復(fù)述練習(xí) 與 邏輯分析

∷王穎沖

日常生活中，我們都有豐富的復(fù)述經(jīng)驗(yàn)：向告假的同學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)述課程重點(diǎn)、和朋友分享剛看過的書和電影。根據(jù)不同的情況和需求，復(fù)述有時(shí)以原語進(jìn)行，有時(shí)需要跨語際；有時(shí)注重細(xì)節(jié)，有時(shí)只抓梗概（gist retelling）。能夠復(fù)述說明你聽懂了說話者的意圖，也可以用清晰的語言重新呈現(xiàn)給他人。

復(fù)述練習(xí)是口譯訓(xùn)練的重要方法，因?yàn)樗鼜?qiáng)調(diào)捕捉、理解和記憶信息的主干，而非外在的字詞，其實(shí)踐運(yùn)用也具有理論依據(jù)。早在20世紀(jì)六七十年代，巴黎釋意派（the interpretative approach of the Paris School）的學(xué)者們就指出，口譯者常?；谧陨淼恼J(rèn)知，通過譯入語的語言符號(hào)對(duì)原文進(jìn)行一種解釋，而不是追求語言單位的對(duì)等，所謂“得意忘言（字詞）”便是復(fù)述的精髓。

邏輯分析是復(fù)述和口譯的基礎(chǔ)。筆者曾在課堂上提過這樣一個(gè)問題：在不涉及數(shù)字、陌生概念和詞匯的前提下，復(fù)述200字的中文語篇難嗎？大家?guī)缀醵颊J(rèn)為聽母語理解和記憶起來易如反掌，可是接下來的練習(xí)結(jié)果卻出乎意料。同學(xué)們聽完一小段中文的政府工作報(bào)告后，即便配合筆記也很少有人能夠完成任務(wù)。大家普遍反映羅列項(xiàng)目和修飾性詞句較多，腦子里一團(tuán)糟。

相對(duì)漢語的意合而言，英語的語法是形合的，含有較多關(guān)聯(lián)詞來指示邏輯關(guān)系，如表轉(zhuǎn)折的就有but, yet,although, however, despite, nevertheless等。如果能把握住這些“路標(biāo)”，便能理順?biāo)悸?。在?qiáng)調(diào)了源語復(fù)述要“抓主干”的策略后，筆者又放了一段英文音頻：

Investing is a way to make money with your money. First, you have to earn money. As a kid, you get money from allowance, gifts, services, or from selling goods such as lemonade. Try to save some, if not all of this money. // The next step is to make your money grow through investing./

There are two main reasons why you should invest. The first is to stay ahead of in flation and the second is to achieve financial goals. In flation causes the increase of prices. When a Big Mac goes up from $1.20 to $1.50 or when gas goes up from $1.30 to $1.70 a gallon, we say that is in flation. You need to make more money just to keep up with the rising cost of living.//

Financial goals can be separated into two types:short-term goals and long-term goals. The first refers to the things that you need or want now or within the year,such as a bike, a computer, or a video game. Generally,it takes less money to reach these short-term goals. ///However, long-term goals are expensive and require some planning. They are things you need or want in a few years or more, for example, going to college,buying a house, and even starting a business./

Although investing can make money with money,the downside of investing is that there is a risk of losing your money. The key to investing is to minimize the risk and to maximize the financial reward.

這一次，大部分同學(xué)都專心抓邏輯“路標(biāo)”（粗體和下劃線部分），哪怕不借助筆記也能完整、準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行源語復(fù)述，疏漏主要在列舉部分，但總體質(zhì)量較高。這段篇章的層次分明，大致可用下圖來表明：

1. Steps in Investing

1) Earn money: examples

2) Make money grow

2. Reasons for investing

1) Stay ahead of in flation

2) Achieve financial goals

a. Short term goals: examples

b. Long term goals: examples

3. Risk of investing

當(dāng)然，這兩段音頻的對(duì)比并不是為了說明復(fù)述英語篇章比較容易，而是旨在強(qiáng)調(diào)邏輯分析在聽、記、說、譯各個(gè)階段的重要性。以上述那段英文為例，如能梳理清楚不同層次的意群，便能輕松搭起架構(gòu)。

復(fù)述練習(xí)的材料很容易搜集，速度適中的講話或論述都可以，普通的聽力材料也可拋卻那些選擇、填空題，以新的方式利用起來。這項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練能夠培養(yǎng)邊聽邊分析的好習(xí)慣，將音頻轉(zhuǎn)化為有層次、相關(guān)聯(lián)的信息點(diǎn)和信息段，同時(shí)提高譯文的流暢度和條理性。無筆記的復(fù)述練習(xí)對(duì)初學(xué)者尤為適用，它提倡依靠短期記憶來承載經(jīng)過分析處理的信息，以免過度依賴筆記。進(jìn)行源語復(fù)述時(shí)，我們也鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生脫離原文的外殼（deverbalize），用不同的表達(dá)方式來重現(xiàn)內(nèi)化了的信息和情感，這樣就不會(huì)拘泥于個(gè)別復(fù)雜的句式和抽象的詞匯，避免只見樹木不見森林。