鄧遠(yuǎn)建+肖銳+嚴(yán)立冬
摘要
安全的產(chǎn)地環(huán)境為綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)和綠色農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展奠定了良好的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),是保證消費(fèi)者食品安全的源頭。農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償是通過(guò)綜合利用行政、法律、經(jīng)濟(jì)等手段,對(duì)造成農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境污染、農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)破壞的個(gè)人和組織的負(fù)外部性行為進(jìn)行收費(fèi)(稅),對(duì)恢復(fù)、維持和增強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能做出貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和組織的正外部性行為給予經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償?shù)囊环N制度。為了了解區(qū)域綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策的實(shí)施效果,本文以武漢市重要的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)基地東西湖區(qū)為例,運(yùn)用層次分析法與模糊綜合分析法,以生態(tài)價(jià)值、經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和社會(huì)價(jià)值為價(jià)值取向,構(gòu)建了包括職能指標(biāo)、效益指標(biāo)、潛力指標(biāo)3個(gè)一級(jí)指標(biāo),10個(gè)二級(jí)指標(biāo)和39個(gè)三級(jí)指標(biāo)體系,對(duì)東西湖區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策實(shí)施績(jī)效進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果表明,東西湖區(qū)在實(shí)施綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策前后效益變化分值差都在30以上,最低變化值為31.42,最高變化值為59.75。其中,政策目的設(shè)計(jì)、政策戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃、政策反饋指標(biāo)、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、生態(tài)效益、社會(huì)效益和行政組織建設(shè)等方面的變化值都在50以上,政策實(shí)施管理指標(biāo)、資源利用、農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償技術(shù)的變化值都在30以上。由此可以看出,綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策發(fā)揮了一定的作用,但還有進(jìn)一步提升空間。為此,要加強(qiáng)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策實(shí)施管理,提高綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)資本利用效率,提升綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償技術(shù)水平。
關(guān)鍵詞綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境;生態(tài)補(bǔ)償;績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià);東西湖區(qū)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)F323.22,F(xiàn)062.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A
文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2015)01-0120-07
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2015.01.017
綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境是指進(jìn)行綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)區(qū)域內(nèi)的土壤、水、大氣等自然環(huán)境條件的具體狀況。綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境安全與否直接關(guān)系到生產(chǎn)出的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品是否符合綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品要求。安全的生態(tài)環(huán)境,尤其是產(chǎn)地環(huán)境為發(fā)展綠色農(nóng)業(yè)奠定了物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),生態(tài)環(huán)境的良性自演替會(huì)適合更高級(jí)別綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)[1]。與傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)和常規(guī)農(nóng)業(yè)相比,發(fā)展綠色農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求更高。針對(duì)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的這一要求和產(chǎn)地環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀,通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策調(diào)整引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民采取“生態(tài)友好型”生產(chǎn)方式,更有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)激勵(lì)——抑制效應(yīng)[2],是實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境保護(hù)的有效途徑。從目前國(guó)內(nèi)外生態(tài)補(bǔ)償與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償研究現(xiàn)狀來(lái)看,主要集中在對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)膬?nèi)涵界定與補(bǔ)償實(shí)踐效果分析[3],補(bǔ)償機(jī)制建立與政策支持[4],補(bǔ)償主客體的確定與激勵(lì)制度[5],補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)核算及補(bǔ)償方式選擇[6-7]等方面。運(yùn)用的研究方法主要是在借鑒國(guó)外相關(guān)成果的基礎(chǔ)上,將定性研究與定量推算、理論研究與實(shí)證分析相結(jié)合。未來(lái)研究的重要趨勢(shì)和方向是從新方法突破、空間優(yōu)選拓展和補(bǔ)償績(jī)效評(píng)估等方面加以深化[8]。鑒于此,本文選取武漢市重要的綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)基地——東西湖區(qū)作為研究區(qū)域,運(yùn)用層次分析法與模糊綜合分析法,構(gòu)建了包括職能指標(biāo)、效益指標(biāo)、潛力指標(biāo)3個(gè)一級(jí)指標(biāo),10個(gè)二級(jí)指標(biāo)和39個(gè)三級(jí)指標(biāo)體系,客觀評(píng)價(jià)其綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策的實(shí)施績(jī)效,為進(jìn)一步完善綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制與政策提供參考。
1研究區(qū)域
1.1東西湖區(qū)地理區(qū)位
東西湖區(qū)隸屬于湖北省武漢市,地處長(zhǎng)江左岸,武漢市的西北部,漢江、漢北河及府環(huán)河匯合之處。東西湖區(qū)位于北緯30°34′-30°47′,東經(jīng)113°53′-114°30′之間,是古云夢(mèng)澤的一部分。1958年,由漢陽(yáng)、黃陂、孝感、漢川部分地區(qū)組成。全境東西長(zhǎng)38 km,南北寬22.5 km,總面積499.71 km2。東西湖區(qū)先后獲得了省級(jí)農(nóng)村黨的建設(shè)“三級(jí)聯(lián)創(chuàng)”先進(jìn)區(qū)、省級(jí)“兩型”社會(huì)改革試驗(yàn)示范區(qū)。東西湖區(qū)地貌屬崗邊湖積平原,四周高、中間低,狀如盆碟,自西向東傾斜;屬北亞熱帶季風(fēng)氣候區(qū),光照充足,雨量充沛,水源豐富,四季分明。因此,東西湖區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件良好,是武漢市的重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)基地。2002年,東西湖區(qū)被確定為全國(guó)生態(tài)示范建設(shè)試點(diǎn)地區(qū)。2005年,東西湖區(qū)經(jīng)國(guó)家發(fā)改委和環(huán)境保護(hù)部(當(dāng)時(shí)為環(huán)??偩郑┡鷾?zhǔn),成為中國(guó)第一批循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)試點(diǎn)之一。
1.2東西湖區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題
在綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策和措施實(shí)施前,東西湖區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)還存在諸多不足。武漢市衛(wèi)生防疫站曾在市場(chǎng)購(gòu)得小白菜樣品53份進(jìn)行檢測(cè),有機(jī)氯檢出率達(dá)100%。菜農(nóng)自主種植經(jīng)營(yíng),控制農(nóng)藥污染的難度大大增加。有的菜農(nóng)在經(jīng)濟(jì)利益驅(qū)動(dòng)下,盲目加大使用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的劑量,違章使用高毒、高殘留農(nóng)藥,增加了病蟲(chóng)害的抗藥性,使農(nóng)藥施用量不斷加大,從而帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重后果。通過(guò)對(duì)東西湖區(qū)稻米中有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥殘留量進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)稻谷的六六六殘留量最高,其平均值超過(guò)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)0.9倍,超標(biāo)率達(dá)54%,樣本最高達(dá)1.324 mg/kg,超過(guò)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)4.4倍。在東西湖區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,有機(jī)肥仍受到冷落,施用量相對(duì)較低。有機(jī)肥施用的比例由20世紀(jì)60年代的9∶1下降到3∶7,土壤中有機(jī)質(zhì)含量以6‰的速度遞減,在化學(xué)肥料大量施用同時(shí),放棄了有機(jī)肥的施用,每年大量寶貴的糞肥資源流失到江河湖泊,造成不同程度的水源污染。上述農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題,給東西湖區(qū)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境造成了一定影響,給消費(fèi)者的食品安全也造成不同程度的危害。
鄧遠(yuǎn)建等:綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)
中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境2015年第1期
1.3東西湖區(qū)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策措施
為了消除產(chǎn)地生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題對(duì)綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的負(fù)面影響,東西湖區(qū)加大了生態(tài)補(bǔ)償力度,大力實(shí)施生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)工程、湖泊修復(fù)工程、耕地保護(hù)工程等綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策措施,一定程度上改善了農(nóng)村能源結(jié)構(gòu),保護(hù)了農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境,實(shí)現(xiàn)了政府、企業(yè)、農(nóng)民共贏局面,促進(jìn)了區(qū)域生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一,提升了綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境質(zhì)量水平。
1.3.1生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)工程
在生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)工程方面,一是推廣農(nóng)業(yè)“三品”生產(chǎn)。目前,東西湖區(qū)已形成了無(wú)公害食品、綠色食品、有機(jī)食品三級(jí)基地建設(shè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。如慈惠農(nóng)場(chǎng)有機(jī)蔬菜基地面積200畝,年產(chǎn)有機(jī)蔬菜300 t,并注冊(cè)了“尚原堂”商標(biāo),建立了有機(jī)蔬菜包裝二維條碼產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量追溯系統(tǒng),提高了品牌意識(shí)和質(zhì)量保障。二是建設(shè)生態(tài)農(nóng)莊。如在東山建設(shè)了100畝生態(tài)農(nóng)莊,2萬(wàn)頭生豬養(yǎng)殖沼氣工程,實(shí)現(xiàn)沼氣、沼渣、沼液全部綜合利用,形成“豬——沼——電——果——游”循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)示范園,同時(shí)制定相關(guān)政策,給農(nóng)民提供資金和技術(shù)等方面的補(bǔ)償。三是倡導(dǎo)生態(tài)種植。推廣“蛙——稻”、“鴨——稻”種植模式,形成“稻——蟲(chóng)——蛙(鴨)——稻”的天然食物鏈,既生產(chǎn)出無(wú)污染、高品質(zhì)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,又減少了農(nóng)藥的施用量,還可增加副產(chǎn)品的收入。四是發(fā)展生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖。推廣健康(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化)養(yǎng)殖、生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖、清潔養(yǎng)殖,設(shè)置養(yǎng)殖水源凈化區(qū)、生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖區(qū)及養(yǎng)殖廢水處理區(qū)等三個(gè)功能區(qū),減少牲畜糞便對(duì)水環(huán)境的污染。
1.3.2湖泊修復(fù)工程
在湖泊修復(fù)工程方面,一是退田還湖。通過(guò)平退,可以保持自然植被,防止湖區(qū)水土流失,減緩泥沙沉淀的速度;解決農(nóng)民耕種時(shí)施加的農(nóng)藥、化肥等污染問(wèn)題;通過(guò)生態(tài)修復(fù),恢復(fù)天然湖濱帶,綠化美化了湖岸景觀,攔截凈化了入湖污染,提高了湖泊自?xún)裟芰?,為全湖性水生生態(tài)的恢復(fù)創(chuàng)造了良好條件。目前,東西湖區(qū)計(jì)劃實(shí)施3.9萬(wàn)畝退田還湖工程,納入綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償整體設(shè)計(jì)。還湖工程會(huì)收回大量農(nóng)田、魚(yú)塘,就必然與當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)戶(hù)的利益產(chǎn)生沖突。生態(tài)補(bǔ)償工程通過(guò)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)資金給予農(nóng)戶(hù)直接資金補(bǔ)償,且提供技術(shù)支持提高生產(chǎn)率,保證農(nóng)戶(hù)的收入水平穩(wěn)步提高,從而確保退田還湖工程的可持續(xù)推進(jìn)。二是生態(tài)清淤。生態(tài)清淤涉及對(duì)湖泊水質(zhì)進(jìn)行凈化、對(duì)過(guò)境河道進(jìn)行疏浚溝通,是東西湖區(qū)水生態(tài)環(huán)境補(bǔ)償?shù)囊豁?xiàng)重要工作,是減輕東西湖污染負(fù)荷的有效措施。
1.3.3耕地保護(hù)工程
在耕地保護(hù)工程方面,一是進(jìn)行耕地?cái)?shù)量保護(hù)。東西湖區(qū)人口較為密集,人均耕地?cái)?shù)相對(duì)較少。近年來(lái),武漢城市化進(jìn)程加快發(fā)展,飛速擴(kuò)張的工業(yè)用地?cái)D占了大量的優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)田,農(nóng)業(yè)耕地保護(hù)形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻。為此,東西湖區(qū)制定了基本農(nóng)田保護(hù)區(qū)規(guī)劃,以土地詳查數(shù)為基礎(chǔ),全面完成劃定基本農(nóng)田保護(hù)區(qū),以對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)規(guī)模形成有效控制。在保證耕地?cái)?shù)量不減少的同時(shí),主動(dòng)出擊,設(shè)法增加耕地供應(yīng),實(shí)施“工業(yè)向園區(qū)集中,農(nóng)民向集鎮(zhèn)集中”戰(zhàn)略。二是耕地質(zhì)量保護(hù)。具體措施包括:①?gòu)V辟有機(jī)肥源,增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)投入。如大力發(fā)展健康畜牧養(yǎng)殖業(yè),不僅可提供優(yōu)質(zhì)糞肥,還可開(kāi)發(fā)利用菌菇渣肥,每畝增加菌渣肥1 t以上。②實(shí)行統(tǒng)測(cè)統(tǒng)配,合理施用化肥。在全區(qū)推廣了測(cè)土配方施肥和平衡施肥技術(shù),根據(jù)不同作物的生育特點(diǎn)和需肥規(guī)律以及不同土壤的供肥能力,實(shí)行化肥統(tǒng)測(cè)統(tǒng)配統(tǒng)供模式,改過(guò)去的單供氮肥為氮、磷、鉀、鋅、硼、硅等全面合理配比施用,使化肥總用量逐年下降,土壤營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素逐步趨向平衡。
2評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系構(gòu)建
隨著綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、湖泊修復(fù)、耕地保護(hù)等生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策的逐步推行,東西湖區(qū)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境質(zhì)量不斷得到提升。為了客觀評(píng)價(jià)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策的實(shí)施效果,本文在充分遵循可行性、層次性、系統(tǒng)性、及時(shí)性、階段性、動(dòng)態(tài)性等原則的基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,并將評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)分為三層,由職能指標(biāo)、效益指標(biāo)、潛力指標(biāo)3個(gè)一級(jí)指標(biāo),10個(gè)二級(jí)指標(biāo)和39個(gè)三級(jí)指標(biāo)構(gòu)成[9-10]。當(dāng)然,其他部門(mén)或地方在具體應(yīng)用時(shí)可以考慮其實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行增減。具體內(nèi)容見(jiàn)表1。
職能指標(biāo)是針對(duì)職能績(jī)效進(jìn)行測(cè)量的指標(biāo),是政府在其職能范圍內(nèi)所表現(xiàn)出的績(jī)效水平。它檢驗(yàn)的是政府生態(tài)環(huán)境管理的基本職能,是績(jī)效指標(biāo)體系的主體,可以從綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償法規(guī)制定、生態(tài)補(bǔ)償實(shí)施管理、生態(tài)補(bǔ)償意識(shí)宣傳、生態(tài)補(bǔ)償效能等方面來(lái)綜合評(píng)價(jià)。其中,綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償效能是評(píng)價(jià)行政機(jī)構(gòu)履行生態(tài)補(bǔ)償組織職責(zé)效率的重要指標(biāo),是行政機(jī)關(guān)管理水平的一種綜合反映。
效益指標(biāo)是測(cè)量綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償效果以及對(duì)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和整個(gè)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展影響和貢獻(xiàn),具有間接性和根本性。這一指標(biāo)直接考察綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償反映在環(huán)境、社會(huì)和生活中的效果。綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)男б嬷饕譃榄h(huán)境效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)效益兩方面,環(huán)境效益主要體現(xiàn)在大氣、水、土壤、物種多樣性等生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況的改善,社會(huì)效益主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的促進(jìn)作用以及公眾對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的滿(mǎn)意度等。
綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境績(jī)效既體現(xiàn)在外部環(huán)境的變化上,同時(shí)也體現(xiàn)在其內(nèi)部的管理和能力建設(shè)上,潛力指標(biāo)反映的是綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)墓芾硭健K锹男猩鷳B(tài)補(bǔ)償職能的基礎(chǔ),也是政府環(huán)境績(jī)效持續(xù)改善的保證,因此,潛力指標(biāo)在整個(gè)體系中也占有相當(dāng)重要的地位。潛力指標(biāo)主要包括生態(tài)、環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)投資、生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置、生態(tài)補(bǔ)償管理人員的交流和培訓(xùn)以及相關(guān)科研狀況等。
3績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)
3.1確定指標(biāo)權(quán)重
根據(jù)AHP法的遞階層次分析結(jié)構(gòu),設(shè)以O(shè)為比較準(zhǔn)則,A層次各因素的兩兩比較判斷矩陣為OA,類(lèi)似地以Bi為比較準(zhǔn)則,C層次各因素的兩兩比較判斷矩陣為BiC。因此,得到14個(gè)比較判斷矩陣,其中,OA比較判斷矩
陣如表2所示,A1B、A2B、A3B、B1C、B2C、B3C、B4C、B5C、B6C、B7C、B8C、B9C、B10C與OA比較判斷矩陣類(lèi)似,限于篇幅不一一列出。
3.2確定層次單排序
形如表2所列出的判斷矩陣,是針對(duì)上一層次而言進(jìn)行兩兩評(píng)比的評(píng)定數(shù)據(jù)。層次單排序是把本層所有各元素對(duì)上一層來(lái)說(shuō),排出評(píng)比順序,這就要在判斷矩陣上進(jìn)行計(jì)算,計(jì)算方法如下:
(1)計(jì)算判斷矩陣每一行元素的乘積Mj,計(jì)算公式為:
Mj=∏nj=1bij(i=1,2....n)
(2)計(jì)算Mi的n次方根Wi:
Wi=nMi
(3)對(duì)向量W=[Wi,W2…Wn]T進(jìn)行歸一化處理:
Wi=Wi
∑nj=1Wi
則W=[W1,W2…Wn]T為所求的特征向量。
(4)計(jì)算判斷矩陣的最大特征值λmax:
λmax=∑ni=1(AW)inWi
3.3進(jìn)行一致性檢驗(yàn)
為了保證應(yīng)用層次分析法得到的結(jié)論合理化,還需要判斷矩陣的一致性。這里引入一致性指標(biāo)CI(Consistency Index)作為衡量不一致程度的數(shù)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
CI=λmax-nn-1
,其中,
λmax
為判斷矩陣的最大特征值。當(dāng)判斷矩陣的最大特征值稍大于n,稱(chēng)A具有滿(mǎn)意的一致性,其量化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為平均隨機(jī)一致性指標(biāo),即RI值(見(jiàn)表3)。v
(3)分指標(biāo)來(lái)看,在二級(jí)指標(biāo)中,政策目的設(shè)計(jì)、政策戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃、政策反饋指標(biāo)、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、生態(tài)效益、社會(huì)效益和行政組織建設(shè)等的變化值都在50以上;政策實(shí)施管理指標(biāo)、資源利用、農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償技術(shù)的變化值都在30以上,其中,資源利用的變化值為48.475,接近50。這說(shuō)明政策實(shí)施管理指標(biāo)、資源利用、農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償技術(shù)是綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),也是完善綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策和機(jī)制的方向。
4.2對(duì)策建議
4.2.1加強(qiáng)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策實(shí)施管理
綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)資本的投資效率低下,綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)資本的損失狀況嚴(yán)重,這往往與缺乏有效的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償管理政策存在密切關(guān)聯(lián)。制定有效的生態(tài)資本投資和生態(tài)補(bǔ)償管理政策,就能優(yōu)化綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境建設(shè)的投資結(jié)構(gòu)和投資主體,這對(duì)解決綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境的生態(tài)問(wèn)題有積極的作用。為此,在完善區(qū)域綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策過(guò)程中,要充分考慮農(nóng)戶(hù)的生態(tài)利益訴求,協(xié)調(diào)好企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者的利益,加強(qiáng)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策實(shí)施的管理,構(gòu)建生態(tài)文化創(chuàng)新、生態(tài)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、生態(tài)制度創(chuàng)新三位一體的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償績(jī)效創(chuàng)新管理體制,進(jìn)一步完善綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制與政策。
4.2.2提高綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)資本利用效率
東西湖區(qū)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策績(jī)效達(dá)到了綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)資本在運(yùn)營(yíng)載體上的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、生態(tài)環(huán)境和社會(huì)環(huán)境影響等方面均衡的狀態(tài),一定程度上實(shí)現(xiàn)了綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)資本積累的目標(biāo)和要求,為綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)提供了生態(tài)條件支撐。[11]但也應(yīng)該看到,產(chǎn)地環(huán)境還存在綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)資本利用率偏低的問(wèn)題,因此,要繼續(xù)大力實(shí)施生態(tài)(綠色)農(nóng)業(yè)工程、湖泊修復(fù)工程和耕地保護(hù)工程,并進(jìn)一步加大農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染治理力度,保護(hù)好綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地氣候環(huán)境,提高綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)資本利用效率[12]。
4.2.3提升綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境生態(tài)補(bǔ)償技術(shù)水平
生態(tài)補(bǔ)償技術(shù)是健全生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制和網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系的重要一環(huán)。提升綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償技術(shù)水平,首先要求大力推廣資源節(jié)約型與環(huán)境友好型綠色農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù),比如耕地節(jié)肥,農(nóng)作物節(jié)藥、節(jié)水等技術(shù)的采用,推廣農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)清潔化,鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)戶(hù)將畜禽糞便進(jìn)行資源化處理和利用,控制過(guò)量使用化肥、農(nóng)藥,從而減少農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染,推行農(nóng)村垃圾的集中處理,控制農(nóng)村點(diǎn)源污染。同時(shí),要進(jìn)一步明確生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)闹黧w和客體,確定合理的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系,加強(qiáng)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償資金的使用與管理,探索多種生態(tài)補(bǔ)償方式和途徑,增強(qiáng)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)尼槍?duì)性,進(jìn)而建立綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地環(huán)境建設(shè)的長(zhǎng)效補(bǔ)償機(jī)制。
(編輯:田紅)
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[1]崔元鋒,屈志光.綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)地生態(tài)環(huán)境安全與污染控制[J].中南財(cái)經(jīng)政法大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2008,(6):31-33.[Cui Yuanfeng, Qu Zhiguang. Environment Security and Pollution Control in Green Agricultural Producing Areas[J].Journal of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, 2008,(6):31-33.]
[2]王艷秀,王洪會(huì).促進(jìn)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的對(duì)策:基于生態(tài)補(bǔ)償視角[J].江南論壇,2012,(6):14-15.[Wang Yanxiu, Wang Honghui. Countermeasures to Promote the Development of Green Agriculture: Based on the Perspective of Ecological Compensation [J]. Jiangnan Forum, 2012,(6):14-15.]
[3]王歐,宋洪遠(yuǎn).建立農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的探討[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,2005,(6):22-28.[Wang Ou, Song Hongyuan. Discussion on the Compensation Mechanism of Agriculture [J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2005,(6): 22-28.]
[4]孫才志,馬國(guó)棟,湯瑋佳.基于虛擬資源—生態(tài)要素流動(dòng)視角的中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制研究[J].水利經(jīng)濟(jì),2013,31(6):1-12.[Sun Caizhi, Ma Guodong, Tang Weijia. Chinas Agricultural Ecological Compensation Mechanism from Perspective of Virtual Resources and Ecological Factor Flows [J]. Journal of Economics of Water Resources, 2013, 31(6): 1-12.]
[5]Robert Home, Oliver Balmer, Ingrid Jahrl, Matthias Stolze, Lukas Pfiffner. Motivations for Implementation of Ecological Compensation Areas on Swiss Lowland Farms[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2014, 34: 26-36.
[6]汪霞,南忠仁,郭奇.干旱區(qū)綠洲農(nóng)田土壤污染生態(tài)補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)算[J].干旱區(qū)資源與環(huán)境,2012,26(12):46-52 [Wang Xia, Nan Zhongren, Guo Qi. Calculation of the Compensation Criteria for Ecological Restoration of the Contaminated Arid Oasis Soil [J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2012, 26(12): 46-52.]
[7]龐愛(ài)萍,孫濤.基于生態(tài)需水保障的農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2012,32(8):2550-2560.[Pang Aiping, Sun Tao.A Method of Determining Standards for Ecological Compensation in Agricultural AreasGiving Priority to Environmental Flows in Water Allocation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(8): 2550-2560.]
[8]嚴(yán)立冬,田苗,何棟材,等.農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償研究進(jìn)展與展望[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2013,46(17):3615-3625.[Yan Lidong, Tian Miao,He Dengcai et al. Progress and Prospect in Research of Ecological Compensation for Agriculture [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(17): 3615-3625]
[9]嚴(yán)立冬,鄧遠(yuǎn)建,喬長(zhǎng)濤,等.湖北省環(huán)境保護(hù)與生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策研究[M].武漢:湖北人民出版社,2013.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qiao Changtao, et al. Research on the Environmental Protection and Ecological Compensation Policies in Hubei Province [M]. Wuhan:Hubei Peoples Press, 2013]
[10]Marie A. Brown, Bruce D. Clarkson, Barry J. Barton, Chaitanya Joshi. Ecological Compensation: An Evaluation of Regulatory Compliance in New Zealand [J]. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2013, 31 (1): 34-44.
[11]嚴(yán)立冬,鄧遠(yuǎn)建,屈志光.綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)資本積累機(jī)制與政策研究[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2011,44(5):1046-1055.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qu Zhiguang. Research on the Mechanism and Policies of the Green Agroecological Capital Accumulation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(5): 1046-1055.]
[12]IShin Chang, Jing Wu, Yanxia Yang, Mingmin Shi, Xiaochun Li. Ecological Compensation for Natural Resource Utilization in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2014, 57 (2): 273-296.
Research on the Evaluation of Ecological Compensation Policies of
Green Agricultural Producing Areas: a Case in Dongxihu District in Wuhan
DENG YuanjianXIAO RuiYAN Lidong
(School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan Hubei 430073,China)
AbstractThe security environment of the place of origin laid a good foundation for the green production and green agricultural sustainable development, and it is the source to ensure the consumers food safety. Agricultural ecological compensation is a system which charges for the negative externality behaviors of individuals and organizations which pollute agricultural ecological environment and agricultural ecology, and give economic compensation to those positive externalities behaviors of individuals and organizations which contribute to restoring, maintaining and strengthening the service function of agricultural ecosystem by using administrative, legal, economic means and other means comprehensively. To have a better understanding of these policies in green agriculture producing area, a case contains the big agricultural production and supply base in Dongxihu District is selected to evaluate the performance of these policies. With ecological value, economic value and social value as the value orientation, this paper applies AHP and fuzzy comprehensive analysis methods to build an evaluation system of the performances which contains three standards of function index, efficiency index and potential index on level 1, 10 standards on level 2 and 39 indexes on level 3. The conclusion is that the evaluation score of the performances raises almost 30 ranging from the minimum 31.24 to the maximum 59.75 with the adopting of the policies in the research area. Among them, the change of policy goal design, strategic planning, policy feedback index, economic effectiveness, ecological effectiveness, social effectiveness and the construction of administrative organization value is above 50; the change of policy management index, resource utilization, agricultural ecological compensation technology values is more than 30. Therefore, the ecological compensation policies do work effectively and an improving promotion is further needed. Relevant departments ought to strengthen the implementation management of environmental ecological compensation policy, improve the ecological capital using efficiency and enhance the level of ecological compensation of agricultural technology in green agricultural areas.
Key wordsenvironment in green agricultural producing areas; ecological compensation policies; evaluation of the policy performance; Dongxihu District
[5]Robert Home, Oliver Balmer, Ingrid Jahrl, Matthias Stolze, Lukas Pfiffner. Motivations for Implementation of Ecological Compensation Areas on Swiss Lowland Farms[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2014, 34: 26-36.
[6]汪霞,南忠仁,郭奇.干旱區(qū)綠洲農(nóng)田土壤污染生態(tài)補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)算[J].干旱區(qū)資源與環(huán)境,2012,26(12):46-52 [Wang Xia, Nan Zhongren, Guo Qi. Calculation of the Compensation Criteria for Ecological Restoration of the Contaminated Arid Oasis Soil [J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2012, 26(12): 46-52.]
[7]龐愛(ài)萍,孫濤.基于生態(tài)需水保障的農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2012,32(8):2550-2560.[Pang Aiping, Sun Tao.A Method of Determining Standards for Ecological Compensation in Agricultural AreasGiving Priority to Environmental Flows in Water Allocation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(8): 2550-2560.]
[8]嚴(yán)立冬,田苗,何棟材,等.農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償研究進(jìn)展與展望[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2013,46(17):3615-3625.[Yan Lidong, Tian Miao,He Dengcai et al. Progress and Prospect in Research of Ecological Compensation for Agriculture [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(17): 3615-3625]
[9]嚴(yán)立冬,鄧遠(yuǎn)建,喬長(zhǎng)濤,等.湖北省環(huán)境保護(hù)與生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策研究[M].武漢:湖北人民出版社,2013.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qiao Changtao, et al. Research on the Environmental Protection and Ecological Compensation Policies in Hubei Province [M]. Wuhan:Hubei Peoples Press, 2013]
[10]Marie A. Brown, Bruce D. Clarkson, Barry J. Barton, Chaitanya Joshi. Ecological Compensation: An Evaluation of Regulatory Compliance in New Zealand [J]. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2013, 31 (1): 34-44.
[11]嚴(yán)立冬,鄧遠(yuǎn)建,屈志光.綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)資本積累機(jī)制與政策研究[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2011,44(5):1046-1055.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qu Zhiguang. Research on the Mechanism and Policies of the Green Agroecological Capital Accumulation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(5): 1046-1055.]
[12]IShin Chang, Jing Wu, Yanxia Yang, Mingmin Shi, Xiaochun Li. Ecological Compensation for Natural Resource Utilization in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2014, 57 (2): 273-296.
Research on the Evaluation of Ecological Compensation Policies of
Green Agricultural Producing Areas: a Case in Dongxihu District in Wuhan
DENG YuanjianXIAO RuiYAN Lidong
(School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan Hubei 430073,China)
AbstractThe security environment of the place of origin laid a good foundation for the green production and green agricultural sustainable development, and it is the source to ensure the consumers food safety. Agricultural ecological compensation is a system which charges for the negative externality behaviors of individuals and organizations which pollute agricultural ecological environment and agricultural ecology, and give economic compensation to those positive externalities behaviors of individuals and organizations which contribute to restoring, maintaining and strengthening the service function of agricultural ecosystem by using administrative, legal, economic means and other means comprehensively. To have a better understanding of these policies in green agriculture producing area, a case contains the big agricultural production and supply base in Dongxihu District is selected to evaluate the performance of these policies. With ecological value, economic value and social value as the value orientation, this paper applies AHP and fuzzy comprehensive analysis methods to build an evaluation system of the performances which contains three standards of function index, efficiency index and potential index on level 1, 10 standards on level 2 and 39 indexes on level 3. The conclusion is that the evaluation score of the performances raises almost 30 ranging from the minimum 31.24 to the maximum 59.75 with the adopting of the policies in the research area. Among them, the change of policy goal design, strategic planning, policy feedback index, economic effectiveness, ecological effectiveness, social effectiveness and the construction of administrative organization value is above 50; the change of policy management index, resource utilization, agricultural ecological compensation technology values is more than 30. Therefore, the ecological compensation policies do work effectively and an improving promotion is further needed. Relevant departments ought to strengthen the implementation management of environmental ecological compensation policy, improve the ecological capital using efficiency and enhance the level of ecological compensation of agricultural technology in green agricultural areas.
Key wordsenvironment in green agricultural producing areas; ecological compensation policies; evaluation of the policy performance; Dongxihu District
[5]Robert Home, Oliver Balmer, Ingrid Jahrl, Matthias Stolze, Lukas Pfiffner. Motivations for Implementation of Ecological Compensation Areas on Swiss Lowland Farms[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2014, 34: 26-36.
[6]汪霞,南忠仁,郭奇.干旱區(qū)綠洲農(nóng)田土壤污染生態(tài)補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)算[J].干旱區(qū)資源與環(huán)境,2012,26(12):46-52 [Wang Xia, Nan Zhongren, Guo Qi. Calculation of the Compensation Criteria for Ecological Restoration of the Contaminated Arid Oasis Soil [J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2012, 26(12): 46-52.]
[7]龐愛(ài)萍,孫濤.基于生態(tài)需水保障的農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[J].生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2012,32(8):2550-2560.[Pang Aiping, Sun Tao.A Method of Determining Standards for Ecological Compensation in Agricultural AreasGiving Priority to Environmental Flows in Water Allocation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(8): 2550-2560.]
[8]嚴(yán)立冬,田苗,何棟材,等.農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償研究進(jìn)展與展望[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2013,46(17):3615-3625.[Yan Lidong, Tian Miao,He Dengcai et al. Progress and Prospect in Research of Ecological Compensation for Agriculture [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(17): 3615-3625]
[9]嚴(yán)立冬,鄧遠(yuǎn)建,喬長(zhǎng)濤,等.湖北省環(huán)境保護(hù)與生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策研究[M].武漢:湖北人民出版社,2013.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qiao Changtao, et al. Research on the Environmental Protection and Ecological Compensation Policies in Hubei Province [M]. Wuhan:Hubei Peoples Press, 2013]
[10]Marie A. Brown, Bruce D. Clarkson, Barry J. Barton, Chaitanya Joshi. Ecological Compensation: An Evaluation of Regulatory Compliance in New Zealand [J]. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2013, 31 (1): 34-44.
[11]嚴(yán)立冬,鄧遠(yuǎn)建,屈志光.綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)資本積累機(jī)制與政策研究[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2011,44(5):1046-1055.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qu Zhiguang. Research on the Mechanism and Policies of the Green Agroecological Capital Accumulation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(5): 1046-1055.]
[12]IShin Chang, Jing Wu, Yanxia Yang, Mingmin Shi, Xiaochun Li. Ecological Compensation for Natural Resource Utilization in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2014, 57 (2): 273-296.
Research on the Evaluation of Ecological Compensation Policies of
Green Agricultural Producing Areas: a Case in Dongxihu District in Wuhan
DENG YuanjianXIAO RuiYAN Lidong
(School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan Hubei 430073,China)
AbstractThe security environment of the place of origin laid a good foundation for the green production and green agricultural sustainable development, and it is the source to ensure the consumers food safety. Agricultural ecological compensation is a system which charges for the negative externality behaviors of individuals and organizations which pollute agricultural ecological environment and agricultural ecology, and give economic compensation to those positive externalities behaviors of individuals and organizations which contribute to restoring, maintaining and strengthening the service function of agricultural ecosystem by using administrative, legal, economic means and other means comprehensively. To have a better understanding of these policies in green agriculture producing area, a case contains the big agricultural production and supply base in Dongxihu District is selected to evaluate the performance of these policies. With ecological value, economic value and social value as the value orientation, this paper applies AHP and fuzzy comprehensive analysis methods to build an evaluation system of the performances which contains three standards of function index, efficiency index and potential index on level 1, 10 standards on level 2 and 39 indexes on level 3. The conclusion is that the evaluation score of the performances raises almost 30 ranging from the minimum 31.24 to the maximum 59.75 with the adopting of the policies in the research area. Among them, the change of policy goal design, strategic planning, policy feedback index, economic effectiveness, ecological effectiveness, social effectiveness and the construction of administrative organization value is above 50; the change of policy management index, resource utilization, agricultural ecological compensation technology values is more than 30. Therefore, the ecological compensation policies do work effectively and an improving promotion is further needed. Relevant departments ought to strengthen the implementation management of environmental ecological compensation policy, improve the ecological capital using efficiency and enhance the level of ecological compensation of agricultural technology in green agricultural areas.
Key wordsenvironment in green agricultural producing areas; ecological compensation policies; evaluation of the policy performance; Dongxihu District