管射頻消融在肥胖患者(尤其是病態(tài)肥胖BMI>40 kg/m2)中是否會(huì)增加并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。研究入選了1999年5月至2012年2月間接受導(dǎo)管射頻消融治療房顫的患者。期間共發(fā)生并發(fā)癥35例(6.8%),其中病態(tài)肥胖患者發(fā)生率高于其他患者(14.3% vs. 6.2%,P=0.046)。并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較其他患者升高3.1倍(95%CI:1.1~8.4,P=0.03)。BMI 每增加1個(gè)單位,并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加5%(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.05,95%CI:1.0~1.11,P=0.05)。
來自美國密歇根大學(xué)心內(nèi)科的一項(xiàng)研究入選了324例接受房顫消融的患者,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停獨(dú)立于BMI和左房大小成為房顫導(dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的預(yù)測因子,而肥胖并未發(fā)現(xiàn)與消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)有明顯相關(guān)[44]。Letsas等[45]對(duì)226例接受房顫射頻消融治療的患者(59.3%陣發(fā)性房顫和40.7%持續(xù)性房顫)進(jìn)行手術(shù)并發(fā)癥和復(fù)發(fā)率的研究分析,患者依據(jù)體重分為正常組(25 kg/m2),超重組(25~29.9 kg/m2),和肥胖組(≥30 kg/m2),研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖患者與超重、正常體重兩組患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率比較無明顯差異(46.2% vs. 46.2% vs. 34.9%,P=0.258),因此該研究中BMI并非房顫射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子,并且,肥胖患者射頻消融手術(shù)并發(fā)癥相比其他患者也無明顯區(qū)別。Zhuang等[46]關(guān)于體重對(duì)導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)后房顫患者復(fù)發(fā)的影響進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的回顧和Meta分析,分析入選了12個(gè)研究、151篇文章,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然肥胖患者有較高的房顫術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.32,95%CI:1.17~1.5,P<0.001),然而經(jīng)過多因素校正后此差異并不顯著,提示其引起高復(fù)發(fā)率的可能因素為較多的合并癥,而肥胖本身即可引起高血壓、糖尿病、睡眠呼吸暫停等多種疾病,是否房顫可作為上游病理生理異常引發(fā)一系列合并癥,從而導(dǎo)致房顫消融術(shù)后高復(fù)發(fā),仍需要進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
一項(xiàng)Meta分析總結(jié)了6項(xiàng)觀察性研究共入選2,358例患者。BMI升高患者相對(duì)正常BMI患者房顫消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率增加31%,兩組差異具有顯著性(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.308,95%CI:1.036~1.651,P=0.02)。與體重正常組比較,超重組術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)率增加27%(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.270,95%CI:0.961~1.679,P=0.093),肥胖組顯著增加房顫復(fù)發(fā)率(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.378,95%CI:1.006~1.887,P=0.045)。與超重組比較,肥胖組增加12%房顫復(fù)率(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比1.116,95%CI:0.866~1.438,P= 0.397)。因此,研究認(rèn)為BMI升高與房顫射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)有顯著相關(guān)性,且隨著BMI升高,房顫復(fù)發(fā)率也呈上升趨勢[47]。
肥胖房顫的患者是否有更差的預(yù)后,在既往心衰、冠心病、冠脈介入、外周血管疾病和高血壓的研究中已提出所謂的“肥胖悖論”,即肥胖患者合并上述疾病時(shí)預(yù)后呈“U”型曲線,更高BMI的患者反而有更好的預(yù)后[48-53]。因?yàn)榉款澟c高血壓、心衰密切相關(guān),是否肥胖對(duì)房顫預(yù)后的影響也是如此,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者進(jìn)行了一定的探討。
Badheka等[54]對(duì)AFFIRM研究進(jìn)行了事后分析,與體重正?;颊呦啾容^,盡管超重和肥胖患者房顫發(fā)生率升高,但超重患者(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比0.64,95%CI:0.48~0.84,P=0.001)和肥胖患者(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比0.80,95%CI:0.68~0.93,P=0.005)有較低的全因死亡率,以及較低的心血管死亡率(超重患者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比0.40,95%CI:0.26~0.60,P=0.001,肥胖患者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比0.77,95%CI:0.62~0.95,P=0.01),再次提出了“肥胖悖論”的說法。而一項(xiàng)中國研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖房顫和心衰的患者較體重正?;颊哂休^好的生存率,為“肥胖悖論”又增加一項(xiàng)新的發(fā)現(xiàn),不過研究者也指出,可能肥胖患者因合并較多疾病,較早應(yīng)用能改善預(yù)后的藥物,以及肥胖可保護(hù)心衰患者過多的能量消耗,減少營養(yǎng)不良的發(fā)生,都可能對(duì)于改善肥胖患者預(yù)后起到一定作用。當(dāng)然,進(jìn)一步的論證仍需大樣本、隨機(jī)、長時(shí)程對(duì)照研究[55]。
總之,肥胖不僅是公認(rèn)的房顫發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,而且能促進(jìn)陣發(fā)性房顫進(jìn)展為持續(xù)性房顫,加重房顫癥狀和負(fù)荷。其機(jī)制復(fù)雜,有直接作用也有通過合并癥的間接影響。導(dǎo)管射頻消融治療對(duì)于肥胖房顫的患者同樣有效,而對(duì)于手術(shù)并發(fā)癥、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率的影響目前仍有分歧。肥胖房顫患者預(yù)后存在“U”型曲線,即所謂“肥胖悖論”,仍需進(jìn)一步探討研究。
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R541.75
A
1674-4055(2015)06-0859-04
2015-09-03)
(責(zé)任編輯:姚雪莉)
100853 北京,解放軍總醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科(苑洪濤);解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓心血管內(nèi)科(王玉堂)
王玉堂,E-mail:wyt301@sina.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2015.06.44